Using the Potential of Solar
Thermal Systems to save
Electricity
Werner Weiss
AEE - Institute for Sustainable Technologies (AEE INTEC)
A-8200 Gleisdorf, Feldgasse 19
AUSTRIA
South Africas Electricity Production
2006 vs 2007 week-on-week Net Energy Sent Out
Source: www.info.gov.za
Reserve Margin – Electricity Production
Source: www.info.gov.za
What about Using the Solar Resource?
Annual global irradiation [kWh/m
[kWh/m²]]
Source: Meteonorm
Achievements - 2009
B
Total Capacity in Operation [GWel ], [GWth] and Produced Energy [TWhel], [TWhth], 2008
340.0
350
325
Total capacity in operation [GW] 2009
300
heat power
275
P d
Produced
d Energy
E
[TWh] 2009
250
225
200
189.0
175
150
158.0
137.0
125
100
83.0
75
50
25
0
11.0
Solar
S
l Thermal
Th
l
Heat
Wi d Power
Wind
P
Geothermal
G th
l
Power
23.0 24.0
Ph t
Photovoltaic
lt i
0.7 1.8
0.5 0.7
Solar
S l Thermal
Th
l
Power
Ocean Tidal
O
Tid l
Power
Distribution of Collectors
Unglazed Collector
12.4%
Air collector
0.8%
-4.5%
+4.5%
Evacuated tube
54 2%
54.2%
Flat-plate
Flat
plate
32.6%
0%
Solar Heat Worldwide - 2008
Installed Capacity [MWth]
15,000
12,000
10,500
glazed
evacuated tube
80,32 9.7
13,500
unglazed
9,000
7,500
6,000
4,500
3,000
1,500
0
China
United
St t
States
Germany
Turkey
Australia
Japan
Brazil
Austria
Greece
Israel
Installations by Economic Region 2008
Flat--plate and Evacuated Collectors
Flat
Central
C
t l + South
S th America
A
i
1.7%
Europe
14.5%
China
78.9%
Others
6.1%
Asia
1.7%
Middle East
0.8%
Australia + New Zealand
0.8%
United States + Canada
0.6%
Japan
0.5%
Africa
0.3%
Annually installed capacity of flat-plate
and evacuated tube collectors
Installed capacity
p y [[kWth/a/1,000
,
inh.]]
18.0
17.0
16.0
15 0
15.0
14.0
13.0
12.0
11 0
11.0
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
00
0.0
Middle East
Australia + New Zealand
Central and South America
Japan
Asia
2000
2001
2002
China
Europe
Africa
United States+Canada
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Distribution of different solar thermal
systems by economic region
Thermosiphon Systems
Pumpe
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
United States
Europe
Australia
Japan
Brazil
China
Distribution by Application
World’s Top 8 Countries / Related to newly installed capacity in 2008
Source: Weiss, W., Mauthner, F.: Solar Heat Worldwide, IEA SHC 2010
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
4,,111.6
5,000
2,709.0
2,641.0
2,443.3
2,338.2
1 ,907.4
1,771.8
98.6
1,39
1,236
6.1
1,187
7.1
1,088 .6
1,014.7
999.5
625.1
562.5
377.9
376.2
289.1
259.3
247.0
244.8
240.0
200.3
193.2
193.0
159.3
99.2
89.6
85.9
75.1
67.7
57.5
53.7
53.2
52.1
40.3
36.9
23.8
21.2
17.1
15.9
15.1
12.4
12.1
8.5
4.8
4.7
3.4
2.9
1.3
8,000
7,445.8
7,222.7
87,500.0
9 000
9,000
China
Turkey
Germany
Japan
Greece
Israel
Brazil
Austria
U nited States
India
Australia
France
Taiwan
Spain
Italy
Korea
Jordan
Cyprus
Switzerland
Mexico
Denmark
United
Portugal
Poland
Netherlands
Tunisia
Sweden
South Africa
S
Belgium
Czeech Republic
New Zealand
N
Slovenia
Slovvak Republic
Canada
Barbados
Thailand
Ireland
Romania
Albania
Hungary
Malta
Bulgaria
Finland
Macedonia
LLuxembourg
Chile
Zimbabwe
Norway
Lativa
Namibia
Uruguay
Lithuania
Estonia
Solar Heat Worldwide - 2008
Total capacity [MWth ]
7,000
,
6,000
200
150
100
50
0
2202 .7
250
101.9
998.2
8 77.7
66.66
66.44
58.9
52.7
51.8
49.8
42.8
32 .3
31.1
26.9
23.1
21.5
21.4
20.7
19.3
19.3
17.5
15.3
14.4
13.8
12.8
12.4
11.1
9.7
7.7
6.4
6.3
4.3
4.0
3.7
3.4
3.3
2.9
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.1
1.0
1.0
00.8
00.8
00.8
300
28 5.0
252 .6
350
5527.3
371 .3
400
C yprus
Israel
A u stria
G reece
B arbad os
Jo rdan
Turkey
G erm any
Australia
C hina
M alta
D enm ark
Taiw an
Sw
w itzerlan d
Slovenia
Japa n
Luxxem bourg
Spain
Portu g al
N ew
w Zealand
Sw eden
Korea
France
Tunisia
Italy
B elg ium
N ettherlands
Slovak
Ireland
B razil
A lbania
C zech
M acedonia
Poland
U niteed States
U nited
Souuth Africa
H un gary
M exico
Finland
B ulgaria
Rom an ia
N am ibia
Lativa
C anada
N orw ay
India
Z im bab w e
Estonia
U ruguay
T hailand
Lithuania
C hile
Solar Heat Worldwide
Total capacity 2008 per 1,000 inhabitants [kWth/1,000 inh.]
Leading Countries
In terms of the total capacity in operation of flatflat
plate and evacuated tube collectors at the end of
the year 2008, China (87.5 GWth), Turkey
(7.5 GWth), Germany (7.2 GWth), Japan
((4.1 GWth)) and Greece ((2.7 GWth)) are the leading
g
countries.
They are followed by Israel (2
(2.6
6 GWth),
GWth) Brazil
(2.4 GWth), Austria (2.3 GWth), the United States
((1.9 GWth)) and India (1.8
(
GWth).
)
China is by far the largest market, representing
66.4 % of the world market for flat-plate and
evacuated tube collectors.
Leading Countries - Market Penetration
I terms
In
t
off market
k t penetration,
t ti
b
based
d on th
the ttotal
t l
capacity in operation per 1,000 inhabitants,
Cyprus (527.2 kWth)
Israel (371.3
(371 3 kWth)
Austria (285.0 kWth)
Greece (252.6 kWth)
and Barbados (202.7
(202 7 kWth)
are the leading countries.
Solar Yield of a small Solar Thermal System
South African 1 Million Systems Programme
System parameters
3 m² collector area = 2.1 kWth
Hot water storage: 200 ltr.
Daily hot water consumption: 150 ltr.
Annual Savings
3 400 kWh electricity
3,400
CO2: 2,300 kg
Market penetration like in Cyprus or Israel
49 Million inhabitants
450 kWth / 1000 inhabitants
22 05 GWth
22.05
Market penetration like in Cyprus or Israel
22 05 GWth
22.05
25 TWh electricity
B i electricity
Basic
l t i it ffor 12 Milli
Million people
l
A successful example – NICATEC
17 Solar Thermal Systems
Collector area: 307 m² (215 kWth)
Energy yield: 195,900
195 900 kWh/year
Avoided Electricity Production:
240 000 kWhel
240.000
Basic electricity for 240 families
PV system cost: US$ 1.25 Mill.
Cost of Solar Thermal Systems: US$ 171,600
Information on Renewable Policy - Worldwide
The Map contains a wealth of information on renewable
energy, including support policies, expansion targets, current
shares,, installed capacity,
p
y, current production,
p
, future
scenarios, and policy pledges.
The Map can be found on the REN21 website, at
http://www.ren21.net/map
Th k you ffor
Thank
your attention