Space Science Reviews
ISSN 0038-6308
Publisher: Springer
Volume 128, Numbers 1-4, February 2007
The Rosetta Mission: Flying Towards the Origin of the Solar System
pp. 1-21(21)
Authors: Glassmeier, Karl-Heinz; Boehnhardt, Hermann; Koschny, Detlef; Kührt, Ekkehard;
Richter, Ingo
SPACE SCIENCE
REVIEWS
Volume 128 - 2007
~ Springer
Editorial Commitree:
Markus 1. Aschwanden. Lockheed Martin, Advanced Technology Center, Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory,
Organi:wtion ADBS, Bldg. 252, 3251 Hanover Street. Palo Alto. CA 94304-J )91, U.S.A.:
E-mail: aschwanden@lmsal.com
Main responsibility: Solar Physics
James L. Burch, Southwest Research InstiMe, P.O. Drawer 28510. San Antonio, TX 78228-051 D, U.S.A.;
E-mail: jburch@swri.edu
Main responsibility: Magnetospheres & llIferplanetary Maller
Hans (J.B.G.M.) Bloemen (Editor-in·chief). SRON National Institute for Space Research. Sorbonnelaan 2,
3584 CA Utrecht. The Netherlands:
E-mail: h.blocm n@sron.nJ
Main responsibility: Astrophysics
Christopher T. Ru sell, Institute of Geophysics & Planetary Physics, University of California al
Los Angeles. Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567, U.S.A.:
E-mail: ctms ·el@igpp.ucla.edu
Main Responsibility: Physics of Planetmy Systems
Rudolf von Steiger, International Space Science InsUlllte (lSSl),
Hallerstra$s 6, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland:
E-mail: Ysteiger@issibern.ch
Main Responsibility: ISSI Publicatioll.\·
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Murray I-I ill, USA; R. (Bob) Lin. Berkeley. SA: J. Luhmann, !:lerkeley, USA; H. Malsnmolo, Kyoto, Japan:
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SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS / Vol. 128 Nos. 1-4 2007
ROSETTA: MISSION TO COMET 67P/CHURYUMOV·GERASIMENKO
Edifed by
C. T. RUSSELL
University of California,
Los Angeles. CA, USA
K.-H. GLASSMEIER
lnsritUffiir Geophysik und
eXfraterresrrische Physik,
Techn.ische Universitd.r
BraUI1SclHl'eig, Germany
H. BOEH HARDT
Ma.x-Planck-lnsriruf /iir
Sonnensysremforschung,
Karlenburg-Lindau,
Germany
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SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS / Vol. 128 Nos.1-4 2007
TABLE OF CO TENTS
C. T. RUSSELL, K-H. GLASSMEIER and H. BOEHNHARDT /
Foreword
Xl-XII
KARL-HEINZ GLASS MEIER, HERMANN BOEHNHARDT,
DETLEF KOSCH;',f, EKKEHARD KUHRT and INGO RICHTER
/ The Rosetta Mission: Flying Towards the Origin of the SoJaI'
System
1-21
PHILIPPE L. LAMY, IMRE TOTH, BJORN 1. R. DAVIDSSON,
OLIVIER GROUSSIN, PEDRO GUTIERREZ, LAURE?\T JORDA,
MIKKO KAASALAINEN and STEPHEN C. LOWRY / A Portrait
of the Nucleus of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
23-66
M. A. BARUCCI, M. FULCHIGNONI and A. ROSSI/Rosetta Asteroid
Targets: 2867 Steins and 21 Lutetia
67-78
JESSICA AGARWAL, MICHAEL MULLER and EBERHARD
GRUN / Dust Environment Modelling of Comet 67P/ChuryumovGerasimenko
?Y .131
K. C. HANSEN, T BAGDONAT, U. MOTSCHMANN, C. ALEXAN­
DER, M. R. COMBI, T. E. CRAVENS, T. 1. GOMBOSI, Y-D .
.rIA and 1. P. ROBERTSON / The Plasma Environment of
Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko Throughout the Rosetta Main
Mission
133-J66
D. KOSCHNY, V. DHIRI, K. WIRTH, 1. ZENDER, R. SOLAZ,
R. HOOFS, R LAUREIJS, T.-M. HO, B. DAVIDSSO
and
G. SCHWEI-IM /ScientificPIanning and Commanding of the Rosetta
Payload
167-188
M. WARHAUT, P. FERRI and E. MONTAG ON / Rosetta Ground
Segment and Mission Operations
189- :.~04
1.-p. BIBRING, H. ROSENBAUER, H. BOEHNHARDT, S. ULAMEC.
J. Blt:LE, S. ESPINASSE, B. FEUER BACHER, P. GAUDON, P.
HEMMERICH, P. KLETZKINE, D. MOURA, R MUG UOLO,
G.NIETNER,B.PATZ,R.ROLL,H.SCHEUERLE,K.SZEGO,
K. WITTMANN, PHILAE PROJECT OFFICE and THE ENTIRE
PHILAE TEAM / The Rosetta Lander ("Philae") Investigations
205-220
H. U. AUSTER, 1. APATHY, G. BERG HOFER, A. REMIZOV,
R. ROLL, K H. FORNACON, K. H. GLASSMEIER, G. HAEREN­ DEL, L HEJJA, E. KUHRT, W MAGNES, D. MOEHLMANN,
U. MOTSCHMANN, 1. RICHTER, H. ROSENBAUER, C. T. R S­ SELL, J. RUST NBACH, K. SAUER, K. SCHWINGENSCHUH,
1. SZEMEREY and R. WAESCH / ROMAP: Rosetta Magnetometer
and Plasma Monitor
221-240
STEFANO MOTTOLA, GABRIELE ARNOLD, HANS-GEORG
GROTHUES, RALF .lAUMANN, HARALD MICHAELIS,
GERHARD NEUKUM and JEAN-PIERRE BIBRING / The Rolis
Experiment on the Rosetta Lander
241-255
FRED GOESMANN, HELMUT ROSENBAUER, REINHARD ROLL,
CYRIL SZOPA, FRANCOIS RAULIN, ROBERT STERNBERG,
GUY ISRAEL, UWEMEIERHENRICH, WOLFRAM THIEMANN
and GUJLLERMO MUNOZ-CARO / Cosac, the Cometary Sampling
and Composition Experlment on PhiIae
257-280
A. ERCOLI FlNZI, F. BERNELLI ZAZZERA, C. DAINESE, F
MALNATI, P. G. MAGNANI, E. RE, P. BOLOGNA, S. ESPINASSE
and A. OLIVIERI / SD2 - How to Sample a Comet
28 [-299
K. J. SEIDENSTICKER, D. MOHLMANN, 1. APATHY, W.
SCHMIDT, K. THIEL, W. ARNOLD, H.-H. FISCHER,
M. KRETSCHMER, D. MADLENER, A. PETER, R. TRAUTNER
and S. SCHIEKE / SESAME - An Experiment of the Rosetta Lander
PhiIae: Objectives and General Design
301-337
TILMAN SPOHN, KARSTEN SEIFERLIN, AXEL HAGERMANN,
JORG KNOLLENBERG, ANDREW J. BALL, MAREK
BANASZKfEWICZ, JOHANNES BE KHOFF, STANISLAW
GADOMSKI,
WOJClECH
GREGORCZYK,
JERZY
GRYGORCZUK,
MAREK HLOND, GUNTER
KARGL,
EKKEHARD
KUHRT,
NORBERT
KOMLE,
JACEK
KRASOWSKI, WOJCIECH MARCZEWSKI and JOH
C.
ZARNECKI / MUPUS - A Thermal and Mechanical Properties
Probe for the Rosetta Lander PlliIae
339-362
1. P. WRIGHT, S J. BARBER, G. H. MORGAN, A. D. MORSE,
S. SHERIDAN, D. J. ANDREWS, J. MAYNARD, D. YAU,
S. T. EVANS, M. R. LEESE, J. C. ZARNECKI, B. J.
KENT, N. R. WALTHAM, M. S. WHALLEY, S. HEYS,
D. L. DRUMMOND, R. L. EDESON, E. C. SAWYER, R. F.
TURNER and C. T. PILLINGER / PTOLEMY - An Instrument to
Measure Stable Isotopic Ratios of Key Volatiles on a Cometary
Nucleus
363-381
G. KLlNGELHGFER, J. BRUCKNER, C. D'USTON, R. GELLERT
and R. RIEDER / The Rosetta Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer
(APXS)
383-396
J.-P. BIBRING, P. LAMY, Y. LANGEVIN, A. SOUFFLOT,
M. BERTIIl~:, J. BORG, F. POULET and S. MOTTOLA / CTVA
397-412
W. KOFMA , A. HERIQUE, J.-P. GOUTAIL, T HAGFORS,
1. P. WlLLIAMS, E. NIELSEN, J.-P. BARRIOT, Y. BARBIN,
C. ELACHI, P. EDENHOFER, A-C. LEVASSEUR-REGOURD,
D. PLETTEMEIER, G. PICARDI, R. SEU and V. SVEDHEM /
The Comet Nucleus Sounding Experiment by Radiowave Transmis­
sion (CONSERT): A Short Description of the Instrument and of the
Commissioning Stage'
413-432
H.
U. KELLER, C. BARBIERI, P. LAMY, H. RICKMAN,
R. RODRIGO, K.-P. WENZEL, H. SlERKS, M. F. A'HEARN,
F. A GRILLI, M. ANGULO, M. E. BAILEY, P. BARTHOL,
M. A. BARUCCI, J.-L. BERTAUX, G. BIi\:'-I'CHINI, J.-L. BOIT,
V. BROWN, J. A. BURNS, 1. BUTTNER, J. M. CASTRO,
G. CREMONESE, W. CURDT, V. DA DEPPO, S. DEBEl,
M. DE CECCO, K. DOHLE , S. FORNASIER. M. FULLE,
D. GERMEROTT, F. GLIEM, G. P: GUIZZO, S. F. HVDD.
W.-H. IP, L. JORDA, D. KOSCHNY, J. R. KRAMM, E. KUHRT
M. KUPPERS, L. M. LARA, A. LLEBARlA, A. LOPEZ,
A. LOPEZ-JIMENEZ, J. LOPEZ-MORENO, R. MELLER, H.
MICHALIK, M. D. MlCHELENA, R. MOLLER, G. NALETTO,
A. ORIGNE, G. PARZIANELLO, M. PERTILE, C. QUINTANA,
R. RAGAZZONI, P. RAMO S, K.-U. REICHE, M. REINA,
.r. RODRfG EZ, G. ROUSSET, L. SABAU, A. SANZ, J.-P.
SIVAN, K. STbcKNER, J. TABERO, U. TELLJOHANN, N.
THOMAS, V. TIMON, G TOMASCH, T. WITTROCK and
M. ZACCARIOTTO / OSIRIS - The Scientific Camera System
433-506
Onboard Rosetta
S. A. STERN, D. C. SLATER, 1. SCHERRER, J. STONE, M. VER­
STEEG, M. F. A'HEARN, 1. L. BERTAUX, P. D. FELDMAN M. C.
FESTOU, JOEL WM. PARKER and O. H. W. SIEGMUND / ALlCE:
The Rosetta Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph
A. CORADINI, F. CAPACCIONI, P. DROSSART, G. AR OLD,
E. AMMAN ITO, F. ANGRILLI, A. BARUCCI, G. BELLUCCI.
J. BENKHOFF, G. BIANCHINI, J. P BIB RING , M. BLECKA,
507-527
D. BOCKELEE-MORVAN, M. T. CAPRIA, R. CARLSON,
U. CARSENTY, P. CERRONI, L. COLANGELI, M. COMBES,
M. COMBI, J. CROVISIER, M. C. DESANCTIS, E. T. ENCRE­ NAZ, S. ERARD, C. FEDERICO, G. FILACCHIONE, U. FINK,
S. FONTI V. FORMISANO, W. H. LP, R.IAUMANN, E. KUEHRT,
Y. LANGEVIN, G. MAGNI, T. MCCORD, V. MENNELLA,
S. MOTTOLA, G. NEUKUM, P. PALUMBO, G. PICCIONI, H.
RAUER, B. SAGGIN, B. SCHMITT, D. TIPHENE and G. TOZZI /
VlRTIS: An Imaging Spectrometer for the Rosetta Mission
529-559
S. GULKIS, M. FRERKING, 1. CROVISJER, G BEAUDIN,
P. HARTOGH, P. ENCRENAZ, T. KOCH, C. KAI-IN, Y. SALINAS,
R. NOWICKI, R. IRIGOYEN, M. JANSSEN, P. STEK,
M. HOFSTADTER, M. ALLEN, C. BACKUS, L KAMP,
C. JARCHOW, E. STEINMETZ, A. DESCHAMPS, J. KRIEG,
M. GHEUDIN, D. BOCKELEE-MORVAN, N. BIVER, T. EN­ CRENAZ, D. DESPOIS, W. IP, E. LELLOUCH, I. MANN,
D. MUHLEMAN, H. RAUER, P. SCHLOERB and T. SPILKER /
MIRO: Microwave Instrument for Rosella Orbiter
561-597
MARTIN pATZOLD, BERND HAUSLER, KAARE AKSNES, JOHN
D. ANDERSON, SAMI W. ASMAR, JEAN-PIERRE BARRIOT,
MICHAEL K. BIRD, HERMANN BOEHNHAROT, WERNER
EIDEL, EBERHARDT GR" ,WING H. IP, ESSAM MAROLF,
TREVOR MORLEY, FRITZ M. NE BAUER, HANS RICKMAN,
NICOLAS THOMAS, BR CET. TSURUTANI, MAXK. WALLIS,
N. C. WICKRAMASINGHE, ErRIK MYSEN, OYSTEIN OLSO ,
STEFAN REMUS, SILVIA TELLMANN, THOMAS ANDERT,
LUDMILA CARONE, MARKUS FELS, CHRISTI A STANZEL,
IRIS AUDENRIETH-KERSTEN, ALEXANDER GAHR, ANNA­ LIANE MULLER, DUSAN STUPAR aod CHRISTINA WALTER /
Rosetta Radio Science Investigations (RSI)
599-627
C. CARR, E. CUPIDO, C. G. Y LEE, A. BALOGH, T. BEEK,
J. L. BURCH, C. N. D NFORD, A. 1. ERIKSSON, R. GILL, K.
H. GLASSMEIER R. GOLDSTEIN, D. LAGO TTE, R. LUNDIN,
K. LUNDIN, B. LYBEKK, J. L. MICHAU, G. MUSMANN,
H. NILSSON, C. POLLOCK, l. RICHTER and J. G. TROTIGNON
/ RPC: The Rosetta Plasma Consortium
629-647
KARL-HEINZ GLASSMEIER, INGO RICHTER, ANDREA
DIEDRICH, GUNTER MUSMANN, ULI AUSTER, UW
MOTSCHMANN,
ANDRE
BALOGH,
CHRIS
CARR,
EMANUELE CUPIDO, ANDREW COATES, MARTIN ROTHER,
KONRAD SCHWINGENSCHUH, KAROLY SZEGO and BRUCE
TSURUTANI / RPC-MAG The Fluxgate Magnetometer in the
ROSETTA Plasma Consortium
649-670
H. NILSSON, R. LUNDIN, K. LUNDIN, S. BARABASH, H. BORG,
O. NORBERG, A. FEDOROV, J.-A. SAUVAUD. H. KOSKINEN,
E. KALLIO, P. RIIHELA and J. L. BURCH / RPC-ICA: The Ion
Composition Analyzer of the Rosetta Plasma Consortium
671-695
J. L. BURCH, R. GOLDSTEIN, T. E. CRAVENS, W. C. GIBSON,
R. N. LUNDIN, C. J. POLLOCK, 1. D. WINNINGHAM and
D. T. YO NG / RPC-IES: The Ion and Electron Sensor of the Rosetta
Plasma Consortium
697-712
1. G. TROTIG ON, J. L. MICHAU, D. LAGOUTTE, M.
CHABASSIERE, G. CHALUMEAU, F. COLIN, P. M. E.
DECR 'A ,1. GEISWILLER, P. GILLE, R. GRARD, T. HACHEMI,
M. HAMEL! ,A. ERIKSSON, H. LAAKSO, J. P. LEBRETON, C.
MAZELLE, O. RANDRIAMBOARISON, W. SCHMIDT, A. SMTT,
U. TELLJOHAN and P. ZAMORA / RPC-MIP: The Mutual
Impedance Probe of the Rosetta Plasma Consortium
713-728
A. I. ERIKSSON, R. BOSTROM, R. GILL, L. AHLEN, S.-E. JANS­
SO , J.-E. WAHLUND, M. ANDRE, A. MALKKl, J. A. HOLTET,
B. LYB KK, A. PEDERSEN, L. G. BLOMBERG and THE LAP
TEAM / RPC-LAP: The Rosetta Langmuir Probe Instrument
729 744
H. BALSIGER, K. ALTWEGG, P. BOCHSLER, P. EBERHARDT,
J. FISCHER, S. GRAF, A. JACKEL, E. KOPP, U. LANGER,
M. MILDNER, J. MULLER, T. RIESEN, M. RUBIN, S. SCHERER,
P. WURZ, S. WUTHRICH, E. ARIJS, S. DELANOYE, J. DE
KEYSER, E. NEEFS, D. NEVEJANS, H. REME, C AOUSTIN,
C MAZELLE, J.-L. ME-DALE, J. A. SAUVAUD, J.-J. BERTHE­ LIER, J.-L. BERTAUX, L. DUVET, 1.-M. ILLIANO, S. A.
FUSELIER, A. G. GHIELMETTI, T. MAGONCELLI, E. G. SHEL­ LEY,A. KORTH,K. HEERLEIN,H. LAUCHE, S. LIVI, A. LOOSE,
U. MALL, B. WILKEN, F. GLIEM, B. FIETHE, T. I. GOM­ BOSI, B. BLOCK, G. R. CARIGNAN, L. A. FISK, 1. H. WAITE,
D. T YOUNG and H. WOLLNIK / ROSINA - Rosetta Orbiter
Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis
745-801
L. COLANGELI, J. J. LOPEZ-MORENO, P. PALUMBO, J. RO­
DRIG EZ, M. COSI, V. DELLA CORTE, F. ESPOSlTO, M.
FULLE, M. HERRANZ, J. M. JERONIMO, A. LOPEZ-JIMENEZ,
E. MAZZOTTA EPIFANI, R. MORALES, F. MORENO, E.
PALOMBA and A. ROTUNDI / The Grain Impact Analyser and
Dust Accumulator (GIADA) Experiment for the Rosetta Mission:
Design, Pelformances and First Results
803-821
J. KISSEL, K. ALTWEGG, B. C. CLARK, L. COLANGELI,
H. COTTIN, S. CZEMPIEL, J. EIBL, C. ENGRAND, H. M.
FEHRINGER, B. FEUERBACHER, M. FOMENKOV A, A. GLAS­
MACHERS, J. M. GREENBERG. E. GRUN, G. HAERENDEL, H.
HENKEL, M. HILCHENBACH, H. VON HOERNER. H. HOF ER,
K. HORNUNG, E. K. JESSBERGER, A. KOCH, H. KRUGER,
Y. LANGEVIN, P. PARIGGER, F. RAULTN, F RUDENAUER,
1. RYNO, E. R. SCHMID, R. SCHULZ, J. SILE , w. STEIGER,
T. STEPHAN, L. THIRKELL, K THOMAS, K. WRKAR, N. G.
UTTERBACK, K. VARMUZA, K. P. WANCZEK, W. WERTHER
and H. ZSCHEEG / COSIMA - High Resolution Time-of-Flight
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer for the Analysis of Cometary Dust
Particles Onboard Rosetta
823-867
W. RIEDLER, K. TORKAR, H. JESZENSZKY, J. ROMSTEDT,
H. ST. C. ALLEYNE, H. ARENDS, W. BARTH, 1. V. D. BIEZEN,
B. BUTLER, P. EI-IRENFREUND, M. FEHRINGER, G. rRE­
MUTH, J. GAVlRA, O. HAYNES, E. K. JESSBERGER, R. KASS­
ING, W. KLOCK, C. KOEBERL, A. C. LEVASSEUR-REGOURD,
M. MAURETTE, F. RUDENAUER, R. SCHMIDT, G. STANGL,
M. STELLER and 1. WEBER / MIDAS - The Micro-Imaging Dust
Analysis System for the Rosetta Mission
869-904
Rosetta: Mission to Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
FOREWORD
Much as the Eoyptians recorded their history in what once were mysterious hiero­
glyph,ics, nat.ure has recorded the history of the early solar system in the chemical
and physical makeup of comet. The millennia-old enigma of the hieroglyphics
wa" solved when they were decoded using the Rosetta Stone. Likewise. we hope
to decode the eons-old records frozen into comct" using the Rosetta mission, a
cornerstone of the Horizon 2000 program of the European Space Agency (ESA).
The solar ~ystem began in a cloud of dust and gas around a central condensing
object. Tlu'oughout the cloud minerals formed and accreted into small bodics, and
the e bodies grew. In the inner solar system the material was quite dry. but in the
outer portions of the cloud volatiles condensed in these assemblages. Scattering of
tJ1,,~se smail bodies increased when the gaseous outer planets formed and much of
the material in their vicinity was scattered beyond the orbit of Pluto, not to retum
EoI' Illany eons.
In the eli tant ~'eaches of the Oort cloud scattering of these primitive bodies is
low. but scatter they do, if only through the distant forces of passing stars. When
these ancient messengers return to the inner solar system, they shed some light.
like a bri't' candle, into their distant origins. Once we were limited to telescopic
ob",ervations of these objects, to their emissions and solar reflections. Now we can
visit them: fly through their comas as in the Giotto and Vega missions to IP/Halley
and the Giotto extended mission to 26P/Grigg-Skjcl1erup; traverse their tails a~
on the ICE mis'jon to 2J P/Giacobini-Zioner; photograph the nucleus, a on the
Stardust mission to SIP/Wild 2. and return a sample of cometary dust; or even
excavate a crater, such as on the Deep Impact mission to 9Pffernpel 1. None of
the e priorrnissions, however, has taken Rosetta's bold step of landing on a cornet;
meeting the comet on its own turf; and decoding the record written on its SUIfac .
This book is a collection of articles that document the Rosetta mission: its history
and objectives, the mission plan, and the environment of its target 67P/Churyumov­
Gera imenko. It describes the orbiter and its instJUments, the lander Philae, named
after an island on the River ile of importance in deciphering the Rosetta stone,
ancl the instruments that Philae carrie': ROMAP, ROllS, COSAC, SD2, SESAME,
M PUS, PTOLEMY, APXS, CIVA, and part of CONSERT. These instruments
measure the magnetic field and plasma environment, take images, sample the sur­
face, monitor the dust environment, study its thermal and mechanical propertie ,
measure i 'otopic ratios, mineral, molecular and elemental compositions, and sound
the interior of the nucleus.
Xll
FOREWORD
The main bus del ivers the lander to its targ t and stays in orbit about the comet as­
sisting the investigation of the nucleus with its many instruments. The CONSERT
tran'mitter sounds the comet's interior. The OSIRIS camera maps the complete
surface; Alice images in the ultraviolet and VIRTIS in the infrared. At longer
wavelengths, MIRa measures the microwave spectrum and the radio science in­
vestigation probes the gravity field. The orbiter carries a comprehensive package
for probing the plasma environment: a fluxgate magnetometer; an ion composition
analyzer; an ion and electron plasma analyzer; J.n impedance probe; a Langmuir
probe; an energetic ion and neutral analyzer and three devices for analyzing the
cometary grain and dust environment. Rosetta is indeed an ambitious and compre­
hensive space mission.
The editors are extremely grateful for the assistance they received in assembling
this volume. First of all they are grateful to the authors themselves who responded
well to the comments of the referees. They are also grateful to the many referees
who volunteered to assist in the undertaking by spending their time improving the
contents of this volume. These referees include R. Gladstone, H. Weaver, D. Camp~
bell, R. Simpson, 1. P. Wright, S. Ulamec. M. Horanyi, F. J. Sladermann, I. Mann,
T. Mukai, G. Chin, J. Benkhoff, W. Huehner, S. Smreker, P. Mahaffy, F. Goesmann,
T. Zhang, M-B. Kallemode, S. Gulkis, J. T. Gosling, A. 1. Coates, S. Eriksson, K.
Mursula, A. Matsuoka, J. Slavin, O. Witasse, C. Bertucci, A. Nathues, C. Barbieri,
T. Moore, L. Kistler, M. 1. S. Belton, K. Klaasen, R. Srama, M. A. Barucci. A.
Konopliv, B. Williams, N. Kbmle, K. Seiferlin, R. P. Binzel, D. Lazarro, B. Feuer­
bacher, P. Weissman, M. A'Hearn, R. Schmidt, R. McNutt. J. Slavin, G. Belluchi,
T. McCord, J. Zipfel, D. W. Mittlefeldt, D. Koschny, . Ornidi, F. Neubauer, R.
Morris, L. A. McFadden, N. Thomas, E. Gruen, K. Wirth, C. Alexander. The editors
also wish to thank R. J. Strangeway who acted as an editor for one of the papers;
the staff at Springer, including Silvia Iviglia, Randy Cruz and Fiona Routley; as
well as Marjorie SowIllcndran at the University of California. Los Angeles, who
handled all the communication with the authors, reviewers and the publisher.
C. T. Russell
University of California,
Los Angeles, USA
K-H. Gla smeier
Institl.lt fUr Geophysik und extraterrestrische Physik,
Technische niversitat Braunschweig, Germany
H. Boehnhardt
Max-Planck-Institut fUr Sonnensystemforschung,
KatlenbLlrg~Lindau,Geffilany
January 24, 2007