Solar Photovoltaic S stems Systems
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Solar Photovoltaic S stems Systems Neal M. Abrams,, Ph.D. Department of Chemistry SUNY ESF A Focus on Energy Use 1.8x1012 Watts ((continuously) y) 6x109 persons 3 100W light bulbs per person U.S. – 25% of total 15 100W light bulbs per person 36 kWhr/day/person Solar energy 1% Conventional hydroelectric power 45% Geothermal 5% Wind energy 2% Biomass 47% U.S. U S Energy E Consumption Where are the people? Where is the power? p Current Supplies pp U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Review 2009 How much do we need? Where are the watts? Area required for all US electricity production (~100 x 100 miles) (39,000 miles2) Is PV the complete solution? Advantages Disadvantages Vast, renewable, free fuel Diffuse fuel source No emissions emissions, no combustion, combustion High g installation costs offset by financial incentives source no radiation Low operating costs No Moving parts High g reliability y Modular Point of use capability Poor reliability of system components (inverters, etc.) Lack of efficient energy storage The Magic g in the Panel Photons in sunlight hit the solar panel and are absorbed creating a dc source (a battery) Cover glass e- An array of solar panels converts solar energy into usable DC electricity. Inverters convert the DC to grid. 60 Hz AC to feed the g anti-reflective coating front contact n-layer p-layer back contact Photovoltaic types yp and benefits Silicon Single crystal silicon (c-Si) Multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) Amorphous silicon (a-Si) Thin-film Thin film Silicon Cadmium telluride, CdTe Copper indium gallium diselenide , CIGS Very efficient in diffuse light conditions Dye-sensitized Efficiency: y How high? g Maximum measured efficiencies under lab conditions as of 2008 % Efficien ncy 30 20 10 0 Cell type Anatomyy of PV cell Cover glass e- anti-reflective anti reflective coating front contact n-layer p layer p-layer back contact PV System Components Array – Set of PV cells that t i ll sit typically it on a rooff or a pole l Interver – Converts PV DC voltage to AC voltage with very lo loss low Batteries – Provide backup power for off-grid use In a net metering system, batteries can still be used for backup power Electric meter – Connects the PV array to the grid to support net metering. Can spin backwards! Anatomyy of a PV Installation PV Production Payback y Current silicon PV technology requires 4 years to generate the energy required to produce it. Third-generation PV cells require only 2 years. Alternatives Other semiconductors: GaAs, GaInP, CdTe, CIGS Thin films and amorphous cells Solar concentrators Dye-sensitized Recycling Panels The problem of recycling is yet to be solved Numbers will continue to increase Materials: Glass,aluminium frame, EVA copolymer l ttransparentt hermetising layer, photovoltaic cells, installation box,, p protective foil, assembly bolts Pure silicon is the most valuable product E. Klugmann-Radziemska, P. Ostrowski, Renewable Energy 35 (2010) 1751–1759 Costs todayy and benefits tomorrow The value of a cost in the Would you rather get $100 now or over 5 years? Would you save it or spend it? Which is more prudent? C t Cost P d ti Production Num mber of Mo odules 250,000 200,000 150 000 150,000 Imports 29 Exports 27 25 Number of Companies 23 21 100,000 19 50,000 0 1998 17 15 2000 2002 2004 Year 2006 2008 Number of Com mpanies future is not equal q to the same cost today. The Growing Solar Industry The solar market grew 20% in 2009, in spite of the economic downturn! Source: Solarbuzz Cushioning the blow Federal Financial Incentives Residential Federal tax credits are available at 30% of the cost, with no upper limit http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=tax_credits.tx_index#s1 Commercial A tax deduction of up to $1.80 per square foot available on new or existing commercial buildings that save at least 50% of the heating and cooling energy of a building that meets ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2001. Partial deductions of up to $.60 per square foot can be taken for measures affecting any one of three building systems: the building envelope, lighting, or heating and cooling systems. http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=tax p gy g _credits.tx_comm_buildings g Cushioning the Blow State incentives 40-45% deduction of installed cost installer eligibility required Residential Low-interest financing –or – 10% deduction ($3 ($3,000 000 maximum) Additional incentives for income-qualified homeowners Commercial Several development incentives Other issues People, places, and politics Building infrastructure Permits: Electrical and structural Neighborhood g restrictions Beauty and the bulb Finding installers Maintaining incentive programs Light, people, and politics Sunniest place in Germany has 1250 kWh/m2 per year Syracuse has 1358 kWh/m2 per year (horizontal average) Germany: 8800 MW of PV USA: closing in on 1000 MW of PV Germany has 2.47 times as much area of land and water as NY Population of Germany: 82 82,422,299 422 299 Population of NY: 18,976,457 Is it worth it??? nyserda.cleanpowerestimator.com/nyserda.htm PV development p Our Ever Leaking Sun When there’s a HUGE solar energy spill, we just call it a “nice nice day”! day !
