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Determining chemical composition of the silicate garnets using Raman spectroscopy
by
Rachel R Henderson
A Prepublication Manuscript Submitted to the Faculty of the
DEPARTMENT OF GEOSCIENCES
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
In the Graduate College
THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA
2009
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Determining chemical composition of the silicate garnets using Raman spectroscopy
1
R.R. Henderson1 and R.T. Downs1
RRUFF Project, Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Gould-Simpson
Building #77, 1040 E 4th St., Tucson, AZ 85721
Abstract
The silicate garnets are a group of minerals with diverse chemical compositions and
multifaceted impacts on the geological sciences. The determination of a silicate garnet’s
chemical composition is typically done using electron microprobe or mass spectrometry, both of
which are destructive. Raman spectroscopy has been used in the past century to identify
crystalline materials by observing the vibrational modes.
This project created a technique which correlates the Raman modes of a silicate garnet
and its chemical composition. This study utilizes forty silicate garnets, taken from RRUFF
project samples, whose chemistry was determined by electron microprobe, and whose Raman
spectra were measured using a Thermo Nikolet Almega microRaman system or an open access
custom built Raman spectroscopic instrument. A correlation matrix was created to compare the
shifts of Raman peak position and correlated changes in chemical composition. This approach
can characterize silicate garnet samples with thirteen chemical compositional variations using six
Raman modes. This method is accurate to within 5% of the electron microprobe calculation of
bulk chemical composition, and correctly names all varietals of silicate garnet. This technique
will make it possible for the future determination of chemical compositions of garnets to be nondestructive, thus advancing the utility of Raman spectroscopy, and making the estimation of
chemical composition in the silicate garnet group much faster and easier than with the use of
microprobe analysis.
Introduction
The determination of accurate and precise chemical compositions for silicate garnets is
useful for many scientific inquiries (Meagher, 1980). The chemical composition of garnets has
been investigated by multiple techniques, including electron microprobe, X-ray diffraction, mass
spectrometry, wet chemistry, and even by optical microscopy. Many of these methods are
destructive, expensive, and time-consuming. Raman spectroscopy offers an alternative that is fast
and requires little sample preparation.
The silicate garnets are a group of minerals whose general formula is as follows:
X3Y2 (SiO4)3
where X represents a divalent eight coordinated cation in a dodecahedral site, Y represents a
trivalent six coordinated cation in an octahedral site, and Si is in a four coordinated tetrahedral
site. The samples in this study show minor substitutions for Si. For classification purposes the
samples are divided into two distinct chemical groups the pyralspites (pyrope [Mg3Al2(SiO4)3],
almandine [Fe3Al2(SiO4)3], spessartine [Mn3Al2(SiO4)3]) and the ugrandites (uvarovite
[Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3], grossular [Ca3Al2(SiO4)3], andradite [Ca3Fe2(SiO4)3]). These mineral names are
assigned by International Mineralogical Societies naming conventions. Common X-site cations
include Ca, Mg, Fe+2, and Mn. Common Y-cations include Al, Fe+3, Cr, and Ti. Common
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substitutes for Si in tetrahedral coordination are Al, Fe+3, and Ti. Extensive crystal chemical
information can be found in the studies by Novak and Gibbs (1971) and Merli et al (1995). In
these investigations a “stability” field for X-site and Y-site cations was created to illustrate that
certain cations were more likely to be found in natural silicate garnets than others due to
structural constraints. From the Merli et al (1995) study it is clear that natural silicate garnets
prefer to be either calcic or non-calcic. Intermediate calcic species are very rare in nature and
therefore it is reasonable, given the plots represented in this study, to treat garnets as bimodal
based on calcium content in the X-site. There is also extensive solid-solution between major
species of garnet as has been examined by Ganguly and Kennedy (1974), Ganguly (1976), and
Ungaretti (1995). These studies examined experimentally that for the two groups of garnets,
calcic and aluminous, solid solution is thermodynamically favorable. They also address the
miscibility gap between natural calcic and non-calcic garnets and found that intermediate calcic
garnets can be synthesized.
Most early studies of the Raman spectra of garnets were focused on YAG or yttrium
aluminum garnets (c.f. Hurrell et al, 1968) because of their important optical properties. In these
studies the factor group analysis and mode assignments were determined. There are 25 Raman
modes for the cubic garnets. Several subsequent studies have been undertaken on the
geologically important silicate garnets, including Griffith (1969) and Moore et al (1971). Griffith
(1969) studied the Raman spectra of the major rock-forming minerals in order to understand the
effects of SiO4 condensation, examining orthosilicates and cyclosilicates. He claimed that the
Raman intensities attributed “to (SiOn) groups are rather weak owing to the small degree of πbonding in Si-O linkages; thus the Raman technique is unlikely to be useful for the identification
of silicate minerals”. Moore et al (1971) examined six different silicate garnets, representing
four garnet species, and found that while not all 25 of the predicted Raman modes were
observed, nevertheless, variations due to chemistry were found, and mode assignments were
transferred from the previously determined YAG studies.
Hofmeister and Chopelas (1991a, b) recorded Raman spectra of five species of near endmember silicate garnets with the purposes of computing thermodynamic properties such as heat
capacity and entropy and completed a more comprehensive mode assignment than previously
done. Pinet and Smith (1994) undertook a study of 52 natural aluminum garnets including
grossular and samples along the pyrope-almandine and almandine-spessartine joins. They found
that peak positions of various intense modes displayed quasi-linear trends with chemical
composition. They observed bands which only appear when there is Ca present. These bands are
located between 440 and 390 cm-1 and between 240 and 230cm-1. They are thought to be
“chemical markers” for Ca. They found no correlation between the atomic masses of the
dodecahedral cations and the Raman peak positions. However a strong linear trend was observed
between unit cell parameter and position of the peak near 900 cm-1. They conclude, however,
that there are “several big problems” in establishing a correlation between chemical composition
and Raman spectra. Kolesov and Geiger (1998) examined six garnet species to evaluate chemical
influences on external modes. They reported that the frequencies of the SiO4 rotational modes
are greater than those of the SiO4 translational modes. It is important to note that the octahedral
or Y cation occupies a center of inversion and therefore has no Raman stretching modes
associated with the atom in that site (Hofmeister and Chopelas 1991a). However, this study
shows that by using several modes one can to take into consideration the variations in the
associated vibrations of the other cation sites that are impacted by the Y site cation.
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Recently, evaluations of the water content in garnets have been conducted by Arredondo
and Rossman (2002), and Thomas et al (2008). Both of these studies utilized a number of garnets
with various amounts of hydrous component in order to determine if Raman spectroscopy can be
used to determine water content in nominally anhydrous materials. Arredondo and Rossman
(2002) found that OH content vary relatively smoothly in grossular but show no good correlation
in spessartine-almandine. Thus, they concluded that Raman spectroscopy was not a good method
for determining the OH composition in garnets. In contrast, however, Thomas et al (2008)
demonstrated that Fe-content affects the Raman spectra, and that in non Fe-bearing garnets
Raman is useful in determining the OH component.
Several investigations have been conducted to determine a correlation between garnet
localities and diamonds. One such study done by Wang et al (1991) investigated the use of
Raman spectroscopy to analyze pyrope inclusions in diamonds to determine if there were
microstructral variations which indicate the presence of a hydrous component, thus proving the
existence of water very deep in the earth. Manoun et al (2001) examined the Raman spectra of
kimberlitic garnets to evaluate their usefulness as a probe of chemistry in order to determine the
possible P-T regime in which diamond formation occurs. The study proposed the idea that
Raman spectroscopy could be the sole technique needed to determine P-T history, and chemical
composition in garnets. They found that a clear correlation exists between cell edge and Raman
frequency variations and chemical composition, most clearly that of Ca and Cr content. They
assumed that a change in chemical composition is correlated with a change in unit cell length,
which is then correlated with a shift in Raman peak positions. However, this assumption is faulty
because a given cell edge does not imply a unique chemical composition. They concluded that “
The extension of this study to other garnet compositions…is required to ascertain the possibility
to apply Raman spectroscopy as a tool to identify different types of pyrope-rich garnets without
additional need for other micro-analytical techniques.”
The possibility of using Raman spectroscopy to determine the chemical composition of
minerals is intriguing and there have been other studies that attempted to correlate chemical
composition within vibrational peak positions. For instance, Huang et al (2000) and Wang et al
(2001) correlated Raman peak positions with the Ca, Mg and Fe-content of pyroxenes. Huang et
al (2000) found the peaks that showed the greatest variation in position as a function of Fecontent, and used their positions as independent linear estimators of chemistry, with reported
errors of 3% and 6% for iron in ortho- and clinopyroxene, respectively. Wang et al (2001) used
the positions of only two Raman peaks to establish a two parameter equation that gave
Mg/(Ca+Mg+Fe) and Ca/(Ca+Mg+Fe) ratios simultaneously, with a reported accuracy of 10%.
Both of these methods require the investigator to have some prior knowledge of which crystal
system of pyroxene one is investigating. They only can calculate the variations in calcium and
magnesium ratios in pyroxenes. Both of these method limit investigators by requiring an
alternate method of identification by X-ray diffraction or microprobe analysis, as inspection
alone will not shed light on if one has an ortho- or clinopyroxene. Likewise these methods
require some prior knowledge of chemical composition. Also by limiting the investigation of the
Raman spectra to the variations in one peak it is difficult to accurately determine minor
compositional variations. These studies only investigated major element compositions without
accounting for minor M1 or M2 cation sites.
In this paper we will examine the correlation between chemical composition and Raman
peak positions for the natural silicate garnets. We will not restrict ourselves to a small subset of
chemical compositions, but will include fifteen measured major and minor chemical components
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found by electron microprobe analyses in our suite of 40 samples. We will show that not only
was Griffith (1969) incorrect in his assertion that silicates could not be identified by Raman
spectroscopy, but we will also show that it is possible to obtain precise chemical compositions
from analysis of the Raman spectra.
Experimental Methods
Samples of varying compositions were obtained through the RRUFF project (Downs,
2006). These samples represent compositions of all major garnet group members including
pyrope (Mg3Al2(SiO4)3), spessartine (Mn+23Al2(SiO4)3), uvarovite (Ca3Cr+32(SiO4)3), almandine
(Fe+23Al2(SiO4)3), andradite (Ca3Fe+32(SiO4)3), and grossular (Ca3Al2(SiO4)3). We chose samples
that differ in color, morphology and physical characteristics in order to encompass many
variations of natural garnet. By using a variety of chemistries the study was able to take into
account silicate garnets of almost every possible chemical composition. Table 1 contains a list of
the samples, along with their names (according to IMA conventions), RRUFF number, unit cell
edge, and measured chemical formula from microprobe analysis.
X-ray diffraction was performed on all samples in order to determine unit cell parameters, and
guarantee proper identification. Two different instruments were used: (1) a Bruker D8
ADVANCE X-ray powder diffractometer with Cu radiation. Data were collected from 5˚≤ 2θ≤
90˚ at intervals of .01˚ for 2 s/step. Samples were prepared as a slurry mount on PMMA slides.
All reflections were indexed on the basis of a cubic Ia3d unit-cell, and cell parameters were
refined using the software CrystalSleuth (Laetsch et al, 2006). (2) A Bruker X8 APEX2 CCD Xray single-crystal diffractometer equipped with graphite-monochromatized MoKα radiation was
used for those samples where there was an insufficient amount for powder measurements. Data
were collected for 144 frames of 0.5° width in ω and 10 s counting time per frame. The total
number of diffraction spots used to determine the cell parameters was 220 for sample R060326
and 732 for sample R060099. The large number of reflections ensured that the cell parameters
from the single crystal machine were of comparable quality to those determined by the powder
method. The refined cell parameters are listed in Table 1.
Chemical analyses were performed on a CAMECA SX50 Electron Microprobe using the
standards listed in Table 2. Data were collected at 15-20 spots under conditions of 15 kV, 20 nA
with a 1 to 2 μm spot beam. From these 15-20 spots an average measured chemical composition
was calculated they are listed in Table 1. These spots were taken at a wide variety of locations in
each crystal to ensure a bulk composition of each garnet, as there were some samples which
exhibited minor compositional zoning. The details of each individual chemical calculation
including original microprobe measurements are found in Appendix 1.
Raman spectra of the samples were collected from crystals of unknown orientation at 150
mW on a Thermo Almega microRaman system, using 532 and 780 nm solid-state lasers with a
thermoelectric cooled CCD detector. The laser is partially polarized with ~4 cm–1 resolution and
a spot size of 1 μm. Some Raman spectra were also collected from crystals oriented along the acell edge on a custom-designed optical bench with a 514 nm Argon ion laser, with a spot size of
approximately 50 μm. Utilizing a 1200 grooves mm-1 grating centered at 452 nm, the spectra
were acquired using WinSpec software. The specific polarization alignment was parallel to one
of the other two crystallographic axes. Raman scattering was collected in the backscattered
geometry. The Raman spot sizes are relatively small and were not used to measure specific zones
in a mineral, however if close inspection and mapping was done this technique could easily be
used to characterize zones inside a garnet as the spot sizes are very small.
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We determined that there are six unambiguous Raman peaks common to all our garnet
spectra. Garnet has 25 possible Raman vibrations based on theoretical calculation. For this study
we use only those peaks that are easy to locate and well defined in all 40 garnet samples. These
peaks are defined as follows with associate mode assignments as presented in Hofmeister and
Chopelas, (1991a):
peak 1(p1) is located between 980 and 1050 cm-1
This peak is often low in intensity and is associated with the v3 (T2g+T1u) vibration
peak 2 (p2) is located between 870 and 920 cm-1
This peak is often high in intensity especially in non-calcic garnets and is
associated with the v1 (A1g) vibration
peak 3 (p3) is located between 810 and 870 cm-1
This peak is directly adjacent but lower in energy than peak 2 and is associated
with the v3 (T2g+T1u) vibration
peak 4 (p4) is located between 600 and 650 cm-1
This peak is often very low in intensity and is associated with the v4 (T2g+T1u)
vibration
peak 5 (p5) is located between 510 and 560 cm-1
This peak is moderate in intensity and is associated with the v2 (A1g) vibration
peak 6 (p6) is located between 340 and 375 cm-1
This peak is high in intensity especially in calcic garnets and is associated with
the R(SiO4) (A1g) vibration
Using the CrystalSleuth software (Laetsch et al, 2006), these six peak positions were
measured for each spectrum by fitting with a Pseudo-Voigt singlet function. Table 3 contains a
list of the fitted peak positions for each sample. Plots of the spectra are background corrected and
normalized for peak height comparison, and are presented in the Appendix. Selected spectra are
shown in Fig. 1and peaks are identified using dotted lines.
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Figure 1: These Raman spectra represent those study samples that are closest to the end-member compositions almandine,
pyrope, spessartine, andradite, uvarovite and grossular. They have been background corrected and normalized for peak intensity.
The six peaks with which we estimate chemical composition are shown by dashed lines and are labled p1-p6. They are grouped
in order to illustrate the variations between calcic and non-calcic garnets. They are stacked to show the clear variations in peak
position as a result of chemical variations. Note that these spectra have been normalized for peak height. For illustration of all 40
garnets in our study please refer to the appendix.
During the investigation of which Raman peaks to use it was discovered that the two
most intense peaks in these spectra follow a trend. For calcic garnets (those with 50% or more
calcium in the X-site) the most intense peak is p6 centered around 350 cm-1, where as in those
garnets with less than 50% calcium the peak is p2 centered around 850 cm-1 is the most intense.
This is illustrated in Figure 2 which shows the intensity ratio of these peaks (peak 6/peak 2)
compared to the amount of Ca in the X-site. From this graph it is clear that a first order
approximation as to which solid-solution a garnet falls is easy to ascertain from the ratio of these
peaks. This also reinforces the idea presented by many scientists (Chmielova et al 1997, Merli et
al 1995, and Manoun et al 2001) that the two major groups of garnets (pyralspites and
ugrandites) are better characterized when treated separately.
Figure 2: This is a graph showing the ratio of peak 6 and peak 2 relative the amount of Ca in the X-site in fractional occupancy
per site (calculated from microprobe data). Each sample is represented by one point on the graph. From this figure it is apparent
that this ratio allows for a first order approximation of calcium content. These garnet compositions can then be classified in two
separate groups. Those samples with 50% or greater Ca in the X-site were placed into a routine to solve for matrix XCa(Table 5)
and those samples with less than 50% Ca in the X-site where place into the routine to solve for Xnon-Ca(Table 6).
More detailed sample information and extended scans and data for each sample can be
found on the web by visiting http://rruff.info/ or by using the sample number, for example
http://rruff.info/R040001. These sample numbers are in Table 1.
Mathematical methods
Matrix methods were used to transform the thirteen chemical components of all forty
silicate garnets to the six Raman peak positions through the equation:
C = XallP,
where
C is a 13 × 40 matrix of chemical components based on fractional occupancy in each of
the three distinct crystallographic sites, X, Y, and Z, with one sample per column. The
data for this matrix are in Table 1.
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P is a 6 × 40 matrix of peak positions in Raman shift (cm-1), with one sample per column.
The data for this matrix are in Table 3.
Xall is the 13 × 6 transformation matrix which correlates the 13 chemical components and
6 peak positions. It is determined by the following manipulations:
C
CMt
Xall
= XallP
= XallPPt
= CPt(PPt)-1.
A FORTRAN computer program was written to handle the mathematical manipulations, and
produce the values for the Xall-matrix (Table 4). Using the resulting Xall-matrix it is then
possible to determine chemical composition of a silicate garnet sample given the known peak
positions or vice versa.
Due to the fact that the calcic and non-calcic garnets have very distinct differences in
their Raman spectra, separate matrices were calculated for the Ca containing and non-Ca
containing garnets using only those samples associated with each chemical group. This
classification was made based on the reported microprobe chemical composition and reinforced
by the variation in peak 6 to peak 2 ratios. We did not utilize the idea of “chemical markers” as
reported in Pinet and Smith (1994). This classification and separation served to reduce errors and
improve characterization of our samples.
For garnets where Ca content is greater than 50% occupancy in the X-site:
C is a 12 × 22 matrix of chemical components based on fractional occupancy in each of
the three distinct crystallographic sites, X, Y, and Z, with one sample per column. The
data for this matrix are in Table 1.
P is a 6 × 22 matrix of peak positions in Raman shift (cm-1), with one sample per column.
The data for this matrix are in Table 3.
XCa is the 12 × 6 transformation matrix which correlates the 12 chemical components and
6 peak positions. It is determined by the following manipulations:
C
CMt
XCa
= XCaP
= XCaPPt
= CPt(PPt)-1
Values for XCa are reported in table 5.
For garnets where Ca content is less than 50% occupancy in the X-site:
C is a 10 × 18 matrix of chemical components based on fractional occupancy in each of
the three distinct crystallographic sites, X, Y, and Z, with one sample per column. The
data for this matrix are in Table 1.
P is a 6 × 18 matrix of peak position in Raman shift (cm-1), with one sample per column.
The data for this matrix are in Table 3.
non-Ca
X
is the 10 × 6 transformation matrix which correlates the 10 chemical components
and 6 peak positions. It is determined by the following manipulations:
C
CMt
Xnon-Ca
Values for Xnon-Ca are reported in table 6.
= Xnon-CaP
= Xnon-CaPPt
= CPt(PPt)-1.
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Results and Discussion
Using this method each garnet’s chemistry can be estimated from its observed Raman
modes to within 6% average error in bulk composition of the sample when compared to that
calculated according to the microprobe data (note that the intrinsic error associated with
microprobe analysis is 2-3%). The study samples were separated into routines based on their
calcium content, as calcic and non-calcic garnets have distinctly different Raman spectra as
presented above. When separated into two routines the calcic and non-calcic garnets show
reduced errors in bulk composition when compared to the bulk compositions calculated from
microprobe data. The average error for the bulk composition of those garnets where Ca content
is greater than 50% in the X-site is 3% and that for garnets containing less than 50% Ca was 5%.
Fig. 3 shows histograms of the errors in bulk chemical composition calculated by each routine
when compared to the calculation based on the electron microprobe data for each sample.
Matrices for all these routines are provided in Tables 4(Xall), 5(XCa), and 6(Xnon-Ca). It should be
noted that this mathematical procedure does not constrain values to positive numbers and this
procedure may also produce percentage per site values that exceed one hundred percent. In these
cases negative values should be treated as zeros, and values which exceed one hundred percent
per site should be removed from the cation with the lowest overall value per site, likewise values
which are less than one hundred percent should be added to the greatest calculated cation.
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Figure 3: (a) This histogram represents the frequencies of errors in bulk chemical composition as compared to microprobe
calculations for all chemistries of silicate garnets represented by matrix Xall presented in Table 4 (b) This histogram represents
the frequencies of errors in bulk chemical composition as compared to microprobe calculations for those garnets with exhibit less
than 50% calcium content in their X-site represented by matrix Xnon-Ca presented in Table 6 (c) This histogram represents the
frequencies of errors in bulk chemical composition as compared to microprobe calculations for those garnets with exhibit greater
than 50% calcium content in their X-site represented by matrix XCa presented in Table 5
The routine correctly names all major varieties of garnet (according to IMA naming
conventions) and shows a clear distinction between the calcic and non-calcic garnets. This
conclusion shows that Raman spectroscopy can be used to estimating chemical composition in
silicate garnets. This method can be used on very small sample sizes, for example our beam size
is approximately 50 µm, and as a result Raman spectra could potentially even characterize
specific zones inside a garnet(though it has not been attempted in this study). This technique
will make naming and determining the chemical composition of silicate garnets becomes much
less expensive and completely nondestructive. It also makes determining the chemical
composition of a garnet much more mobile, because Raman spectroscopy can be utilized in very
small spaces and handheld models are commercially available.
Several attempts to make a linear correlation between unit cell edge and chemical
composition in garnets have been attempted using X-ray diffraction techniques (Chmielova et al
1997, and Merli et al 1995). Some have even correlated cell edge and changes in frequency of
Raman modes (Manoun et al 2001). By correlating the Raman peak positions used in our study
and cell edges for a wider variety of chemical composition, a plot similar to that presented in
Manoun et al (2001) has been constructed (Fig. 4). A similar trend presented in Merli et al
(1995), thus reinforcing the correlation between shifts in Raman modes and variations in unit cell
edge as a result of changes in chemical composition. The trends found in this study also
reinforce the idea that the differences in cell edge due to chemical composition encourage the
treatment of the calcic and non-calcic garnets in two separate routines.
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Figure 4: This graph shows the correlation of the six previously reported peak positions and the a-cell edge as calculated from Xray diffraction techniques. They appear in order from p1 down to p6. From this graph it is clear that there are two trends in a-cell
edge vs. peak positions, the non-calcic garnets have lower reported unit cell edges where as the calcic garnets have larger cell
edges.
One example of possible applications for this study is to characterize the chemical
composition of garnet inclusions in diamonds. Fig. 5 shows Raman spectra of four garnet
inclusions in a diamond taken using a Renishaw InVia machine, utilizing a 514nm laser
(courtesy of Dr. Wuyi Wang of the Gemological Institute of America). The chemical
composition of these garnets was calculated using matrix Xall presented in Table 4. From this
calculation and the ratio of peak 6 and peak 2 it because clear that this was unlikely a calcic
garnet. Therefore the compositions of these garnets were recalculated using matrix Xnon-Ca the
results of which are presented in Table 7. These measurements required an adjustment to account
for the pressure exhibited on the garnets by insitu measurements in the diamond. The garnets
inside this diamond will be experiencing at most approximately 1 or 2 GPa of strain, though
precise calculations are difficult without a 2D Raman tomography mapping of the inclusions
(Nasdala et al 2005). The data that is presented at room pressure most closely matches pyrope,
therefore it was adjusted according to Gillet et al 1992 using the reported values for variation in
peak positions for pyrope with pressure for both 1 and 2 GPa (Table 7). This calculation
subtracts the variation in peak position with pressure experienced by these samples, because
these measurements are taken at room pressure and thus to account for a change in pressure
inside the diamond one must shift peaks to lower frequency. It is observable from these
calculations that changes in calcium content in the X-site and Y-site cations are not impacted by
the slight variations which account for pressure changes. However, other X-site cations are
greatly impacted by changes in shifts in Raman peaks associated with pressure changes. This
sheds light on the application of this type of study for mantel derived garnets, and garnet
inclusions in diamond and other mantel derived mediums.
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Figure 5: The above figure shows the Raman spectra from four garnet inclusions in diamond (provided by Dr. Wang). They have
been background corrected and normalized for peak intensity. They all appear to have the similar peak position, and chemical
compositions as presented in Table 7. This conclusion fits with the idea that all of these garnet inclusions were all likely derived
from similar mantel locations.
This technique for determining the chemical composition of a mineral can be applied to
other groups of isomorphic minerals in order to constrain the relationship of Raman mode shifts
and chemical variations. By utilizing several Raman modes it is easier to constrain the
relationships between several cation sites and correlating changes in chemical composition.
Therefore it is clear that this method can certainly be applied to the pyroxene group minerals
with consideration of crystal structure and it may prove more successful than the method
proposed by Huang et al (2000) and Wang et al (2001) which only utilized the positions of two
Raman peaks to establish a chemical variation. This method can also account for many variations
in cations per site, which can expand the notion of pyroxene chemistry to include minor cation
constituents or impurities.
It is also likely that this technique can be used in the future to examine zoning in minerals
especially garnets. One would have to take Raman spectra in each suspected zone of a garnet and
compare peak positions using the appropriate matrix. This may reduce the time and sample
preparation needed to determine the P-T history of a metamorphic rocks.
This study illustrates that the proof of concept holds. It is possible to determine
compositional variations in chemistry of an isomorphic group of minerals by Raman analytical
techniques and a little matrix math. The assertion that “… the Raman technique is unlikely to be
useful for the identification of silicate minerals” (Griffith, 1969) seems to have been misguided.
Acknowledgements
This work was performed in collaboration with the RRUFF project and its contributors including
Dr. Gelu Costin, Carla Eichler, Robert Dembowski, J Benjamin Rojas, Chen Li, and Dr. Hexiong
Yang. Thanks also to Dr. Wang of the Gemological Institute of America for the impetus to
investigate this idea and the use of his sample measurements.
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kimberlitic (G-9) garnets, Crystal Engineering 4, 283-291
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BookCrafters, Inc.
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Mineralogist 93, 1550-1557
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Mineralogist 86, 790-806
15
Table 1. List of study sample mineral names, RRUFF number, unit cell edges and calculate
chemical composition from microprobe analysis.
RRUFF
a-cell
name
number
edge(Å)
chemical formula calculated from electron microprobe analysis
Almandine R040076 11.5389(2) (Mg0.42 Ca0.11 Mn0.01 Fe0.46)3 Al2 (SiO4)3
Almandine R040079 11.5319(2) (Mg0.18 Ca0.06 Fe0.76)3 Al2 (SiO4)3
Almandine R040168 11.5837(1) (Ca0.02 Mn0.49 Fe0.49)3 Al2 (SiO4)3
Almandine R050029 11.5442(2) (Mg0.42 Ca0.12 Mn0.01 Fe0.45)3 Al2 (SiO4)3
Almandine R060099 11.5309(8) (Mg0.19 Ca0.08 Mn0.19 Fe0.64)3 (Al0.99 Fe0.01)2 (SiO4)3
Almandine R060450 11.5107(2) (Mg0.35 Ca0.01 Fe0.64)3 Al2 (SiO4)3
Almandine R070129 11.5291(2) (Mg0.20 Ca0.03 Mn0.03 Fe0.72)3 Al2 ((Si0.98 Al0.02)1O4)3
Andradite R040001 12.0630(2) Ca3 (Al0.02 Fe0.98)2 (SiO4)3
Andradite R050256 11.9411(2) (Ca0.76 Mn0.24)3 (Al0.33 Fe0.67)2 (SiO4)3
Andradite R050311 11.9779(8) (Ca0.96 Mn0.02 Fe0.02)3 (Al0.30 Fe0.69 Ti0.01)2 ((Si0.99 Al0.01)1O4)3
Andradite R060358 12.0587(2) Ca3 (Cr0.05 Fe0.95)2 (SiO4)3
Andradite R060326 12.037(2) (Ca0.99 Mn0.01)3 (Al0.10 Fe0.88 Ti0.02)2 (SiO4)3
Andradite R060423 11.9528(3) (Ca0.98 Mn0.01 Mg0.02)3 (Al0.50 Fe0.47 Ti0.03)2 ((Si0.98 Fe0.02)1O4)3
Andradite R060449 12.0646(2) Ca3 (Al0.03 Fe0.97)2 (SiO4)3
Grossular R040065 11.8517(2) (Ca0.97 Fe0.02 Mn0.01)3 (Al0.98 Fe0.01 Ti0.01)2 ((Si0.99 Al0.01)1O4)3
Grossular R040066 11.8665(2) (Ca0.97 Fe0.02 Mn0.01)3 (Al0.93 Fe0.07)2 (SiO4)3
Grossular R050036 11.8851(3) (Ca0.98 Mn0.02)3 (Al0.85 Fe0.15 Ti0.01)2 (SiO4)3
Grossular R050081 11.9740(4) (Ca0.97 Mg0.03)3 (Al0.51 Fe0.46 Ti0.31)2 ((Si0.98 Ti0.02)1O4)3
Grossular R050312 11.8701(2) Ca3 (Al0.88 Fe0.11 Ti0.01)2 ((Si0.99 Al0.01)1O4)3
Grossular R060278 11.9451(4) (Ca0.97 Mg0.02 Mn0.01)3 (Al0.60 Fe0.39 Ti0.01)2 ((Si0.99 Al0.01)1O4)3
Grossular R060382 11.8526(1) (Ca0.98 Mg0.01 Mn0.01)3 Al2 ((Si0.99 Ti0.01)1O4)3
Grossular R060442 11.8553(1) (Ca0.95 Fe0.05)3 (Al0.93 Fe0.07)2(SiO4)3
Grossular R060443 11.8636(1) (Ca0.97 Mg0.01 Mn0.01 Fe0.01)3 (Al0.93 Fe0.07)2 (SiO4)3
Grossular R060444 11.8579(2) (Ca0.99 Mn0.01)3 (Al0.92 Fe0.07 Ti0.01)2 ((Si0.99 Al0.01)1O4)3
Grossular R060452 11.8529(1) (Ca0.98 Mg0.01 Mn0.01)3 (Al0.96 Fe0.03 Ti0.01)2 ((Si0.99 Al0.01)1O4)3
Grossular R060453 11.8516(9) (Ca0.97 Mg0.02 Mn0.01)3 (Al0.98 Ti0.02)2 (SiO4)3
Grossular R060499 11.8882(2) (Ca0.97 Mg0.03)3 (Al0.89 Fe0.10 Ti0.01)2 (SiO4)3
Pyrope
R040159 11.5350(1) (Mg0.72 Ca0.11 Mn0.01 Fe0.16)3 (Al0.93 Fe0.06 Ti0.01)2 ((Si0.99 Al0.01)1O4)3
Pyrope
R050112 11.5306(1) (Mg0.50 Ca0.10 Mn0.01 Fe0.39)3 (Al0.99 Fe0.01)2 (SiO4)3
Pyrope
R050113 11.5717(3) (Mg0.61 Ca0.01 Mn0.01 Fe0.37)3 (Al0.91 Fe0.09)2 (SiO4)3
Pyrope
R050446 11.5411(7) (Mg0.64 Ca0.14 Fe0.22)3 Al2 (SiO4)3
Pyrope
R060441 11.5399(2) (Mg0.61 Ca0.13 Mn0.01 Fe0.25)3 (Al0.97 Cr0.03)2 (SiO4)3
Pyrope
R060445 11.4941(1) (Mg0.61 Ca0.02 Mn0.01 Fe0.36)3 Al2 (SiO4)3
Pyrope
R060448 11.5268(1) (Mg0.49 Ca0.07 Mn0.01 Fe0.43)3 Al2 (SiO4)3
Spessartine R060177 11.6505(3) (Mn0.95 Ca0.01 Fe0.04 )3 Al2(SiO4)3
Spessartine R060279 11.6798(3) (Mn0.55 Ca0.27 Fe0.15 Mg0.03 )3 (Al0.99 Fe0.01)2(SiO4)3
Spessartine R060447 11.6205(2) (Mn0.95 Ca0.01 Fe0.02 Mg0.01 )3 Al2(SiO4)3
Spessartine R060451 11.5892(1) (Mn0.42 Ca0.12 Fe0.13 Mg0.33 )3 Al2(SiO4)3
Uvarovite R060477 11.9320(1) Ca3 (Cr0.58 Al0.41 Ti0.02)2 ((Si0.99 Al0.01)1O4)3
Uvarovite R061041 11.9433(3) (Ca0.98 Mg0.02)3 (Cr0.62 Fe0.02 Al0.36 Ti0.01)2 (SiO4)3
16
Table 2. Standards used to measure electron microprobe calculations for all samples.
Chemical
Na:
Si:
Mg:
Ca:
Si:
Mg:
Al:
Al:
K:
P:
Mn:
Fe:
Cr:
Ti:
Zn:
Zr:
Mineral standard
Albite
Diopside
Diopside
Diopside
Pyrope
Pyrope
Pyrope
Anorthite
K-Feldspar
Apatite
Rhodonite
Fayalite
Chromite
Rutile1
Willemite
ZrO2-synthetic
17
Table 3: Sample name, RRUFF number, and measured peak positions for all six peaks used in
the study.
RRUFF
Sample name
number p1(cm-1) p2(cm-1) p3(cm-1) p4(cm-1) p5(cm-1) p6(cm-1)
Almandine
R040076 1023.7
918.9
867.4
641.4
559.8
357.5
Almandine
R040079 1045.1
921.1
866.6
636.9
559.3
350.6
Almandine
R040168 1040.4
912.3
860.2
630.3
554.0
346.8
Almandine
R050029 1044.2
917.4
862.8
638.1
557.9
355.9
Almandine
R060099 1041.3
915.1
859.8
631.1
553.8
345.7
Almandine
R060450 1047.9
920.7
866.6
638.1
558.5
350.5
Almandine
R070129 1041.0
916.3
865.7
636.6
555.9
345.4
Andradite
R040001
995.2
875.4
816.8
621.4
515.9
352.7
Andradite
R050256 1000.2
883.5
823.4
606.6
526.7
368.5
Andradite
R050311
998.0
877.9
819.9
600.7
524.4
369.7
Andradite
R060358
995.8
875.6
818.9
610.1
517.3
352.9
Andradite
R060326
993.5
873.4
815.5
600.7
516.1
367.3
Andradite
R060423
994.6
875.6
821.2
648.5
532.6
370.9
Andradite
R060449
995.8
873.4
816.6
604.2
514.9
369.7
Grossular
R040065 1007.6
880.8
826.1
629.8
549.7
374.7
Grossular
R040066 1005.9
879.7
824.8
625.2
544.7
373.4
Grossular
R050036 1001.7
878.0
823.2
627.6
545.9
376.2
Grossular
R050081
983.8
877.9
835.9
613.6
531.9
372.9
Grossular
R050312 1002.8
879.4
823.7
621.9
544.6
370.9
Grossular
R060278
996.2
875.9
820.3
614.9
548.1
369.7
Grossular
R060382 1016.1
879.6
822.9
630.9
549.1
373.4
Grossular
R060442 1005.4
878.8
823.3
626.5
545.8
372.3
Grossular
R060443 1007.2
879.6
827.5
627.5
547.9
374.5
Grossular
R060444 1002.1
879.9
825.6
626.5
548.1
372.3
Grossular
R060452 1006.1
880.7
822.9
630.9
549.1
374.5
Grossular
R060453 1006.1
880.7
826.4
626.3
549.1
373.4
Grossular
R060499 1000.5
877.3
822.9
627.5
545.6
374.6
Pyrope
R040159 1050.4
918.3
861.5
642.4
558.3
362.0
Pyrope
R050112 1045.9
919.2
863.8
640.4
558.9
356.3
Pyrope
R050113 1032.8
912.1
868.2
629.1
553.6
344.8
Pyrope
R050446 1052.9
922.2
866.9
641.6
559.2
355.7
Pyrope
R060441 1047.9
919.2
862.4
643.2
559.9
361.1
Pyrope
R060445 1052.5
918.5
863.9
639.8
558.8
353.9
Pyrope
R060448 1047.0
920.2
866.2
641.0
560.1
356.3
Spessartine
R060177 1021.9
908.3
867.6
624.4
544.2
351.0
Spessartine
R060279 1026.7
907.0
846.2
634.2
554.0
358.9
Spessartine
R060447 1029.1
907.3
851.5
630.9
554.0
351.6
Spessartine
R060451 1037.7
912.5
854.9
639.0
557.7
358.2
Uvarovite
R060477 1001.9
892.6
831.2
620.1
533.3
371.6
Uvarovite
R061041
100.6
892.7
838.8
621.4
532.7
371.9
18
Table 4. Matrix for all garnet chemical compositions.
Xall chemistry
0.00462
-0.00435 0.00243 -0.00117 0.00174
-0.00223
0.00156 -0.00629 0.00503
-0.0101
-0.00072
0.00481 -0.00266 -0.00159 0.00347
-0.00134
-0.00178 0.00679 -0.00208 0.00425
-0.00389
-0.00178 -0.00878 -0.00003 0.03376
0.00911
0.00172
0.00227
0.00037 -0.03089
-0.00461
0.00037
0.00654
-0.0003
-0.00339
-0.00039
-0.00005 0.00042
0.00018 -0.00021
0.00052
0.0002
0.00057 -0.00061 -0.00043
-0.00003
0.00006 -0.00006 -0.00012 0.00017
-0.00008
-0.00001 0.00001
0.00031 -0.00017
-0.00013
-0.00007 0.00022 -0.00003
0
0.00002
0.00007 -0.00041 0.00068 -0.00021
-0.00806
0.02506
-0.00589
-0.00993
-0.01293
0.01125
0.00258
0.00027
0.00118
0.00005
-0.00005
0.00008
-0.00013
Table 5. Matrix for garnet chemical compositions with greater than 50% in the X-site.
XCa
-0.00065
-0.0002
0.00064
0.00002
0.00033
0.00033
0.00317
-0.00771 0.00619
0.00105
-0.0013
-0.00131
-0.00238
0.00862 -0.00642 -0.00078 0.00051
0.00088
0.00052
-0.00078 0.00022
-0.0002
0.00012
0.00012
0.00442
-0.03254 0.01111
0.00203
0.02413
0.00388
0.01849
-0.0034
0.0032
-0.00267 -0.02779 -0.00338
-0.02173
0.03586
-0.0139
0.00047
0.00357 -0.00128
-0.0009
0.00068 -0.00007 0.00029 -0.00023 0.00083
0.00014
0.00309
-0.0021
-0.00058 0.00008
0.0005
-0.00036
0.00093 -0.00066 -0.00012 0.00036 -0.00006
-0.00026
0.00043 -0.00044
0.0004
-0.00026 0.00036
0.00027
-0.0013
0.00119
-0.0001
-0.0001
0.00002
0.00088
-0.00323 0.00263
0.0005
-0.00042 -0.00079
Table 6. Matrix for garnet chemical compositions with less than 50% in the X-site.
Xnon-Ca
0.00846
-0.00051 -0.01075 0.03266 -0.03119
-0.00617
-0.0016
0.00043 -0.00864 0.00846
0.00537
0.0012
-0.00183 -0.00106 0.03067
-0.0949
0.02283
0.06896
-0.00479
0.00109 -0.00981 0.05004
0.00468
-0.06127
-0.00092 -0.00044 -0.00001 0.00334
0.00165
-0.00195
0.0007
0.00028
0.00163 -0.00598 0.00046
0.00332
0.00022
0.00015 -0.00059 0.00104
-0.0007
-0.00035
0.00009
0.00001
0.00007 -0.00005 -0.00041
0.00027
0.00016
-0.00007
0.0014
-0.00368
0.0021
0.00245
-0.00007
0.00008
-0.0003
0.00202 -0.00111
-0.00116
19
p1(cm-1)
Table 7. Measured peak positions for garnet inclusions in a diamond (provided by Dr. Wang GIA) and
calculated chemical compositions based on 1 or 2 GPa pressure variations.
p2(cm-1) p3(cm-1) p4(cm-1)
p5(cm-1) p6(cm-1) name
Calculated Chemistry using Xnon-Ca
1044.6
914.9
859.3
638.4
557.2
355.9 11a
(Mg0.42Ca0.11Mn0.16Fe0.31)3(Al0.99Fe0.01)2(SiO4)3
1042.4
911.5
855.5
636.4
554.7
353.3 11a (1GPa)
(Mg0.47Ca0.11Fe0.40)3(Al0.99Fe0.01)2(SiO4)3
1040.2
908.1
851.7
634.4
552.2
350.7 11a (2GPa)
(Mg0.52Ca0.11Fe0.37)3(Al0.99Fe0.01)2(SiO4)3
1042.9
915.2
858.9
638.2
556.9
355.7 17a
(Mg0.42Ca0.11Mn0.15Fe0.32)3(Al0.99Fe0.01)2(SiO4)3
1040.7
911.8
855.1
636.2
554.4
353.1 17a (1GPa)
(Mg0.47Ca0.11Fe0.42)3(Al0.99Fe0.01)2(SiO4)3
1038.5
908.4
851.3
634.2
551.9
350.5 17a (2GPa)
(Mg0.52Ca0.11Fe0.47)3(Al0.99Fe0.01)2(SiO4)3
1043.9
915.7
858.8
638.2
557.6
356.2 18a
(Mg0.40Ca0.12Mn0.19Fe0.29)3(Al0.99Fe0.01)2(SiO4)3
1041.7
912.3
855
636.2
555.1
353.6 18a (1GPa)
(Mg0.45Ca0.12Fe0.43)3(Al0.99Fe0.01)2(SiO4)3
1039.5
908.9
851.2
634.2
552.6
351 18a (2GPa)
(Mg0.50Ca0.12Fe0.38)3(Al0.99Fe0.01)2(SiO4)3
1043.4
914.9
858.8
639.4
556.7
356.8 23a
(Mg0.47Ca0.12Mn0.10Fe0.31)3(Al0.99Fe0.01)2(SiO4)3
1041.2
911.5
855
637.4
554.2
354.2 23a (1GPa)
(Mg0.51Ca0.12Fe0.37)3(Al0.99Fe0.01)2(SiO4)3
1039
908.1
851.2
635.4
551.7
351.6 23a (2GPa)
(Mg0.56Ca0.12Fe0.32)3(Al0.99Fe0.01)2(SiO4)3
Intensity(arbitrary)
R040076
100
R040076
300
500
700
Raman shift (cm-1)
900
1100
Intenisty(arbitrary)
R040079
100
R040079
300
500
700
Raman Shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity(arbitrary)
R040168
100
R040168
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity(arbitrary)
R050029
100
R050029
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity(arbitrary)
R060099
100
R060099
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity(arbitrary)
R060450
100
R060450
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity(arbitrary)
R070129
100
R070129
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity(arbitrary)
R040001
100
R040001
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R050256
100
R050256
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity(arbitrary)
R050311
100
R050311
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity(arbitrary)
R050377
100
R050377
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R060358
100
R060358
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R060326
100
R060326
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R060449
100
R060449
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R060449
100
R060449
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R040065
100
R040065
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R040066
100
R040066
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R050036
100
R050036
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R050081
100
R050081
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
intensity (arbitrary)
R050312
100
R050312
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R060278
100
R060278
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R060382
100
R060382
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R060442
100
R060442
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R060443
100
R060443
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R060444
100
R060444
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R060452
100
R060452
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R060453
100
R060453
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R060499
100
R060499
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R060446
100
R060446
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R040159
100
R040159
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R050112
100
R050112
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R050113
100
R050113
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R050446
100
R050446
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R060441
100
R060441
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R060445
100
R060445
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R060448
100
R060448
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R060177
100
R060177
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R060279
100
R060279
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R060447
100
R060447
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R060451
100
R060451
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R060477
100
R060477
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Intensity (arbitrary)
R061041
100
R061041
300
500
700
Raman shift(cm-1)
900
1100
Electron Microprobe Data
Mineral: Almandine
Rruff ID: R040076
Locality: Barton Garnet mine, Gore Mountain, Warren County, New York, USA
Weight Percents
Analysis
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Total
8
40.26
0.04
22.93
21.74
0.53
11.45
4.08
11
40.48
0.03
22.39
21.95
0.45
11.43
4.14
13
40.21
0.04
22.29
21.78
0.56
10.45
4.08
14
39.97
0.07
22.67
22.14
0.52
11.40
4.05
7.98
Ideal Chemistry:
Calculated Chemistry:
16
39.98
0.07
22.75
22.11
0.48
11.40
4.12
17
40.08
0.08
22.65
22.08
0.54
11.56
4.05
18
39.97
0.06
22.74
22.08
0.47
11.40
4.08
19
39.72
0.07
22.76
21.98
0.46
11.45
4.11
20 Average StDev
40.52 40.13 0.25
0.06
0.06 0.02
22.77 22.69 0.21
22.14 21.99 0.15
0.48
0.50 0.04
11.46 11.35 0.32
4.10
4.09 0.03
99.41 100.82 101.01 100.91 101.04 100.80 100.55 101.53 100.80
101.03 100.87
Cation Numbers on the Basis of 12 Oxygens
Si
2.994 3.018 3.041 2.987
Ti
0.002 0.002 0.002 0.004
Al
2.010 1.968 1.987 1.997
Fe
1.352 1.369 1.377 1.384
Mg
1.270 1.271 1.178 1.270
Ca
0.325 0.331 0.331 0.324
Mn
0.030 0.026 0.032 0.030
Cations
15
40.13
0.04
22.95
21.87
0.48
11.45
4.09
7.98
7.95
8.00
2.988
0.002
2.014
1.362
1.271
0.326
0.027
2.985
0.004
2.002
1.380
1.269
0.330
0.027
2.988
0.004
1.990
1.376
1.285
0.323
0.031
2.987
0.003
2.003
1.380
1.270
0.327
0.027
2.976
0.004
2.010
1.377
1.279
0.330
0.026
3.003
0.003
1.989
1.372
1.266
0.326
0.027
7.99
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
7.99
Fe3Al2(SiO4)3
(Fe2+1.38Mg1.26Ca0.33Mn0.03)Σ=3Al2.00(Si1.00O4)3
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
Date of Analysis: 12/22/04
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
LIF
El
Na
Si
Mg
Al
K
Ca
Mn
Fe
Cr
Ti
Microprobe Calibration Data
Line
Pk(s) Bkg(s) Bkg(+) Bkg(-)
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
350
-600
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
500
-500
Ka
20
10
500
-500
Ka
20
10
500
-500
0.55
averagestdev in formula
2.997 0.019
3.00
0.003 0.001 trace
1.997 0.014
2.00
1.373 0.010
1.38
1.263 0.030
1.26
0.327 0.003
0.33
0.028 0.002
0.03
7.99
0.02
CNISF*
Standards
Albite-Cr
Diopside
Diopside
Anorthite-S
K-spar-OR1
Diopside
Rhodonite-791
Fayalite
Chromite-S
Rutile1
Electron Microprobe Data
Rruff ID: R040079
Mineral: Almandine
Locality: Ontario, Canada
Weight Percents
Analysis
SiO2
Al2O3
FeO
MgO
CaO
Total
121
37.28
21.55
34.52
4.57
2.14
122
37.72
21.36
34.23
4.63
2.07
123
37.85
21.44
34.54
4.61
2.03
124
38.03
21.43
34.35
4.57
2.15
125
37.91
21.50
34.44
4.52
2.09
136
37.60
21.53
34.29
4.47
2.15
139
37.65
21.25
34.60
4.36
2.09
140
37.89
21.00
34.55
4.34
2.18
99.60 100.33 100.25 100.48 100.46 100.20 100.89 100.04
99.83 100.03
99.95
99.95
3.012
1.983
2.293
0.527
0.183
3.007
1.971
2.317
0.530
0.183
3.003
2.017
2.260
0.528
0.181
3.026
1.995
2.260
0.519
0.178
3.021
1.997
2.270
0.510
0.183
2.991
2.024
2.257
0.555
0.170
3.007
2.007
2.255
0.540
0.180
2.998
2.014
2.291
0.533
0.160
2.990
2.026
2.263
0.543
0.175
3.004
2.015
2.256
0.540
0.175
2.990
2.018
2.280
0.529
0.183
3.001
1.996
2.307
0.518
0.178
3.019
1.972
2.303
0.515
0.186
3.002
2.010
2.279
0.533
0.178
0.013
0.013
0.019
0.012
0.006
8.00
8.01
7.99
7.98
7.98
8.00
7.99
8.00
8.00
7.99
8.00
8.00
7.99
8.00
0.01
100.07 100.00 100.47 100.53 100.46 100.26
Cation Numbers on the Basis of 12 Oxygens
2.970 2.999 2.997 3.007 3.000
2.023 2.001 2.001 1.996 2.006
2.300 2.276 2.288 2.271 2.279
0.543 0.549 0.545 0.539 0.534
0.183 0.176 0.172 0.182 0.177
Si
AlVI
Fe2+
Mg
Ca
Cations
126
37.93
21.19
34.53
4.46
2.15
8.02
8.00
Ideal Chemistry:
Calculated Chemistry:
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
Date of Analysis: 11/24/04
8.00
8.00
8.00
127
37.55
20.88
34.60
4.44
2.13
128
37.94
21.62
34.15
4.48
2.14
129
38.23
21.39
34.14
4.40
2.10
130
38.22
21.44
34.34
4.33
2.16
131
37.86
21.73
34.15
4.71
2.01
132
37.96
21.50
34.04
4.57
2.12
133
38.03
21.68
34.75
4.53
1.89
134
37.66
21.65
34.09
4.58
2.06
135
37.79
21.50
33.93
4.55
2.05
Average StDev
37.84
0.24
21.43
0.23
34.35
0.23
4.51
0.11
2.09
0.07
100.21
0.31
average stdev in formula
Fe3Al2(SiO4)3
(Fe2+2.29Mg0.53Ca0.18)Σ=3Al2.00(Si1.00O4)3
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
LIF
El
Na
Si
Mg
Al
K
Ca
Mn
Fe
Cr
Ti
Microprobe Calibration Data
Line
Standards
Pk(s) Bkg(s) Bkg(+) Bkg(-)
Ka
20
10
600
-600 Albite-Cr
Ka
20
10
600
-600 Diopside
Ka
20
10
350
-600 Diopside
Ka
20
10
600
-600 Anorthite-S
Ka
20
10
600
-600 K-spar-OR1
Ka
20
10
600
-600 Diopside
Ka
20
10
600
-600 Rhodonite-791
Ka
20
10
500
-500 Fayalite
Ka
20
10
500
-500 Chromite-S
500
-500 Rutile1
Ka
20
10
3.00
2.00
2.29
0.53
0.18
Electron Microprobe Data
Rruff ID: R040168
Mineral: Almandine
Weight Percents
Analysis
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO
MnO
CaO
#2
35.32
0.07
20.22
21.43
20.70
0.67
#3
35.29
0.04
20.29
21.45
20.76
0.72
Totals
98.41 98.55 98.31 98.36 98.24 98.28 98.91 98.54 98.84 98.05 98.44 98.62 98.29 97.75
#5
35.13
0.11
20.04
21.67
20.65
0.71
#6
35.59
0.03
19.83
21.58
20.64
0.69
#7
35.18
0.09
20.09
21.41
20.74
0.73
#8
35.27
0.02
20.32
21.33
20.62
0.72
#9
35.72
0.09
20.21
21.55
20.58
0.76
#10
35.32
0.09
20.08
21.77
20.55
0.73
#11
35.80
0.08
20.13
21.61
20.49
0.73
#12
35.60
0.04
19.99
21.12
20.62
0.68
#14
35.85
0.02
19.90
21.27
20.69
0.71
#17
35.71
0.02
20.10
21.56
20.49
0.74
#18
35.58
0.08
19.93
21.58
20.38
0.74
#19
35.44
0.01
20.07
20.91
20.57
0.75
Cation normalized to 12 O
Si
2.97 2.97
Ti
0.00 0.00
Al
2.00 2.01
Fe2+
1.49 1.49
Mn
1.48 1.48
Ca
0.06 0.07
2.96
0.01
1.99
1.51
1.48
0.06
3.00
0.00
1.97
1.46
1.47
0.06
2.97
0.01
2.00
1.49
1.48
0.07
2.97
0.00
2.02
1.48
1.47
0.07
2.99
0.01
1.99
1.48
1.46
0.07
2.97
0.01
1.99
1.51
1.46
0.07
2.99
0.01
1.98
1.48
1.45
0.07
3.00
0.00
1.98
1.45
1.47
0.06
3.01
0.00
1.97
1.44
1.47
0.06
2.99
0.00
1.99
1.47
1.45
0.07
2.99
0.01
1.98
1.48
1.45
0.07
2.99
0.00
2.00
1.45
1.47
0.07
Cation
8.01
7.96
8.01
8.00
7.99
8.00
7.98
7.97
7.95
7.97
7.97
7.98
8.00
8.00
Ideal Chemistry:
Calculated Chemistry:
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
Date of Analysis: 07/23/05
Average StDev
35.49 0.24
0.06 0.03
20.09 0.14
21.45 0.23
20.61 0.11
0.72 0.03
98.40
0.30
average stdev in formula
2.98 0.02
3.00
0.00 0.00
0.00
1.99 0.01
2.00
1.48 0.02
1.48
1.47 0.01
1.47
0.06 0.00
0.05
7.99
0.02
Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3
(Fe2+1.48Mn1.47Ca0.05)Σ=3Al2.00(Si1.000O4)3
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
El
Si
Mg
Al
Ca
Mn
Ti
Fe
Microprobe Calibration Data
Line Pk(s) Bkg(s)Bkg(+) Bkg(-)
Ka
20
10
600 -600
Ka
20
10
600 -600
Ka
20
10
600 -600
Ka
20
10
600 -600
Ka
20
10
600 -600
Ka
20
10
500 -500
Ka
20
10
500 -500
Standards
pyrope-s
pyrope-2
pyrope-2
wollastonite
synspes
Rutile1
Fayalite
7.990
Electron Microprobe Data
Rruff ID: R050029
Mineral: Almandine
Locality: Barton Garnet mine, Gore Mountain, Warren County, New York, USA
Weight Percents
Analysis
SiO2
Al2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Total
1
39.74
23.01
21.41
0.39
11.34
4.66
100.55
2
40.57
23.09
21.38
0.45
11.36
4.71
101.56
3
40.04
23.06
21.48
0.40
11.22
4.63
100.83
4
39.57
22.98
21.50
0.41
11.46
4.74
100.66
6
40.47
23.05
21.49
0.42
11.20
4.68
101.31
9
40.13
23.13
21.52
0.42
11.49
4.73
101.42
11
40.16
23.18
21.61
0.37
11.36
4.72
101.40
13
40.27
22.77
21.24
0.43
11.02
4.65
100.38
14
40.24
22.86
21.59
0.44
11.17
4.62
100.92
16
40.27
22.53
21.60
0.45
10.83
4.61
100.29
17
40.83
22.13
21.02
0.42
10.67
4.55
99.62
18
40.29
22.83
21.54
0.39
11.18
4.61
100.84
19
40.88
22.67
21.19
0.43
10.94
4.56
100.67
20
40.41
22.75
21.39
0.41
10.89
4.62
100.47
121*
40.10
22.74
21.16
0.44
11.52
4.78
100.74
123*
39.04
22.98
21.28
0.39
11.41
4.66
99.76
124*
40.15
22.09
21.50
0.39
11.40
4.66
100.19
2.98
2.02
1.34
1.26
0.38
0.02
8.00
3.01
2.01
1.33
1.23
0.37
0.03
7.98
3.00
2.01
1.35
1.24
0.37
0.03
7.99
3.02
1.99
1.36
1.21
0.37
0.03
7.97
3.07
1.96
1.32
1.20
0.37
0.03
7.94
3.00
2.00
1.34
1.24
0.37
0.02
7.98
3.04
1.99
1.32
1.21
0.36
0.03
7.95
3.02
2.00
1.34
1.21
0.37
0.03
7.97
2.99
2.00
1.32
1.28
0.38
0.03
8.00
2.95
2.04
1.34
1.28
0.38
0.03
8.02
3.02
1.95
1.35
1.28
0.38
0.03
7.99
Cation Numbers on the Basis of 12 Oxygens
Si
Al
Fe2+
Mg
Ca
Mn
Cations
2.97
2.03
1.34
1.26
0.37
0.03
8.00
3.00
2.01
1.32
1.25
0.37
0.03
7.99
Ideal Chemistry:
Calculated Chemistry:
2.99
2.03
1.34
1.25
0.37
0.03
7.99
2.96
2.03
1.35
1.28
0.38
0.03
8.01
3.00
2.01
1.33
1.24
0.37
0.03
7.98
2.98
2.02
1.34
1.27
0.38
0.03
8.00
Average StDev
40.19 0.44
22.81 0.32
21.41 0.17
0.41 0.02
11.20 0.25
4.66 0.06
100.68 0.55
ACN StDev in formula
3.00
2.01
1.34
1.25
0.37
0.03
7.99
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.02
Fe3Al2(SiO4)3
(Fe2+1 34Mg1 26Ca0 37Mn0 03)Σ=3(Al 1 00)2(Si1 00O4)3
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
Date of Analysis:
7/23/2005
6/29/2005
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
LIF
El
Na
Si
Mg
Al
F
Cr
Ti
P
Ca
Mn
Fe
Zn
Microprobe Calibration Data
Line Pk(s) Bkg(s) Bkg(+) Bkg(-)
Ka
20
10
0
-600
Ka
20
10
300
-100
Ka
20
10
350
-600
Ka
20
10
600
-800
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
500
-500
Ka
20
10
500
-500
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
500
-500
Ka
20
10
500
-500
Ka
20
10
500
-500
Standards
Albite-Cr
Pyrope-2
Pyrope-2
Anorthite-S
MgF2
Chromite-S
Rutile2
Apatite
Diopside
Rhodonite-791
Fayalite
Willemit-2
3.00
2.00
1.34
1.26
0.37
0.03
8.00
Electron Microprobe Data
Rruff ID: R060099
Mineral: Almandine
Locality: Alaska, USA
WDS scan:
Al,Si,Mg,Fe,Mn,Ca
Weight Percents
Analysis
MgO
SiO2
Al2O3
CaO
MnO
FeO
Totals
#5
4.96
37.10
20.57
2.85
7.85
24.84
98.17
#8
4.94
36.76
20.74
2.91
8.23
24.84
98.43
#11
4.83
37.29
20.91
2.87
8.17
24.92
98.99
#12
4.82
36.67
20.84
2.85
8.17
24.87
98.21
#13
4.69
37.19
20.79
2.87
8.28
24.39
98.22
#14
4.68
37.38
20.88
2.84
8.69
25.00
99.46
#15
4.57
36.92
20.83
2.79
8.69
24.72
98.52
#16
4.69
36.88
20.65
2.91
8.40
24.94
98.47
#17
4.54
37.37
20.85
2.93
8.63
24.35
98.65
#19
4.79
37.31
20.84
2.90
8.48
24.50
98.82
#20
4.91
37.88
20.97
2.89
8.03
24.59
99.28
Cation Numbers on the Basis of 12 Oxygens
Si
3.00 2.97 2.97 2.99 2.99
Al
1.96 1.98 1.98 1.97 1.98
Fe3+
0.04 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02
Fe2+
1.64 1.66 1.66 1.64 1.65
Mg
0.60 0.60 0.59 0.58 0.58
Mn
0.54 0.56 0.57 0.58 0.56
Ca
0.25 0.25 0.24 0.25 0.25
Totals
8.02 8.04 8.04 8.03 8.02
2.97
1.99
0.01
1.68
0.58
0.56
0.25
8.03
3.00
1.98
0.02
1.63
0.56
0.57
0.25
8.01
2.99
1.97
0.03
1.64
0.56
0.59
0.24
8.03
2.98
1.98
0.02
1.65
0.55
0.60
0.24
8.02
2.98
1.97
0.03
1.66
0.57
0.58
0.25
8.03
3.01
1.98
0.02
1.62
0.54
0.59
0.25
8.01
3.00
1.97
0.03
1.62
0.57
0.58
0.25
8.02
3.02
1.97
0.03
1.61
0.58
0.54
0.25
8.00
Ideal Chemistry:
Calculated Chemistry:
#9
4.89
36.79
20.73
2.82
8.32
24.96
98.51
#10
4.81
37.07
20.76
2.91
8.52
24.75
98.82
Average StDev
4.78 0.14
37.12 0.33
20.80 0.11
2.87 0.04
8.34 0.26
24.74 0.22
98.66 0.40
ACN StDev NCN CNISF*
2.99 0.01 2.98
3.00
1.97 0.01 1.97
1.98
0.03 0.01 0.03
0.02
1.64 0.02 1.64
1.63
0.57 0.02 0.57
0.57
0.57 0.02 0.57
0.56
0.25 0.00 0.25
0.24
8.02 0.01 8.00
Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3
(Fe2+1.63Mg0.57Mn0.56Ca0.24)Σ=3(Al1.98Fe3+0.02)Σ=2(Si1.00O4)3
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
Date of Analysis:
ACN: Average Number of Cations
NCN: Normalized Cation Numbers =ACN*
StDev: Standard Deviation
CNISF* = cation numbers in structural formulae, charge balanced
Microprobe Calibration Data
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
LIF
LIF
El
Mg
Si
Al
Ca
Mn
Fe
Line
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Pk(s)
20
20
20
20
20
20
BkgBkg(+) Bkg(-)
10
450 -600
10
600 -600
10
600 -600
10
600 -600
10
500 -500
10
500 -250
Standards
pyrope2
pyrope2
pyrope2
diopside
synspes
fayalite
Electron Microprobe Data
Rruff ID: R060450
Locality: Canada
Mineral:
Almandine
WDS scan: Si Al Mg Fe Mn Ca
Weight Percents
Analysis
MgO
Al2O3
SiO2
CaO
MnO
FeO
Totals
#1
9.09
22.44
38.32
0.48
0.25
30.08
100.65
#2
8.94
22.51
37.87
0.48
0.25
29.65
99.69
#3
9.07
22.50
37.97
0.48
0.22
29.95
100.20
#4
8.94
22.38
37.65
0.52
0.21
29.82
99.53
#5
#7
9.03
22.38
38.32
0.51
0.25
29.82
100.30
9.12
22.36
38.32
0.52
0.26
29.68
100.25
8.97
22.39
37.99
0.51
0.27
29.72
99.86
9.01
22.51
38.29
0.46
0.24
29.73
100.24
#10
9.07
22.20
38.12
0.49
0.22
29.83
99.92
#11
9.00
22.41
37.96
0.47
0.19
29.69
99.72
#12
8.98
22.38
38.20
0.48
0.22
29.71
99.97
#13
8.96
22.49
38.36
0.50
0.21
29.76
100.28
2.96
2.04
1.92
1.05
0.04
0.02
8.02
2.95
2.05
1.93
1.04
0.04
0.02
8.03
2.96
2.05
1.92
1.04
0.04
0.02
8.02
2.96
2.03
1.94
1.05
0.04
0.01
8.03
2.95
2.05
1.93
1.04
0.04
0.01
8.02
2.96
2.04
1.93
1.04
0.04
0.02
8.02
2.96
2.05
1.92
1.03
0.04
0.01
8.02
Cation Numbers on the Basis of 12 Oxygens
Si
2.95 2.94 2.94 2.94
Al
2.04 2.06 2.05 2.06
Fe
1.94 1.93 1.94 1.95
Mg
1.04 1.04 1.05 1.04
Ca
0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
Mn
0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01
Totals
8.03 8.03 8.03 8.04
Ideal Chemistry:
Calculated Chemistry:
2.96
2.04
1.93
1.04
0.04
0.02
8.02
#8
#9
Averag Standar Dev
9.01 0.06
22.41 0.09
38.11 0.22
0.49 0.02
0.23 0.02
29.79 0.12
100.05 0.31
ACN StDev CNISF*
2.95 0.01 3.00
2.05 0.01 2.00
1.93 0.01 1.92
1.04 0.01 1.03
0.04 0.00 0.04
0.02 0.00 0.01
8.02 0.01 8.00
Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3
(Fe2+1.92Mg1.03Ca0.04Mn0.01)Σ=3Al2.00(Si1.00O4)3
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
Date of Analysis:
ACN: Average Number of Cations
NCN: Normalized Cation Numbers =ACN*
StDev: Standard Deviation
CNISF* = cation numbers in structural formulae, charge balanced
Microprobe Calibration Data
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
LIF
El
Si
Mg
Al
Ca
Mn
Fe
Line
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Pk(s) Bkg(s) Bkg(+) Bkg(-)
20
10
600 -600
20
10
600 -600
20
10
600 -600
20
10
600 -600
20
10
600 -600
20
10
500 -350
Standards
diopside
diopside
anor-hk
diopside
rhod-791
fayalite
Electron Microprobe Data
Rruff ID: R070129
Mineral: Almandine
Locality: Wrangell, Wrangell Island, Wrangell-Petersburg Borough, Alaska, USA
WDS scan:
Si Mg Fe Mn Ca
Average Standard Dev
36.71
0.15
0.04
0.03 not in wds scan
21.81
0.08
0.02
0.03 not in wds scan
5.04
0.06
0.98
0.02
1.60
0.14
33.40
0.30
0.03
0.01 not in wds scan
0.00
0.00 not in wds scan
99.63
0.38
Weight Percents
Analysis #1
#2
#3
#4
SiO2
36.49 36.63 36.69 36.64
TiO2
0.02 0.00 0.03 0.12
Al2O3
21.68 21.71 21.70 21.79
Cr2O3
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04
MgO
4.93 4.96 4.98 5.01
CaO
0.97 1.00 0.96 0.97
MnO
1.85 1.80 1.73 1.71
FeO
33.39 32.67 33.12 33.54
Na2O
0.02 0.02 0.04 0.04
K2O
0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00
Totals
99.35 98.80 99.26 99.87
#5
36.51
0.07
21.83
0.04
5.09
0.97
1.65
33.58
0.03
0.00
99.74
#6
36.61
0.02
21.80
0.05
4.99
1.00
1.67
33.38
0.03
0.01
99.56
#7
36.72
0.07
21.86
0.02
5.07
1.00
1.62
33.33
0.02
0.00
99.72
#8
36.89
0.03
21.83
0.00
5.00
0.98
1.61
33.34
0.04
0.01
99.73
#9
36.58
0.00
21.76
0.02
5.07
0.97
1.53
33.19
0.02
0.00
99.14
#10
36.96
0.01
21.85
0.04
5.04
0.98
1.57
33.20
0.04
0.01
99.69
#11
36.73
0.02
21.85
0.01
5.13
1.00
1.51
34.01
0.03
0.00
100.31
#12
36.84
0.00
21.89
0.03
5.11
1.02
1.48
33.73
0.02
0.00
100.13
#13
36.96
0.06
21.72
0.10
5.10
0.99
1.41
33.43
0.02
0.00
99.79
#14
36.74
0.05
21.89
0.00
5.04
0.97
1.46
33.54
0.02
0.00
99.71
#15
36.70
0.04
21.95
0.02
5.04
0.97
1.41
33.50
0.03
0.00
99.65
Cation Numbers on the Basis of 12 Oxygens
Si
2.93 2.95 2.95 2.93 2.92
IVAl
0.07 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.08
VIAl
1.99 2.01 2.00 1.98 1.98
Fe2
2.18 2.13 2.16 2.17 2.18
Fe3
0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07
Mg
0.59 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.61
Mn
0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11
Ca
0.08 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08
Totals
8.04 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.04
2.93
0.07
1.99
2.17
0.07
0.60
0.11
0.09
8.04
2.94
0.06
1.99
2.16
0.07
0.61
0.11
0.09
8.03
2.95
0.05
2.00
2.16
0.07
0.60
0.11
0.08
8.03
2.94
0.06
2.00
2.16
0.07
0.61
0.10
0.08
8.03
2.95
0.05
2.01
2.15
0.07
0.60
0.11
0.08
8.02
2.93
0.07
1.98
2.20
0.07
0.61
0.10
0.09
8.05
2.94
0.06
1.99
2.18
0.07
0.61
0.10
0.09
8.04
2.95
0.05
1.99
2.16
0.07
0.61
0.10
0.09
8.02
2.94
0.06
2.00
2.17
0.07
0.60
0.10
0.08
8.03
2.93
0.07
2.00
2.17
0.07
0.60
0.10
0.08
8.03
ideal
measured
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
ACN
2.94
0.06
2.00
2.17
0.07
0.60
0.11
0.08
8.03
StDev in formula
0.01
0.98
0.01
0.02
0.01
2.00
0.01
2.15
0.00
0.06
0.01
0.60
0.01
0.11
0.00
0.08
0.01
4.00
3.00
3.00
2.00
3.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
(+) charges
11.76
0.18
6.00
4.30
0.18
1.20
0.22
0.16
24.00
Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3
2+
(Fe 2.15Mg0.60Mn0.11Fe3+0.06Ca0.08)Σ=3Al2.00((Si0.98Al0.02)Σ=1O4)3
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
LIF
El
Si
Na
Mg
Al
K
Ca
Mn
Fe
Cr
Ti
Calibration data
Line Pk(s)
Bkg(s) Bkg(+) Bkg(-) Standards
Ka
20
10
600 -600 diopside
Ka
20
10
600 -600 albite-Cr
Ka
20
10
600 -600 diopside
Ka
20
10
600 -600 anor-hk
Ka
20
10
600 -600 kspar-OR1
Ka
20
10
600 -600 diopside
Ka
20
10
600 -600 rhod-791
Ka
20
10
500 -500 fayalite
Ka
20
10
500 -500 chrom-s
Ka
20
10
500 -500 rutile1
Electron Microprobe Data
Rruff ID: R040001
Mineral: Andradite
Locality: Stanley Butte, Graham County, Arizona, USA
Weight Percents
Analysis
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
Cr2O3
Fe2O3
MnO
MgO
CaO
141
34.95
0.00
0.69
0.00
30.36
0.17
0.03
33.02
142
34.98
0.00
0.12
0.01
31.05
0.12
0.03
32.69
143
35.17
0.05
0.22
0.04
30.57
0.18
0.02
32.95
144
34.88
0.00
0.16
0.00
30.56
0.17
0.02
32.96
145
35.13
0.00
0.14
0.00
30.83
0.17
0.02
32.96
146
34.60
0.03
0.33
0.00
30.58
0.14
0.03
32.63
147
34.56
0.05
0.33
0.00
30.29
0.13
0.04
32.65
148
34.77
0.07
0.96
0.01
29.84
0.16
0.02
32.67
149
34.63
0.00
0.99
0.00
29.61
0.15
0.03
32.75
150
34.41
0.01
0.42
0.01
30.55
0.22
0.02
32.92
151
35.48
0.00
0.12
0.01
30.64
0.14
0.04
32.61
152
34.84
0.04
0.68
0.01
30.52
0.20
0.03
32.88
153
34.67
0.00
0.17
0.00
31.19
0.18
0.00
32.79
154
34.65
0.04
0.67
0.03
30.09
0.14
0.03
33.00
Average
34.84
0.02
0.43
0.01
30.48
0.16
0.03
32.82
Total
99.22
99.01
99.18
98.75
99.25
98.33
98.04
98.50
98.16
98.57
99.03
99.20
98.99
98.66
98.78
0.41
StDev
0.016
0.000
0.031
0.000
0.028
0.002
0.001
0.015
NCN in formula
0.009
8.000
Si
Ti
Al
Cr
Fe3+
Mn
Mg
Ca
2.976
0.000
0.069
0.000
1.940
0.012
0.004
3.012
2.989
0.000
0.012
0.000
2.000
0.009
0.004
2.993
2.997
0.000
0.022
0.000
1.960
0.013
0.003
3.008
2.989
0.000
0.017
0.000
1.970
0.013
0.002
3.026
2.994
0.000
0.014
0.000
1.980
0.012
0.003
3.010
2.977
0.000
0.034
0.000
1.980
0.010
0.003
3.008
2.981
0.000
0.033
0.000
1.960
0.009
0.005
3.018
2.976
0.000
0.097
0.000
1.920
0.011
0.003
2.996
2.975
0.000
0.100
0.000
1.910
0.011
0.004
3.014
2.959
0.000
0.043
0.000
1.970
0.016
0.003
3.032
3.023
0.000
0.012
0.000
1.960
0.010
0.005
2.976
2.969
0.000
0.068
0.000
1.950
0.014
0.003
3.001
2.969
0.000
0.017
0.000
2.010
0.013
0.000
3.009
2.968
0.000
0.068
0.000
1.940
0.010
0.004
3.029
ACN
2.982
0.000
0.043
0.000
1.961
0.012
0.003
3.009
Cations
8.013
8.007
8.003
8.017
8.013
8.012
8.006
8.003
8.014
8.023
7.986
8.005
8.018
8.019
8.010
Cation Numbers on the Basis of 12 Oxygens
Ideal Chemistry:
Calculated Chemistry:
StDev
0.29
0.03
0.31
0.01
0.43
0.03
0.01
0.15
Ca3Fe2(Si O4)3
Ca3(Fe 1.96Al 0.04)2(SiO4)3 ; trace amounts of Mn
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
Date of Analysis: 11/24/04
ACN: Average Number of Cations
NCN: Normalized Cation Numbers =ACN*8/8.010
StDev: Standard Deviation
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
LIF
El
Na
Si
Mg
Al
K
Ca
Mn
Fe
Cr
Ti
Microprobe Calibration Data
Line
Pk(s) Bkg(s) Bkg(+) Bkg(-)
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
350
-600
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
500
-500
Ka
20
10
500
-500
Ka
20
10
500
-500
Standards
Albite-Cr
Diopside
Diopside
Anorthite-S
K-spar-OR1
Diopside
Rhodonite-791
Fayalite
Chromite-S
Rutile1
2.978
0.000
0.043
0.000
1.958
0.012 trace
0.003
3.006
3.00
0.04
1.96
0.00
3.00
Electron Microprobe Data
Rruff ID: R050256
Mineral: Andradite
Locality: Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA
Weight Percents
Analysis
21
SiO2
36.14
TiO2
0.08
Al2O3
5.88
Fe2O3
21.41
MnO
9.77
CaO
25.70
22
23
24
26
27
36.68 36.51 36.61 36.99 36.67
0.05 0.06 0.10 0.04 0.04
5.86 5.69 5.59 6.79 6.80
21.41 21.65 21.80 19.83 19.90
9.55 9.54 9.36 10.18 9.98
25.69 25.63 25.80 25.50 25.58
Total
99.24 99.08 99.26 99.33 98.97 99.67 99.46 99.47 100.44 99.55 99.42 99.28 99.77 99.10 99.62 98.98 99.35
98.98
28
36.82
0.09
6.69
20.33
10.54
25.20
30
36.92
0.08
7.05
19.56
10.74
25.11
31
36.93
0.06
6.77
19.99
10.27
25.45
32
33
34
35
36
37.09 36.87 37.05 36.51 36.84
0.05 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.04
6.63 6.65 6.60 6.83 6.64
20.66 20.43 20.19 20.07 20.57
10.29 9.96 10.02 10.46 10.23
25.72 25.57 25.50 25.37 25.45
37
36.66
0.05
6.60
20.02
10.26
25.51
38
39
40
36.86 36.84 36.85
0.03 0.05 0.06
6.72 6.63 6.66
20.43 20.23 20.07
10.19 9.84 10.28
25.39 25.39 25.43
Cation Numbers on the Basis of 12 Oxygens
Average StDev
36.77 0.23
0.06 0.02
6.50 0.43
20.48 0.66
10.08 0.36
25.50 0.18
99.39
0.36
ACN StDev
NCN CNISF*
Si
Al
Fe3+
Mn
Ca
3.00
0.59
1.37
0.71
2.35
3.02
0.59
1.36
0.69
2.33
3.02
0.57
1.38
0.69
2.34
3.02
0.56
1.39
0.67
2.35
3.03
0.67
1.26
0.73
2.30
3.02
0.68
1.27
0.72
2.32
3.02
0.66
1.29
0.75
2.27
3.02
0.70
1.24
0.77
2.27
3.03
0.67
1.27
0.73
2.30
3.02
0.65
1.30
0.73
2.30
3.02
0.66
1.29
0.71
2.31
3.04
0.66
1.28
0.72
2.30
3.00
0.68
1.28
0.75
2.30
3.02
0.66
1.30
0.73
2.29
3.02
0.66
1.27
0.74
2.32
3.02
0.67
1.29
0.73
2.29
3.03
0.66
1.29
0.71
2.30
3.03
0.66
1.27
0.74
2.30
3.02
0.65
1.30
0.72
2.31
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.02
3.02
0.65
1.30
0.72
2.31
Cations
8.01
7.99
7.99
7.99
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
7.99
7.99
8.01
8.00
8.00
7.99
7.99
7.99
8.00
0.01
8.00
Ca3Fe2(Si O4)3
Ideal Chemistry:
3+
Calculated Chemistry:(Ca0.76Mn0.24)3(Fe 0.67Al0.33)2(SiO4)3
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
Date of Analysis: 09/20/05
ACN: Average Number of Cations
NCN: Normalized Cation Numbers =ACN*8/7.999
StDev: Standard Deviation
CNISF=Cation Numbers in structural formulae
*=cations normalized for each structural site
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
LIF
El
Na
Si
Mg
Al
F
Cl
Ca
Mn
Fe
Cr
Ti
Microprobe Calibration Data
Line Pk(s) Bkg(s) Bkg(+) Bkg(-)
Ka
20
10
600 -600
Ka
20
10
600 -600
Ka
20
10
350 -600
Ka
20
10
600 -600
Ka
20
10
600 -600
Ka
20
10
500 -500
Ka
20
10
600 -600
Ka
20
10
600 -600
Ka
20
10
500 -500
Ka
20
10
500 -500
Ka
20
10
500 -500
Standards
Albite-Cr
Diopside
Diopside
Anorthite-S
MgF2
Sodalite
Diopside
Rhodonite-791
Fayalite
Chromite-S
Rutile1
1.00
0.33
0.67
0.24
0.76
Electron Microprobe Data
Rruff ID: R050311
Mineral: Andradite
Locality: Calaveras County, California, USA
Weight Percents
Analysis
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MnO
CaO
42
36.72
0.53
6.19
22.95
0.91
32.62
43
36.82
0.56
6.14
22.63
0.94
32.67
44
36.73
0.52
6.23
23.45
0.96
32.69
45
36.65
0.53
6.21
23.12
0.91
32.78
46
36.71
0.53
6.18
23.05
0.86
32.71
Total
99.92
99.76 100.58 100.20 100.04
47
36.25
0.52
6.28
23.63
0.98
32.00
48
36.69
0.51
6.14
23.83
1.06
32.11
99.66 100.34
49
36.58
0.46
6.25
23.41
1.04
32.24
50
36.72
0.47
6.32
23.55
1.05
32.01
99.98 100.12
51
36.54
0.56
5.96
23.41
0.96
32.45
52
36.42
0.51
6.12
23.93
0.96
32.18
99.88 100.12
53
36.29
0.55
5.95
24.12
0.90
32.11
54
36.47
0.59
5.69
24.42
0.89
32.38
55
36.76
0.56
5.90
23.91
0.95
32.28
56
36.68
0.64
6.11
23.17
0.92
32.81
57
36.17
0.56
5.85
23.51
0.88
32.55
58
36.31
0.60
5.57
24.19
0.92
32.02
59
36.62
0.51
6.08
23.60
1.07
32.35
60
36.80
0.54
5.91
23.50
0.97
32.50
99.92 100.44 100.36 100.33
99.52
99.61 100.23 100.22
Cation Numbers on the Basis of 12 Oxygens
Si
Ti
Al
Fe3+
Fe2+
Mn
Ca
Cations
2.99
0.03
0.60
1.37
0.06
0.06
2.90
8.01
3.00
0.03
0.60
1.37
0.04
0.07
2.90
8.01
2.98
0.03
0.61
1.37
0.08
0.07
2.89
8.01
2.98
0.03
0.61
1.37
0.08
0.06
2.90
8.02
2.99
0.03
0.60
1.37
0.06
0.06
2.90
8.01
Average StDev
36.58 0.20
0.54 0.04
6.06 0.20
23.55 0.45
0.95 0.06
32.39 0.28
100.06
0.29
ACN StDev NCN CNISF*
2.96
0.03
0.62
1.35
0.13
0.07
2.85
8.01
2.98
0.03
0.60
1.37
0.11
0.07
2.84
8.00
2.98
0.03
0.61
1.36
0.10
0.07
2.86
8.01
2.98
0.03
0.62
1.36
0.11
0.07
2.84
8.00
2.98
0.03
0.58
1.39
0.07
0.07
2.89
8.01
2.97
0.03
0.60
1.37
0.12
0.07
2.86
8.01
2.96
0.03
0.58
1.39
0.12
0.06
2.86
8.01
2.97
0.04
0.56
1.41
0.12
0.06
2.87
8.02
2.99
0.03
0.57
1.40
0.09
0.07
2.86
8.01
2.98
0.04
0.60
1.37
0.08
0.07
2.91
8.02
2.97
0.04
0.58
1.39
0.10
0.06
2.91
8.04
2.98
0.04
0.55
1.41
0.11
0.07
2.86
8.01
2.98
0.03
0.59
1.38
0.09
0.08
2.87
8.01
2.99
0.03
0.58
1.40
0.06
0.07
2.88
8.01
Microprobe Calibration Data
Line Pk(s) Bkg(s) Bkg(+)
Ka
20
10
600
Ka
20
10
600
Ka
20
10
350
Ka
20
10
600
Ka
20
10
600
Ka
20
10
600
Ka
20
10
500
Ka
20
10
500
Bkg(-)
-600
-600
-600
-600
-600
-600
-500
-500
2.98
0.03
0.59
1.38
0.09
0.07
2.88
8.01
0.01
0.00
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.02
0.01
Ca3Fe2(Si O4)3
Ideal Chemistry:
2+
3+
Calculated Chemistry: (Ca0.95Mn0.02Fe 0.03)3(Fe 0.69Al0.30Ti0.01)2(SiO4)3
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
Date of Analysis: 12/22/05
ACN: Average Number of Cations
NCN: Normalized Cation Numbers =ACN*8/8.01
StDev: Standard Deviation
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
El
Na
Si
Mg
Al
Ca
Mn
Fe
Ti
Standards
Albite-Cr
Diopside
Diopside
Anorthite-S
Diopside
Rhodonite-791
Fayalite
Rutile1
2.97
0.03
0.59
1.37
0.09
0.07
2.87
8.00
1.00
0.01
0.30
0.69
0.03
0.02
0.95
CNISF=Cation Numbers in structural formulae
*=cations normalized for each structural site
R050377
SiO2
TiO2
ZrO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
Totals
andradite50377
#1
#2
#4
32.37 32.15 32.09
5.57 5.57 5.71
1.86 2.07 2.12
2.39 2.46 2.44
22.86 22.93 22.76
33.13 33.02 33.01
1.01 1.07 1.02
99.20 99.27 99.15
#7
32.29
5.68
1.89
2.52
22.82
33.03
1.05
99.28
#19
32.37
5.55
2.07
2.44
22.81
32.81
1.00
99.06
Averag StDev
32.27 0.12
5.61 0.07
1.97 0.14
2.45 0.04
22.85 0.06
33.00 0.10
1.03 0.03
99.17 0.10
Cation
Si
IV
Al
IV
Ti
Ca
Fe3
Ti
Mg
Zr
Totals
Numbe Normal 12.00 O
Cation
2.74 2.72 2.72 2.74 2.73
0.24 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.25
0.03 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02
3.00 2.99 2.99 2.99 2.99
1.45 1.46 1.45 1.46 1.45
0.35 0.35 0.36 0.35 0.36
0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13
0.08 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.08
8.01 8.03 8.02 8.00 8.01
2.74
0.24
0.02
2.97
1.45
0.35
0.13
0.09
7.99
ACN StDev
2.73 0.01
0.24 0.00
0.03 0.01
2.99 0.01
1.45 0.00
0.36 0.00
0.13 0.00
0.08 0.01
8.01 0.01
2.73
0.24
0.03
3.00
1.48
0.31
0.14
0.07
8.00
charge (+)
4 10.92
3 0.72
4 0.12
2 6.00
3 4.44
4 1.24
2 0.28
4 0.28
24.00
Ca3Fe2Si3O12
Ca3.00(Fe3+1.48Ti0.31Mg0.14Zr0.07)Σ=2(Si2.73Al0.24Ti0.03)Σ=3O12
ideal
measured
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
#5
32.36
5.56
1.79
2.44
22.89
33.01
1.01
99.07
El
Si
Mg
Al
Ca
Cr
Zr
Ti
Fe
Line
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
La
Ka
Ka
Pk(s) Bkg(s) Bkg(+) Bkg(-)
20
10
600 -600
20
10
600 -600
20
10
600 -600
20
10
600 -600
20
10
600 -600
20
10
600 -600
20
10
500 -500
20
10
500 -500
Standards
pyrope2
pyrope2
pyrope2
diopside
chrom-s
ZrO2
rutile1
fayalite
Electron Microprobe Data
Rruff ID: R060326 Mineral: Andradite
Locality: Ultevis, Sweden
Weight Percents
Analysis #1
MgO
Al2O3
SiO2
CaO
TiO2
MnO
Fe2O3
Totals
#2
0.08
1.78
34.60
32.74
0.33
1.33
27.30
98.17
#3
0.06
2.09
34.74
32.64
0.35
1.45
27.03
98.39
#4
0.05
2.18
34.73
32.89
0.33
1.50
26.78
98.46
#5
0.05
2.36
34.64
33.01
0.35
1.57
26.84
98.84
#6
#7
#8
#9
0.05
1.92
34.66
32.71
0.34
1.25
27.51
98.47
0.05
1.91
34.64
32.78
0.27
1.28
27.66
98.60
0.02
2.06
34.68
32.91
0.33
1.29
27.02
98.34
0.06
2.28
34.74
32.66
0.33
1.31
27.64
99.03
0.09
2.02
35.00
32.79
0.37
1.25
27.42
98.96
2.96
1.77
0.19
0.02
2.99
0.09
7.94
2.96
1.78
0.19
0.02
3.00
0.09
7.94
2.96
1.74
0.21
0.02
3.01
0.09
7.94
2.95
1.77
0.23
0.02
2.97
0.09
7.93
2.97
1.75
0.20
0.02
2.98
0.09
7.93
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
#15
0.06
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.03
2.03
2.33
2.16
2.29
2.21
2.22
34.80 34.80 34.77 35.10 34.93 34.88
32.80 32.76 33.09 33.00 32.98 32.84
0.31
0.35
0.30
0.34
0.30
0.32
1.31
1.48
1.38
1.42
1.29
1.35
27.60 26.83 27.06 26.99 26.59 26.72
98.99 98.54 98.74 99.12 98.42 98.55
Cation Numbers on the Basis of 12 Oxygens
Si
Fe3
Al
Ti
Ca
Mn
Totals
2.97
1.76
0.18
0.02
3.01
0.10
7.94
2.97
1.74
0.21
0.02
2.99
0.11
7.92
Ideal Chemistry:
Calculated Chemistry:
2.96
1.72
0.22
0.02
3.01
0.11
7.93
2.95
1.72
0.24
0.02
3.01
0.11
7.93
2.96
1.77
0.20
0.02
2.99
0.10
7.93
2.96
1.72
0.23
0.02
2.99
0.10
7.93
2.96
1.73
0.22
0.02
3.02
0.09
7.94
2.97
1.72
0.23
0.02
2.99
0.10
7.93
2.98
1.71
0.22
0.02
3.01
0.10
7.94
2.97
1.71
0.22
0.02
3.00
0.11
7.93
WDS scan:
Average Standar Dev
0.05 0.02
2.12 0.16
34.78 0.14
32.84 0.13
0.33 0.02
1.36 0.09
27.13 0.35
98.64 0.28
ACN stdev CNISF*
2.96 0.01
3.00
1.75
1.74 0.02
0.21 0.02
0.21
0.02 0.00
0.04
3.00 0.01
2.98
0.10 0.01
0.02
7.93 0.01
Si Al Fe Mn Ca Ti
4.00
3.00
3.00
4.00
2.00
2.00
charge (+)
12.00
5.25
0.63
0.16
5.96
0.04
24.00
Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3
(Ca2.98Mn0.02)Σ=3(Fe3+1.75Al0.21Ti0.04)Σ=2(Si1.00O4)3
totals are low: possible (OH) present
Microprobe Calibration Data
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
ACN: Average Number of Cations
NCN: Normalized Cation Numbers =ACN*8/8.010
StDev: Standard Deviation
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
El
Na
Al
Si
Mg
K
Ca
Ti
Mn
Fe
Line
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Pk(s Bkg(s) Bkg(+) Bkg(-)
20
10
600
-600
20
10
600
-600
20
10
600
-600
20
10
600
-600
20
10
600
-600
20
10
500
-500
20
10
600
-600
20
10
500
-500
20
10
500
-500
Standards
albite-Cr
anor-hk
diopside
diopside
kspar-OR1
diopside
rutile1
rhod-791
fayalite
R060358
Analysis
Ox
MgO
Al2O3
SiO2
CaO
TiO2
Cr2O3
MnO
Fe2O3
Totals
andradite60358
#5
#8
#9
#10
#11
Wt
Percent Averag StandarDev
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04
35.49 35.50 35.40 35.33 35.50
33.19 33.16 33.41 33.26 33.21
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.43 1.42 1.39 1.71 1.73
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
28.17 29.27 29.32 29.29 28.97
99.28 99.35 99.53 99.59 99.45
Cation
Si
Fe3+
Cr
Ca
Totals
Numbe Normalto
12.00 O
3.01 3.01 3.00 3.00 3.01
1.80 1.87 1.87 1.87 1.85
0.16 0.10 0.09 0.12 0.12
3.02 3.02 3.04 3.02 3.02
8.00 7.99 8.00 8.01 8.00
#13
#14
#15
0.00
0.04
35.43
33.26
0.00
1.57
0.00
28.87
99.16
0.00
0.00
35.53
33.18
0.00
1.54
0.00
29.16
99.42
0.00
0.00
35.36
33.41
0.00
1.40
0.00
29.26
99.43
0.00
0.00
35.65
33.15
0.00
1.39
0.00
29.70
99.88
3.02
1.85
0.11
3.03
8.01
3.01
1.86
0.10
3.01
7.99
3.00
1.87
0.09
3.04
8.01
3.01
1.89
0.09
3.00
7.99
Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3
Ca3.00(Fe3+1.89Cr0.11)Σ=2(Si1.00O4)3
theoretical
measured
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
LIF
#12
El
Al
Si
Mg
Ca
Cr
Ti
Mn
Fe
Line
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Pk(s) Bkg(s) Bkg(+) Bkg(-)
20
10
600 -600
20
10
600 -600
20
10
600 -600
20
10
600 -600
20
10
600 -600
20
10
0 -500
20
10
500 -500
20
10 500 -500
Standards
anor-hk
pyrope-s
pyrope-s
diopside
chrom-s
rutile1
rhod-791
fayalite
0.00
0.01
35.47
33.25
0.00
1.62
0.00
29.11
99.45
0.00
0.02
0.09
0.09
0.00
0.31
0.00
0.40
0.19
ACN StDev NCN CNISF*
3.01 0.01 3.00 1.00
1.86 0.02 1.89 0.94
0.11 0.02 0.11 0.06
3.02 0.01 3.00 1.00
8.00 0.01 8.00
Electron Microprobe Data
Rruff ID: R060423
Locality: Mali
Mineral: Andradite
Weight Percents
Analysis
MgO
Al2O3
SiO2
CaO
TiO2
MnO
Fe2O3
Totals
#16
0.30
9.77
36.30
34.13
2.11
0.55
16.63
99.81
#18
0.29
9.69
36.76
34.07
1.70
0.46
16.54
99.52
#19
0.28
9.62
36.69
34.03
1.73
0.47
17.06
99.90
#21
0.33
9.57
36.52
33.94
1.97
0.49
16.88
99.70
#22
0.30
9.62
37.06
33.99
1.89
0.43
16.90
100.18
#23
0.28
9.62
36.78
34.02
1.93
0.56
16.81
100.01
#24
0.30
9.66
36.73
34.00
1.73
0.50
16.47
99.39
#25
0.32
9.61
36.75
33.95
1.93
0.45
16.81
99.82
#26
0.32
9.79
36.77
33.89
2.12
0.44
16.54
99.88
#27
0.33
9.63
36.54
33.95
1.74
0.47
16.89
99.54
#28
0.32
9.69
36.98
34.03
1.95
0.57
16.66
100.20
#29
0.33
9.57
36.60
34.03
2.04
0.49
16.75
99.81
#30
0.30
9.67
36.46
34.18
1.92
0.52
16.83
99.88
Average StDev
0.31
0.02
9.65
0.07
36.69
0.21
34.02
0.08
1.90
0.14
0.49
0.05
16.75
0.17
99.82
0.24
Si
IV
Fe3+
VI
Fe3+
Al
Ti
Ca
Mg
Mn
2.92
0.08
0.92
0.93
0.13
2.94
0.04
0.04
2.96
0.04
0.96
0.92
0.10
2.94
0.04
0.03
2.94
0.06
0.97
0.91
0.11
2.93
0.03
0.03
2.94
0.06
0.96
0.91
0.12
2.92
0.04
0.03
2.96
0.04
0.97
0.91
0.11
2.91
0.04
0.03
2.95
0.05
0.96
0.91
0.12
2.92
0.03
0.04
2.96
0.04
0.96
0.92
0.11
2.93
0.04
0.03
2.95
0.05
0.96
0.91
0.12
2.92
0.04
0.03
2.94
0.06
0.94
0.92
0.13
2.91
0.04
0.03
2.94
0.06
0.97
0.91
0.11
2.93
0.04
0.03
2.95
0.05
0.95
0.91
0.12
2.91
0.04
0.04
2.94
0.06
0.95
0.91
0.12
2.93
0.04
0.03
2.93
0.07
0.95
0.92
0.12
2.94
0.04
0.04
ACN
2.94
0.06
0.96
0.91
0.12
2.92
0.04
0.03
Totals
7.99
7.98
7.98
7.98
7.97
7.98
7.98
7.98
7.97
7.98
7.97
7.98
7.99
7.98
Cation Numbers on the Basis of 12 Oxygens
Ideal Chemistry:
Calculated Chemistry:
StDev CNISF*
0.01
0.98
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.99
0.01
0.95
0.01
0.06
0.01
2.93
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.03
0.01
4
3
3
3
4
2
2
2
11.76
0.18
2.97
2.85
0.24
5.86
0.08
0.06
24.00
Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3
(Ca2.93Mg0.04Mn0.03)Σ=3(Fe3+0.99Al0.95Ti0.06)Σ=2(Si0.98Fe3+0.02O4)3
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
ACN: Average Number of Cations
NCN: Normalized Cation Numbers =ACN*8/8.010
StDev: Standard Deviation
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
LIF
El
Al
Si
Mg
Ca
Cr
Ti
Mn
Fe
Lin Pk(s)
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Bkg(s) Bkg(+) Bkg(-) Standards
10
600 -600 anor-hk
10
600 -600 pyrope-s
10
600 -600 pyrope-s
10
600 -600 diopside
10
600 -600 chrom-s
10
0 -500 rutile1
10
500 -500 rhod-791
10
500 -500 fayalite
Electron Microprobe Data
Rruff ID: R040065 Mineral: Grossular
Locality: Feng Tien mine, Taiwan
Weight Percents
Analysis
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO
MnO
CaO
Total
101
102
103
104
105
107
108
109
110
117
39.38
0.35
22.34
1.47
0.74
36.24
39.82
0.25
22.31
1.49
0.76
36.42
39.62
0.30
22.50
1.41
0.69
36.38
39.70
0.24
22.38
1.45
0.72
36.21
39.44
0.39
22.75
1.59
0.66
35.94
39.27
0.34
22.64
1.51
0.77
36.13
39.48
0.38
22.59
1.46
0.75
36.23
39.50
0.35
22.37
1.43
0.72
35.93
39.21
0.47
22.27
1.50
0.70
36.44
40.01
0.19
22.60
1.41
0.69
36.15
39.54
0.32
22.47
1.47
0.72
36.21
0.25
0.08
0.16
0.05
0.03
0.18
100.51 101.04 100.90 100.70 100.78 100.66 100.89 100.29 100.59 101.06
100.74
0.24
Cation Numbers on the Basis of 12 Oxygens
Average St.Dev
Average St.Dev formula
Si
IVAl
Al
Ti
Fe3+
Ca
Fe2+
Mn
2.96
0.04
1.94
0.02
0.03
2.92
0.06
0.05
2.98
0.02
1.95
0.01
0.03
2.92
0.06
0.05
2.97
0.03
1.95
0.02
0.04
2.92
0.05
0.04
2.98
0.02
1.96
0.01
0.04
2.91
0.05
0.05
2.96
0.04
1.96
0.02
0.07
2.89
0.03
0.04
2.95
0.05
1.95
0.02
0.04
2.91
0.05
0.05
2.96
0.04
1.95
0.02
0.05
2.91
0.04
0.05
2.97
0.03
1.96
0.02
0.06
2.90
0.03
0.05
2.95
0.05
1.93
0.03
0.02
2.94
0.08
0.04
2.99
0.02
1.97
0.01
0.07
2.89
0.02
0.04
2.97
0.03
1.95
0.02
0.04
2.91
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.00
2.98
0.02
1.95
0.02
0.03
2.90
0.05
0.05
Cations
8.02
8.02
8.02
8.01
8.01
8.03
8.02
8.01
8.03
8.00
8.02
0.01
8.00
Al tot
1.98
1.97
1.98
1.98
2.01
2.00
1.99
1.98
1.97
1.99
1.99
0.01
1.98
Ideal Chemistry:
Calculated Chemistry:
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
Date of Analysis: 11/24/04
(+) charges
4
3
3
4
3
2
2
2
11.92
0.06
5.85
0.08
0.09
5.80
0.10
0.10
24.00
Ca3Al2(Si O4)3
2+
3+
(Ca 2.90Fe 0.05Mn0.05)Σ=3(Al 1.95Fe 0.03Ti0.02)Σ=2((Si2.98Al0.02)Σ=1O4)3
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
LIF
El
Na
Si
Mg
Al
K
Ca
Mn
Fe
Cr
Ti
Microprobe Calibration Data
Line
Pk(s) Bkg(s) Bkg(+) Bkg(-)
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
350
-600
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
500
-500
Ka
20
10
500
-500
Ka
20
10
500
-500
Standards
Albite-Cr
Diopside
Diopside
Anorthite-S
K-spar-OR1
Diopside
Rhodonite-791
Fayalite
Chromite-S
Rutile1
Electron Microprobe Data
Mineral: Grossular
Rruff ID: R040066
Locality: Redding, Connecticut, USA
Weight Percents
Analysis 161
162
SiO2
39.03 39.21
Al2O3
20.55 20.51
FeO
3.76 3.79
MnO
0.29 0.31
CaO
36.10 35.74
Total
163
39.39
20.83
3.96
0.27
35.87
164
39.09
20.80
3.98
0.28
36.00
165
39.01
20.96
3.80
0.26
36.00
166
39.25
20.91
3.77
0.28
36.06
168
39.39
20.88
3.93
0.29
36.06
169
39.29
21.02
3.86
0.29
35.76
170 171
39.24 39.08
21.09 20.34
4.01 3.99
0.25 0.27
35.81 35.99
172
39.94
21.16
3.74
0.27
35.73
173
39.62
20.93
3.89
0.27
36.03
174
39.45
20.86
3.88
0.27
36.02
175 176 177
39.62 39.20 39.07
20.87 20.98 20.90
3.80 3.89 3.74
0.35 0.26 0.25
36.12 35.51 35.87
178
39.14
20.90
3.85
0.27
35.94
Average
39.30
20.85
3.86
0.28
35.92
StDev
0.25
0.21
0.09
0.02
0.16
99.73 99.56 100.32 100.15 100.03 100.27 100.55 100.22 100.40 99.67 100.84 100.74 100.48 100.76 99.84 99.83 100.10
100.21
0.39
Cation Numbers on the Basis of 12 Oxygens
Si
Al
Fe3+
Ca
Fe2+
Mn
2.99
1.86
0.15
2.97
0.09
0.02
3.01
1.85
0.15
2.94
0.08
0.02
3.00
1.87
0.13
2.93
0.08
0.02
2.98
1.87
0.13
2.94
0.08
0.02
2.98
1.89
0.11
2.95
0.09
0.02
2.99
1.88
0.12
2.94
0.08
0.02
2.99
1.87
0.13
2.94
0.08
0.02
2.99
1.89
0.12
2.92
0.08
0.02
2.99
1.89
0.11
2.92
0.07
0.02
3.00
1.84
0.16
2.96
0.09
0.02
3.01
1.88
0.12
2.89
0.07
0.02
3.00
1.87
0.13
2.92
0.06
0.02
3.00
1.87
0.13
2.93
0.08
0.02
3.00
1.86
0.14
2.93
0.08
0.02
2.99
1.89
0.11
2.91
0.06
0.02
2.99
1.88
0.12
2.94
0.09
0.02
2.98
1.88
0.12
2.94
0.07
0.02
Average
2.99
1.87
0.13
2.93
0.08
0.02
Cations
8.06
8.04
8.02
8.03
8.03
8.04
8.03
8.01
7.99
8.06
7.99
8.01
8.03
8.04
7.98
8.03
8.01
8.02
Ideal Chemistry:
Calculated Chemistry:
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
Date of Analysis: 11/24/04
StDev in formula
0.01
3.00
0.01
1.87
0.01
0.13
0.02
2.90
0.01
0.08
0.00
0.02
0.02
Ca3Al2(Si O4)3
(Ca2.90Fe2+0.08Mn0.02)Σ=3(Al1.87Fe3+0.13)Σ=2(Si1.00O4)3
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
LIF
El
Na
Si
Mg
Al
K
Ca
Mn
Fe
Cr
Ti
Microprobe Calibration Data
Line Pk(s) Bkg(s) Bkg(+)
Ka
20
10
600
Ka
20
10
600
Ka
20
10
350
Ka
20
10
600
Ka
20
10
600
Ka
20
10
600
Ka
20
10
600
Ka
20
10
500
Ka
20
10
500
Ka
20
10
500
Standards
Albite-Cr
Diopside
Diopside
Anorthite-S
K-spar-OR1
Diopside
Rhodonite-791
Fayalite
Chromite-S
Rutile1
8.00
Electron Microprobe Data
Rruff ID: R050036
Mineral: Grossular
Locality: Wah Wah Mountains, Utah, USA
WDS scan:
Al,Si,Mg,Ca, trace of P and Na
Weight Percents
Analysis
81
SiO2
39.08
Al2O3
18.97
FeO
4.38
MgO
0.53
CaO
37.09
Total
100.05
82
39.10
18.24
5.00
0.40
36.83
99.57
83
85
87
39.36 39.84 39.76
18.55 18.95 18.94
4.67
4.59
4.34
0.43
0.50
0.47
36.91 36.96 36.97
99.92 100.84 100.48
88
89
38.71 40.54
19.08 18.62
3.96
4.81
0.46
0.43
37.07 36.53
99.28 100.93
90
39.30
18.78
4.37
0.72
36.63
99.80
91
92
93
39.15 39.73 39.65
18.69 18.76 18.61
4.65
4.55
4.82
0.53
0.43
0.48
36.66 36.85 36.51
99.68 100.32 100.07
94
95
96
39.04 39.71 39.56
18.47 18.41 18.64
5.01
4.88
4.90
0.43
0.43
0.40
36.75 36.88 36.76
99.70 100.31 100.26
97
39.10
18.60
4.55
0.46
36.89
99.60
98
100
39.28 39.71
18.51 18.52
4.59
4.85
0.48
0.40
36.78 36.96
99.64 100.44
Cation Numbers on the Basis of 12 Oxygens
Si
Al
Fe3+
Ca
Mg
Cations
2.99
1.72
0.28
2.98
0.06
8.03
3.02
1.67
0.32
2.98
0.04
8.03
3.02
1.68
0.30
2.97
0.05
8.02
3.02
1.70
0.29
2.94
0.05
8.01
3.03
1.70
0.28
2.95
0.05
8.00
2.99
1.74
0.26
3.00
0.05
8.03
3.07
1.67
0.31
2.90
0.05
7.98
3.01
1.70
0.28
2.94
0.08
8.02
3.01
1.70
0.30
2.96
0.06
8.02
3.03
1.69
0.29
2.94
0.05
8.00
3.03
1.68
0.31
2.93
0.05
8.01
Ca3Al2(SiO4)3
3+
Calculated Chemistry: (Ca2.95Mg0.05)Σ=3(Al1.70Fe 0.30)Σ=2(Si1.00O4)3
3.01
1.68
0.32
2.97
0.05
8.03
3.04
1.67
0.31
2.96
0.05
8.02
3.03
1.69
0.31
2.95
0.04
8.02
3.01
1.69
0.30
2.98
0.05
8.03
3.02
1.68
0.30
2.97
0.05
8.02
3.03
1.67
0.31
2.96
0.04
8.01
Average StDev
39.45
0.43
18.67
0.22
4.64
0.28
0.47
0.08
36.83
0.17
100.05
0.46
Average StDev in formula
3.02
0.02
3.00
1.69
0.02
1.70
0.30
0.02
0.30
2.96
0.02
2.95
0.05
0.01
0.05
8.02
0.01
8.00
Ideal Chemistry:
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
Date of Analysis: 6/28/2005
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
LIF
trace amounts of P and Na
El
Na
Si
Mg
Al
Cr
Ti
P
Ca
Mn
Fe
Zn
Microprobe Calibration Data
Line
Pk(s) Bkg(s) Bkg(+)
Ka
20
10
0
Ka
20
10
300
Ka
20
10
350
Ka
20
10
600
Ka
20
10
500
Ka
20
10
500
Ka
20
10
600
Ka
20
10
600
Ka
20
10
500
Ka
20
10
500
Ka
20
10
500
Bkg(-)
-600
-100
-600
-800
-500
-500
-600
-600
-500
-500
-500
Standards
Albite-Cr
Pyrope-2
Pyrope-2
Anorthite-S
Chromite-S
Rutile2
Apatite
Diopside
Rhodonite-791
Fayalite
Willemit-2
Electron Microprobe Data
Mineral: Grossular
Rruff ID: R050081
Locality: Kayes Region, Mali
WDS scan:
Weight Percents
Analysis #101 #102
SiO2
37.84 37.10
CaO
34.81 34.67
Fe2O3 13.39 13.33
Al2O3 12.43 12.65
TiO2
1.61 1.56
MgO
0.60 0.53
MnO
0.12 0.05
P2O5
0.02 0.03
ZnO
0.00 0.00
Cr2O3 0.00 0.00
Na2O
0.00 0.01
Totals 100.80 99.89
#103
36.43
34.27
15.85
10.24
2.79
0.71
0.10
0.01
0.00
0.02
0.02
100.39
#104
36.29
34.30
16.16
10.03
2.23
0.58
0.09
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.00
99.68
#113
37.80
34.71
13.8
12.29
1.30
0.55
0.08
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
100.53
#114
37.06
34.46
13.76
12.44
1.45
0.53
0.08
0.04
0.12
0.04
0.01
99.78
#116
37.79
34.96
12.93
12.38
1.73
0.62
0.06
0.03
0.00
0.01
0.01
100.47
#117
37.44
34.75
13.06
12.10
1.73
0.59
0.14
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
99.81
#118
36.82
34.65
13.65
12.33
1.82
0.62
0.06
0.05
0.00
0.03
0.01
99.95
#119
37.25
34.47
14.25
11.84
1.61
0.57
0.07
0.04
0.03
0.01
0.00
100.06
Cation Numbe Normalto
12.00 O
Avg Cation #
StandarDev Norm #
Si
2.96 2.93 2.90 2.91 2.94 2.91 2.92 2.93 2.92 2.89 2.88 2.97
IVAl
0.04 0.07 0.10 0.09 0.06 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.11 0.12 0.03
Al
1.10 1.11 0.86 0.86 0.84 0.81 0.86 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.91 1.10
Fe
0.79 0.79 0.95 0.98 1.01 1.04 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.90 0.81
Ti
0.09 0.09 0.17 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.16 0.08
Ca
2.92 2.93 2.92 2.95 2.93 2.95 2.92 2.91 2.93 2.95 2.95 2.92
Mg
0.07 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.06
Mn
0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00
Totals
7.98 7.99 7.98 7.99 7.98 8.00 7.98 7.98 7.98 8.00 8.00 7.98
Al tot
1.15 1.18 0.96 0.95 0.90 0.91 0.94 0.97 0.97 1.00 1.03 1.14
2.93
0.07
1.09
0.82
0.09
2.92
0.06
0.00
7.99
1.16
2.96
0.04
1.11
0.76
0.10
2.94
0.07
0.00
7.98
1.14
2.96
0.04
1.08
0.78
0.10
2.94
0.07
0.01
7.98
1.13
2.91
0.09
1.06
0.81
0.11
2.94
0.07
0.00
8.00
1.15
2.94
0.06
1.05
0.85
0.10
2.92
0.07
0.00
7.98
1.10
ideal
measured
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
#105
37.14
34.51
16.92
9.63
2.03
0.58
0.11
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.00
100.92
#106
36.19
34.22
17.2
9.57
1.98
0.60
0.13
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.01
99.89
#107
36.66
34.22
16.75
10.03
2.07
0.60
0.10
0.03
0.12
0.01
0.02
100.43
#108
36.99
34.26
16.45
10.38
2.03
0.59
0.07
0.00
0.06
0.01
0.00
100.77
#109
36.54
34.20
15.98
10.27
2.05
0.58
0.11
0.00
0.04
0.01
0.00
99.73
#110
36.34
34.56
15.81
10.62
2.24
0.59
0.12
0.03
0.00
0.04
0.00
100.28
#111
36.09
34.52
14.96
10.90
2.62
0.66
0.06
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
99.81
Ca3Al2(Si O4)3
(Ca2.92Mg0.07Mn0.01)Σ=3(Al1.04Fe3+0.89Ti0.07)Σ=2((Si0.98Al0.02)Σ=1O4)3
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
LIF
El
Si
Al
Na
Mg
Ca
Ti
Cr
P
Fe
Mn
Zn
Line
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
averagestdev
36.93 0.57
34.50 0.23
14.96 1.50
11.18 1.14
1.93 0.40
0.59 0.04
0.09 0.03
0.02 0.02
0.03 0.04
0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01
100.19 0.41
Al,Si,Mg,<<Y,Ca,<Ti,Fe
not present in the wds file; measured values are lower than the detection limit of the element
not present in the wds file; measured values are lower than the detection limit of the element
not present in the wds file; measured values are lower than the detection limit of the element
not present in the wds file; measured values are lower than the detection limit of the element
averagestdev in formula
2.93 0.03 2.93
0.07 0.03 0.07
0.97 0.12 1.04
0.89 0.09 0.89
0.12 0.02 0.07
2.93 0.01 2.92
0.07 0.01 0.07
0.01 0.00 0.01
7.99 0.01 8.00
1.04 0.10
trace amounts of Y.
Pk(s) Bkg(s) Bkg(+) Bkg(-)
20
10
300 -100
600 -800
20
10
20
10
0 -600
20
10
600 -600
20
10
600 -600
20
10
600 -600
20
10
600 -600
20
10
600 -600
20
10
500 -500
20
10
500 -500
20
10
500 -500
Standards
pyrope2
pyrope2
albite-Cr
pyrope2
diopside
rutile2
chrom-s
apatite
fayalite
synspes
willemit2
4
3
3
3
4
2
2
2
(+) charges
11.72
0.98
0.21
0.02
3.12
2.67
0.28
5.84
0.14
0.02
24.00
Electron Microprobe Data
WDS scan:
Si,Al,Ca,Mg,Ti,Fe
Rruff ID: R050312
Mineral: Grossular
Locality: Eden Mills mine, Vermont, USA
Weight Percents
Analysis
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MnO
MgO
CaO
2
3
4
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
37.66 37.84 37.86 38.00 38.23 38.43 38.23 38.49 38.28 38.37 38.33 38.31 38.45 38.73 38.66 38.75 38.64
0.61 0.65 0.62 0.66 0.66 0.61 0.66 0.68 0.68 0.67 0.60 0.59 0.56 0.56 0.52 0.56 0.58
19.53 19.18 19.26 18.86 19.27 19.47 19.39 19.29 19.49 19.36 19.45 19.51 19.60 19.32 19.62 19.56 19.30
4.57 4.77 4.74 5.04 4.55 4.46 4.55 4.40 4.51 4.59 4.41 4.42 4.46 4.35 4.11 4.48 4.73
0.26 0.22 0.26 0.26 0.22 0.16 0.18 0.21 0.20 0.21 0.11 0.24 0.22 0.17 0.16 0.19 0.20
0.09 0.11 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.11 0.09 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.09 0.12
36.12 35.86 35.88 35.78 36.01 35.68 36.06 35.96 35.82 35.96 36.08 35.89 35.89 35.78 36.01 35.76 35.90
Total
98.84 98.63 98.71 98.71 99.05 98.91 99.16 99.14 99.07 99.28 99.10 99.08 99.28 99.02 99.20 99.39 99.47
Cation Numbers on the Basis of 12 Oxygens
Average StDev
38.31 0.32
0.62 0.05
19.38 0.19
4.54 0.20
0.20 0.04
0.11 0.01
35.91 0.12
99.06
0.24
Average StDev in formula
2.98 0.01 2.98
0.02 0.01 0.02
1.75 0.02 1.75
0.23 0.01 0.23
0.02 0.01 0.02
3.00 0.02 3.00
Si
IVAl
Al
Fe3+
Ti
Ca
2.95
0.05
1.75
0.24
0.04
3.03
2.97
0.03
1.74
0.25
0.04
3.02
2.97
0.03
1.75
0.25
0.04
3.01
2.98
0.02
1.73
0.27
0.04
3.01
2.98
0.02
1.75
0.24
0.04
3.01
2.99
0.01
1.78
0.24
0.04
2.98
2.98
0.02
1.76
0.24
0.04
3.01
2.99
0.01
1.76
0.23
0.04
3.00
2.98
0.02
1.77
0.24
0.04
2.99
2.98
0.02
1.76
0.24
0.04
3.00
2.98
0.02
1.77
0.23
0.03
3.01
2.98
0.02
1.77
0.23
0.03
2.99
2.99
0.02
1.78
0.23
0.03
2.99
3.01
0.00
1.77
0.23
0.03
2.98
3.00
0.00
1.79
0.22
0.03
2.99
3.00
0.00
1.79
0.24
0.03
2.97
3.00
0.00
1.76
0.25
0.03
2.99
Cations
8.06
8.05
8.05
8.05
8.04
8.03
8.04
8.03
8.03
8.04
8.04
8.03
8.03
8.02
8.03
8.02
8.03
8.04
0.01
8.00
Al tot
1.80
1.77
1.78
1.74
1.77
1.79
1.78
1.77
1.79
1.77
1.78
1.79
1.79
1.77
1.79
1.79
1.76
1.78
0.01
1.76
Ca3Al2(Si O4)3
Ideal Chemistry:
3+
Calculated Chemistry Ca3.00(Al1.75Fe 0.23Ti0.02)Σ=2((Si0.99Al0.01)Σ=1O4)3
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
Date of Analysis: 12/22/05
ACN: Average Number of Cations
NCN: Normalized Cation Numbers =ACN*8/8.04
StDev: Standard Deviation
CNISF=Cation Numbers in structural formulae
*=cations normalized for each structural site
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
El
Na
Si
Mg
Al
Ca
Mn
Fe
Ti
Microprobe Calibration Data
Line Pk(s) Bkg(s) Bkg(+) Bkg(-)
Ka
20
10
600 -600
Ka
20
10
600 -600
Ka
20
10
350 -600
Ka
20
10
600 -600
Ka
20
10
600 -600
Ka
20
10
600 -600
Ka
20
10
500 -500
Ka
20
10
500 -500
Standards
Albite-Cr
Diopside
Diopside
Anorthite-S
Diopside
Rhodonite-791
Fayalite
Rutile1
4
3
3
3
4
2
(+) charges
11.92
0.99
0.06
0.01
5.25
0.69
0.08
6.00
24.00
Electron Microprobe Data
Rruff ID: R060278
Mineral: Grossular
Locality: Diakon, Kayes Region, Mali
WDS scan:
Ca Mg Mn Al Fe Ti Si
Weight Percents
Analysis
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MgO
CaO
MnO
#3
37.56
1.06
12.87
12.84
0.43
34.74
0.30
#4
37.96
0.92
13.20
12.96
0.44
35.00
0.32
#5
37.98
1.07
13.07
13.16
0.42
34.92
0.29
#6
37.76
1.06
12.83
13.15
0.42
34.82
0.32
#8
37.56
1.08
12.90
13.09
0.44
34.80
0.33
#10
37.70
1.04
12.83
13.22
0.43
34.71
0.34
Totals
99.80 100.81 100.91 100.36 100.19 100.26
#11
37.75
0.97
12.81
13.01
0.44
34.66
0.33
#12
37.91
0.99
12.77
13.30
0.43
34.90
0.32
#13
38.11
0.96
12.91
13.22
0.38
34.86
0.32
#14
37.84
1.02
12.88
13.13
0.42
34.82
0.30
#15
37.86
0.94
12.95
13.23
0.43
34.76
0.30
#16
37.70
1.00
12.83
13.25
0.40
34.80
0.29
99.98 100.64 100.77 100.41 100.46 100.27
#17
37.68
1.12
12.89
12.93
0.42
34.62
0.31
#18
38.02
1.13
13.11
13.19
0.43
34.45
0.28
#19
37.58
1.06
12.93
12.76
0.40
34.87
0.29
#20
37.66
1.02
12.78
12.92
0.43
34.85
0.30
99.97 100.61
99.89
99.96
Average StDev
37.79
0.17
1.03
0.06
12.91
0.12
13.09
0.16
0.42
0.02
34.79
0.13
0.31
0.02
100.33
0.34
Cation numbers normalized to 12 Oxygens
Si
2.96
2.96
2.96
2.96
0.04
0.04
0.04
IVAl
0.04
2.95
0.05
2.96
0.04
2.97
0.03
2.97
0.03
2.98
0.02
2.97
0.03
2.97
0.03
2.96
0.04
2.96
0.04
2.97
0.03
2.96
0.04
2.97
0.03
Al
Fe3
Ti
Ca
Mg
Mn
1.16
0.76
0.06
2.94
0.05
0.02
1.18
0.76
0.05
2.93
0.05
0.02
1.16
0.77
0.06
2.92
0.05
0.02
1.15
0.78
0.06
2.93
0.05
0.02
1.15
0.77
0.06
2.93
0.05
0.02
1.15
0.78
0.06
2.92
0.05
0.02
1.16
0.77
0.06
2.92
0.05
0.02
1.15
0.78
0.06
2.93
0.05
0.02
1.16
0.78
0.06
2.92
0.04
0.02
1.16
0.77
0.06
2.92
0.05
0.02
1.16
0.78
0.06
2.92
0.05
0.02
1.15
0.78
0.06
2.93
0.05
0.02
1.16
0.77
0.07
2.92
0.05
0.02
1.18
0.78
0.07
2.88
0.05
0.02
1.16
0.76
0.06
2.94
0.05
0.02
1.15
0.77
0.06
2.94
0.05
0.02
1.16
0.77
0.06
2.92
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
1.19
0.78
0.03
2.93
0.05
0.02
Totals
7.99
7.99
7.98
7.98
7.99
7.98
7.98
7.98
7.98
7.98
7.98
7.99
7.98
7.97
7.99
7.99
7.98
0.01
8.00
Al tot
1.20
1.21
1.20
1.19
1.20
1.19
1.19
1.18
1.19
1.19
1.20
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.20
1.19
1.19
0.01
Ideal Chemistry:
Calculated Chemistry:
Ca3Fe2(Si O4)3
(Ca2.93Mg0.05Mn0.02)Σ=3(Al1.19Fe3+0.78Ti0.03)Σ=2((Si0.99Al0.01)Σ=1O4)3
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
Date of Analysis: 06/10/06
ACN: Average Number of Cations
NCN: Normalized Cation Numbers =ACN*8/8.25
StDev: Standard Deviation
CNISF=Cation Numbers in structural formulae
*=cations normalized for each structural site and charge balanced
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
LIF
El
Na
Si
Mg
Al
K
Ca
Mn
Fe
Cr
Ti
Line
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Pk(s)
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Microprobe Calibration Data
Bkg(s) Bkg(+) Bkg(-)
10
600
-600
10
600
-600
10
600
-600
10
600
-600
10
600
-600
10
600
-600
10
600
-600
10
500
-500
10
500
-500
10
500
-500
Standards
Albite-Cr
Diopside
Diopside
Anorthite-S
K-spar-OR1
Diopside
Rhodonite-791
Fayalite
Chromite-S
Rutile1
ACN StDev formula
2.96
0.01
2.97
0.04
0.01
0.03
4
3
3
3
4
2
2
2
(+) charges
11.88
0.99
0.09
0.01
3.57
2.34
0.12
5.86
0.1
0.04
24.00
Electron Microprobe Data
WDS scan: Si Al Ti Mg Mn Ca, <Fe
Rruff ID: R060382
Mineral: Grossular
Locality: Lalatema, near Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
Weight Percents
Analysis
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
MgO
CaO
MnO
FeO
Totals
#21
39.62
0.42
22.91
0.31
37.01
0.28
0.12
#22
39.68
0.46
22.84
0.30
37.08
0.25
0.10
#23
39.81
0.53
22.88
0.33
36.84
0.26
0.15
#26
39.98
0.53
22.82
0.32
36.91
0.26
0.14
#27
39.67
0.56
22.74
0.32
36.96
0.25
0.18
#28
39.63
0.56
22.92
0.32
36.98
0.32
0.17
#30
39.82
0.51
22.69
0.31
36.88
0.30
0.09
#31
39.76
0.60
22.89
0.31
37.08
0.31
0.14
#32
39.78
0.58
22.82
0.29
36.96
0.30
0.14
#35
39.74
0.55
22.72
0.30
36.83
0.29
0.12
#36
39.81
0.53
22.96
0.33
36.94
0.31
0.16
#37
39.86
0.48
22.81
0.32
37.00
0.27
0.14
#39
39.64
0.47
22.88
0.31
36.90
0.31
0.11
#40
39.84
0.54
22.79
0.30
37.05
0.33
0.18
100.67 100.71 100.81 100.97 100.67 100.90 100.60 101.09 100.88 100.56 101.04 100.89 100.62 101.04
Cation numbers normalized to 12 Oxygens
Si
2.96
2.96
2.96
2.97
Ti
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
Al
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.00
Ca
2.96
2.96
2.94
2.94
Mg
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
Mn
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
Totals
8.00
8.00
7.99
7.99
Ideal Chemistry:
Calculated Chemistry:
2.96
0.03
2.00
2.95
0.04
0.02
8.00
2.95
0.03
2.01
2.95
0.04
0.02
8.00
2.97
0.03
2.00
2.95
0.04
0.02
8.00
2.96
0.03
2.01
2.95
0.04
0.02
8.00
2.96
0.03
2.00
2.95
0.03
0.02
8.00
2.97
0.03
2.00
2.95
0.03
0.02
7.99
Ca3Al2(SiO4)3
(Ca2.95Mg0.03Mn0.02)Σ=3Al2.00((Si0.99Ti0.01)Σ=1O4)3
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
Date of Analysis: 6/11/2006
ACN: Average Number of Cations
NCN: Normalized Cation Numbers =ACN*8/8.00
StDev: Standard Deviation
CNISF=Cation numbers in structural formulae
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
LIF
El
Na
Si
Mg
Al
Ca
Mn
Fe
Cr
Ti
Line
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
2.96
0.03
2.01
2.94
0.04
0.02
8.00
2.97
0.03
2.00
2.95
0.04
0.02
8.00
2.96
0.03
2.01
2.95
0.03
0.02
8.00
2.96
0.03
2.00
2.95
0.03
0.02
7.99
Average StDev
39.76
0.10
0.52
0.05
22.84
0.08
0.31
0.01
36.96
0.08
0.29
0.03
0.14
0.03
100.82
ACN StDev
2.96
0.01
0.03
0.00
2.00
0.01
2.95
0.01
0.03
0.00
0.02
0.00
8.00
0.00
trace amounts of Fe
Pk(s) Bkg(s) Bkg(+) Bkg(-)
20
10
600
-601
20
10
600
-600
20
10
600
-600
20
10
600
-600
20
10
600
-600
20
10
600
-600
20
10
500
-500
20
10
500
-500
20
10
500
-500
0.17
Standards
albite-Cr
diopside
diopside
anor-hk
diopside
rhod-791
fayalite
chrom-s
rutile1
NCN CNISF
2.97
0.99
0.03
0.01
2.00
2.00
2.95
2.95
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
8.00
Electron Microprobe Data
Rruff ID: R060442
Locality: Pakistan(?)
Mineral: Grossular
WDS scan:
Si Al Ca Fe <Mg, <Ti
Weight Percents
Analyisis
SiO2
CaO
Al2O3
FeO
TiO2
MgO
MnO
Totals
#1
39.24
35.16
20.48
4.61
0.26
0.12
0.13
99.99
#2
#3
39.36 39.25
35.24 35.08
20.72 20.68
4.59
4.65
0.23
0.33
0.11
0.12
0.16
0.17
100.40 100.26
#4
#5
#6
39.06 39.22 39.07
35.24 35.11 35.40
20.49 20.58 20.53
4.70
4.75
4.63
0.25
0.31
0.20
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.11
0.17
0.16
99.99 100.28 100.14
#7
39.19
35.20
20.44
4.63
0.30
0.13
0.08
99.97
#8
39.02
35.25
20.41
4.60
0.24
0.10
0.18
99.79
#9
38.99
35.14
20.32
4.89
0.11
0.13
0.14
99.73
#10
#11
#12
#13
38.94 39.06 39.16 39.28
35.21 35.44 35.53 35.45
20.08 20.42 20.39 20.32
4.77
5.00
4.93
4.74
0.43
0.18
0.16
0.16
0.10
0.07
0.09
0.07
0.13
0.12
0.06
0.11
99.65 100.30 100.31 100.15
#14
39.41
35.14
20.53
4.41
0.11
0.10
0.07
99.80
#15
39.46
35.27
20.33
4.64
0.05
0.09
0.09
99.97
Cation numbers normalized to 12 Oxygens
Si
3.00 3.00
2.99
2.99
Al
1.85 1.86
1.86
1.85
Fe3
0.14 0.13
0.12
0.14
Ti
0.01 0.01
0.02
0.01
Ca
2.88 2.87
2.87
2.89
Fe2
0.16 0.16
0.17
0.16
Mg
0.01 0.01
0.01
0.01
Totals
8.05 8.05
8.04
8.06
2.99
1.85
0.13
0.02
2.87
0.17
0.01
8.05
2.99
1.85
0.14
0.01
2.90
0.16
0.01
8.06
3.00
1.84
0.14
0.02
2.89
0.16
0.01
8.06
2.99
1.84
0.14
0.01
2.90
0.15
0.01
8.06
3.00
1.84
0.15
0.01
2.89
0.16
0.01
8.07
2.99
1.82
0.16
0.02
2.90
0.15
0.01
8.06
2.99
1.84
0.15
0.01
2.90
0.17
0.01
8.07
2.99
1.84
0.15
0.01
2.91
0.16
0.01
8.07
3.00
1.83
0.16
0.01
2.91
0.14
0.01
8.06
3.02
1.85
0.14
0.01
2.88
0.14
0.01
8.05
3.02
1.83
0.16
0.00
2.89
0.13
0.01
8.05
Fe tot
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.31
0.31
0.32
0.32
0.30
0.28
0.30
0.29
0.29
Ideal Chemistry:
Calculated Chemistry:
0.30
0.30
Ca3Al2(SiO4)3
(Ca2.85Fe2+0.15)Σ=3(Al1.85Fe3+0.15)Σ=2(Si1.00O4)3
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
Date of Analysis: 6/24/2006
ACN: Average Number of Cations
NCN: Normalized Cation Numbers =ACN*8/8.07
StDev: Standard Deviation
CNISF=Cation numbers in structural formulae
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
LIF
El
Si
Mg
Al
Ca
Cr
Mn
Fe
Ti
Line
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Pk(s)
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
trace amounts of Ti, Mg
Microprobe Calibration Data
Bkg(s) Bkg(+) Bkg(-)
10
600
-600
10
600
-600
10
600
-600
10
600
-600
10
600
-600
10
500
-500
10
500
-500
10
0
-500
Standards
pyrope-s
pyrope-s
anor-hk
diopside
chrom-s
rhod-791
fayalite
rutile1
Average StDev
39.18
0.16
35.26
0.14
20.45
0.16
4.70
0.15
0.22
0.10
0.11
0.02
0.13
0.04
100.05
0.24
ACN StDev NCN
3.00
0.01
3.00
1.84
0.01
1.85
0.14
0.01
0.15
0.01
0.01 trace
2.89
0.01
2.85
0.16
0.01
0.15
0.01
0.00 trace
8.06
0.01 trace
0.30
0.01
Electron Microprobe Data
Rruff ID: R060443
Locality: unknown
Mineral: Grossular
Weight Percents
Analysis
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
MgO
CaO
MnO
FeO
Totals
#16
39.48
0.10
21.04
0.28
36.24
0.62
2.69
#17
39.66
0.16
20.55
0.27
36.28
0.71
2.75
#18
39.49
0.11
20.86
0.30
36.20
0.69
2.73
#19
39.61
0.08
20.94
0.32
35.92
0.73
2.70
#20
39.98
0.14
20.77
0.31
36.17
0.66
2.57
#21
40.03
0.10
20.47
0.29
36.06
0.66
2.64
#22
39.49
0.15
20.88
0.29
36.02
0.63
2.76
#23
39.39
0.15
20.74
0.31
36.13
0.70
2.63
#24
39.47
0.09
20.79
0.29
36.22
0.76
2.79
#25
39.73
0.08
20.94
0.32
36.25
0.76
2.74
#26
39.77
0.14
20.94
0.31
36.26
0.72
2.74
#27
39.73
0.13
20.84
0.32
36.25
0.66
2.78
#28
39.73
0.16
20.78
0.31
36.05
0.72
2.84
#29
39.76
0.12
20.79
0.29
36.12
0.70
2.69
#30
39.79
0.08
20.75
0.30
36.24
0.67
2.66
Average
39.67
0.12
20.81
0.30
36.16
0.69
2.71
StDev
0.18
0.03
0.14
0.01
0.10
0.04
0.07
100.44 100.39 100.38 100.33 100.61 100.25 100.21 100.05 100.40 100.83 100.88 100.70 100.58 100.47 100.48
100.47
0.22
Cation numbers normailzed to 12 oxygens
Si
2.99
3.01
2.99
3.00
Al
1.88
1.84
1.86
1.87
Ti
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
Fe3
0.12
0.15
0.13
0.13
Ca
2.94
2.95
2.94
2.92
Fe2
0.05
0.02
0.04
0.05
Mg
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
Mn
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
Totals
8.05
8.05
8.05
8.04
3.02
1.85
0.01
0.14
2.92
0.02
0.03
0.04
8.03
3.03
1.83
0.01
0.17
2.93
0.00
0.03
0.04
8.03
3.00
1.87
0.01
0.12
2.93
0.05
0.03
0.04
8.04
2.99
1.86
0.01
0.13
2.94
0.03
0.04
0.04
8.05
2.99
1.86
0.01
0.14
2.94
0.04
0.03
0.04
8.05
3.00
1.86
0.00
0.13
2.93
0.04
0.04
0.04
8.05
3.00
1.86
0.01
0.13
2.93
0.04
0.03
0.04
8.04
3.00
1.85
0.01
0.14
2.93
0.04
0.04
0.04
8.05
3.00
1.85
0.01
0.14
2.92
0.04
0.03
0.04
8.04
3.01
1.85
0.01
0.14
2.93
0.03
0.03
0.04
8.04
3.01
1.85
0.00
0.15
2.94
0.02
0.03
0.04
8.04
average
3.003
1.856
0.007
0.137
2.932
0.034
0.034
0.040
8.043
Fe tot
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.17
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
Ideal Chemistry:
Calculated Chemistry:
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
Date of Analysis: 6/24/2006
0.17
0.17
Ca3Al2(SiO4)3
(Ca2.92Mn0.03Mg0.03Fe2+0.02)Σ=3(Al1.86Fe3+0.14)Σ=2(Si1.00O4)3
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
LIF
El
Si
Mg
Al
Ca
Cr
Mn
Fe
Ti
Line
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Pk(s)
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
trace amounts of Ti
Microprobe Calibration Data
Bkg(s) Bkg(+) Bkg(-)
10
600
-600
10
600
-600
10
600
-600
10
600
-600
10
600
-600
10
500
-500
10
500
-500
10
0
-500
Standards
pyrope-s
pyrope-s
anor-hk
diopside
chrom-s
rhod-791
fayalite
rutile1
stdev in formula
0.01
3.00
0.01
1.86
0.00 trace
0.01
0.14
0.01
2.92
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.03
0.01
8.00
0.00
Electron Microprobe Data
Rruff ID: R060444
Locality: Pakistan(?)
Mineral: Grossular
Weight Percents
grossular60444
Analysis
#31
#32
#33
#34
#35
#36
SiO2
39.54 39.24 39.70 39.61 39.61 39.69
TiO2
0.46
0.49
0.32
0.54
0.55
0.49
Al2O3
21.35 21.56 21.41 20.73 20.79 20.85
Fe2O3
2.09
2.03
1.93
2.39
2.45
2.39
CaO
36.48 36.68 36.58 36.69 36.61 36.61
MnO
0.25
0.24
0.22
0.23
0.31
0.33
Totals
100.17 100.24 100.16 100.19 100.32 100.36
#37
#38
#39
#40
#41
#42
#43
#44
#45
39.46 39.78 39.65 39.71 39.66 39.27 39.41 39.40 39.61
0.50
0.62
0.52
0.44
0.52
0.71
0.56
0.59
0.55
20.80 20.78 20.81 20.57 20.89 20.87 20.85 20.82 20.75
2.30
2.41
2.48
2.55
2.47
2.37
2.55
2.50
2.61
36.53 36.55 36.62 36.66 36.65 36.56 36.55 36.48 36.66
0.21
0.20
0.23
0.22
0.28
0.23
0.22
0.23
0.25
99.80 100.34 100.31 100.15 100.47 100.01 100.14 100.02 100.43
Average StDev
39.56 0.16
0.52 0.09
20.92 0.28
2.37 0.20
36.59 0.07
0.24 0.04
100.21 0.18
Cation numbers normalized to 12 Oxygens
Si
2.98
2.96
2.99
2.99
IVAl
0.02
0.04
0.01
0.01
2.99
0.01
2.99
0.01
2.99
0.01
3.00
0.00
2.99
0.01
3.00
0.00
2.99
0.01
2.97
0.03
2.98
0.02
2.98
0.02
2.98
0.02
Al
Fe
Ti
1.88
0.12
0.03
1.87
0.12
0.03
1.89
0.11
0.02
1.83
0.14
0.03
1.83
0.14
0.03
1.84
0.14
0.03
1.85
0.13
0.03
1.84
0.14
0.04
1.84
0.14
0.03
1.83
0.14
0.03
1.84
0.14
0.03
1.83
0.13
0.04
1.83
0.14
0.03
1.84
0.14
0.03
1.83
0.15
0.03
1.845
0.134
0.030
0.02
0.01
0.00
1.84
0.13
0.03
Ca
Mn
Total
2.95
0.01
7.98
2.96
0.01
7.99
2.95
0.01
7.98
2.97
0.01
7.98
2.96
0.02
7.98
2.96
0.02
7.98
2.96
0.01
7.98
2.95
0.01
7.97
2.96
0.01
7.98
2.97
0.01
7.98
2.96
0.02
7.98
2.96
0.01
7.98
2.96
0.01
7.98
2.96
0.01
7.98
2.96
0.01
7.98
2.958
0.014
7.981
0.01
0.00
0.00
2.98
0.02
Al tot
1.90
1.92
1.90
1.84
1.85
1.85
1.86
1.84
1.85
1.83
1.85
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.84
1.860
0.02
1.87
Ideal Chemistry:
Calculated Chemistry:
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
Date of Analysis: 6/24/2006
Ca3Al2(SiO4)3
(Ca2.98Mn0.02)Σ=3(Al1.84Fe3+0.13Ti0.03)Σ=2((Si0.99Al0.01)Σ=1O4)3
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
LIF
El
Si
Mg
Al
Ca
Cr
Mn
Fe
Ti
Line
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Pk(s)
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Microprobe Calibration Data
Bkg(s) Bkg(+) Bkg(-)
10
600
-600
10
600
-600
10
600
-600
10
600
-600
10
600
-600
10
500
-500
10
500
-500
10
0
-500
Standards
pyrope-s
pyrope-s
anor-hk
diopside
chrom-s
rhod-791
fayalite
rutile1
Average StDev in formula
2.984 0.01 2.97
0.016 0.01 0.03
Electron Microprobe Data
Rruff ID: R060452
Locality: unknown
Mineral: Grossular
Weight Percents
Analysis
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
Cr2O3
CaO
MgO
MnO
FeO
Totals
#61
39.36
0.42
21.55
0.00
36.23
0.34
0.57
1.01
99.48
#62
38.96
0.51
21.59
0.00
36.35
0.32
0.58
1.00
99.31
#64
39.18
0.43
21.69
0.00
36.50
0.32
0.57
1.00
99.70
#65
38.91
0.50
21.63
0.00
36.48
0.33
0.58
1.02
99.46
#67
39.43
0.45
21.61
0.00
36.18
0.32
0.56
0.98
99.53
#68
39.24
0.36
21.58
0.00
36.33
0.33
0.64
1.07
99.54
#69
39.10
0.47
21.52
0.00
36.45
0.33
0.62
1.05
99.52
Cation numbers normalized to 12 Oxygens
Si
2.98
2.96
2.97
2.97
IVAl
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.03
2.96
0.04
2.99
0.01
2.98
0.02
2.97
0.03
2.96
0.04
Al
Fe
Ti
1.91
0.06
0.02
1.90
0.06
0.03
1.90
0.06
0.03
1.90
0.06
0.02
1.89
0.06
0.03
1.92
0.06
0.03
1.91
0.07
0.02
1.89
0.07
0.03
Ca
Mg
Mn
2.94
0.04
0.03
2.96
0.04
0.03
2.96
0.04
0.03
2.96
0.04
0.03
2.97
0.04
0.03
2.94
0.04
0.03
2.95
0.04
0.04
Total
8.01
8.02
8.02
8.02
8.03
8.01
Al tot
1.93
1.94
1.93
1.94
1.94
1.93
Ideal Chemistry:
Calculated Chemistry:
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
Date of Analysis: 6/24/2006
#63
39.29
0.51
21.72
0.00
36.53
0.33
0.54
0.99
99.91
#71
#73
39.07 39.14
0.45
0.52
21.70 21.78
0.00
0.00
36.49 36.66
0.32
0.33
0.61
0.62
1.00
0.97
99.64 100.02
#74
38.96
0.40
21.83
0.00
36.55
0.31
0.52
1.05
99.62
#75
38.97
0.43
21.90
0.00
36.59
0.32
0.61
0.99
99.81
Average StDev
39.13
0.16
0.46
0.05
21.68
0.11
0.00
0.00
36.44
0.14
0.32
0.01
0.59
0.03
1.01
0.03
99.63
0.19
2.96
0.04
2.96
0.04
2.95
0.05
average
2.97
0.03
1.90
0.06
0.03
1.90
0.06
0.03
1.91
0.07
0.02
1.90
0.06
0.02
1.90
0.06
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.00
1.91
0.06
0.03
2.96
0.04
0.04
2.96
0.04
0.04
2.97
0.04
0.04
2.97
0.04
0.03
2.97
0.04
0.04
2.96
0.04
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.00
2.94
0.03
0.03
8.02
8.02
8.03
8.03
8.03
8.03
8.02
0.01
8.00
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.94
1.95
1.95
1.94
0.01
Ca3Al2(SiO4)3
(Ca2.94Mn0.03Mg0.03)Σ=3(Al1.91Fe3+0.06Ti0.03)Σ=2((Si0.99Al0.01)Σ=1O4)3
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
LIF
El
Si
Mg
Al
Ca
Cr
Mn
Fe
Ti
Line
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Microprobe Calibration Data
Pk(s) Bkg(s) Bkg(+) Bkg(-)
20
10
600
-600
20
10
600
-600
20
10
600
-600
20
10
600
-600
20
10
600
-600
20
10
500
-500
20
10
500
-500
20
10
0
-500
Standards
pyrope-s
pyrope-s
anor-hk
diopside
chrom-s
rhod-791
fayalite
rutile1
stdevn formula
0.01
2.97
0.01
0.03
Electron Microprobe Data
Rruff ID: R060453
Locality: unknown
Mineral: Grossular
Weight Percents
Analysis
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
Cr2O3
MgO
CaO
MnO
FeO
Totals
#76
#77
#78
#79
#80
#82
#83
#85
#86
40.02 39.99 39.91 39.82 39.79 39.87 39.92 40.00 39.77
0.50
0.40
0.49
0.39
0.36
0.43
0.48
0.37
0.39
21.90 22.34 22.29 22.32 22.07 22.35 22.32 22.31 22.33
0.09
0.06
0.08
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.05
0.10
0.07
0.52
0.51
0.52
0.52
0.50
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.51
36.44 36.40 36.33 36.31 36.50 36.59 36.56 36.26 36.46
0.75
0.62
0.64
0.69
0.65
0.61
0.64
0.72
0.68
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.03
0.06
0.07
0.06
0.03
0.03
100.28 100.39 100.35 100.17 100.02 100.52 100.55 100.30 100.25
#87
#88
39.91 39.99
0.42
0.40
22.00 22.40
0.08
0.10
0.52
0.51
36.16 36.55
0.67
0.70
0.07
0.07
99.83 100.71
#89
#90
40.01 40.11
0.46
0.42
22.09 22.23
0.07
0.05
0.52
0.50
35.99 36.45
0.70
0.68
0.04
0.05
99.86 100.51
average StDev
39.93
0.10
0.42
0.04
22.23
0.15
0.08
0.02
0.51
0.01
36.38
0.17
0.67
0.04
0.05
0.02
100.29
0.25
Cation numbers normalized to 12 Oxygens
Si
3.00
2.99
2.98
2.98
2.99
2.98
2.98
2.99
2.98
3.00
2.98
3.00
2.99
average
2.986
Al
Ti
1.93
0.03
1.97
0.02
1.96
0.03
1.97
0.02
1.95
0.02
1.97
0.02
1.96
0.03
1.96
0.02
1.97
0.02
1.95
0.02
1.97
0.02
1.95
0.03
1.95
0.02
1.959
0.024
0.01
0.00
1.96
0.02
Ca
Mg
Mn
Totals
2.92
0.06
0.04
7.98
2.91
0.06
0.04
7.98
2.91
0.06
0.04
7.98
2.91
0.06
0.04
7.98
2.94
0.06
0.04
7.99
2.93
0.06
0.03
7.99
2.92
0.06
0.04
7.99
2.90
0.06
0.04
7.98
2.92
0.06
0.04
7.99
2.91
0.06
0.04
7.97
2.92
0.06
0.04
7.98
2.89
0.06
0.04
7.97
2.91
0.06
0.04
7.98
2.916
0.057
0.038
7.98
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
2.91
0.05
0.04
7.98
Ideal Chemistry:
Calculated Chemistry:
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
Date of Analysis: 6/24/2006
Ca3Al2(SiO4)3
(Ca2.91Mg0.05Mn0.04)Σ=3(Al1.96Ti0.02□0.02)Σ=2(Si1.00O4)3
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
LIF
El
Si
Mg
Al
Ca
Cr
Mn
Fe
Ti
Microprobe Calibration Data
Line
Pk(s) Bkg(s) Bkg(+) Bkg(-)
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
500
-500
Ka
20
10
500
-500
Ka
20
10
0
-500
trace amounts of Fe and Cr
Standards
pyrope-s
pyrope-s
anor-hk
diopside
chrom-s
rhod-791
fayalite
rutile1
stdevn formula
0.01
3.00
Electron Microprobe Data
Rruff ID: R060499
Mineral: Grossular
Locality: Lake Jaco, Chihuahua, Mexico
Weight Percents
Analysis #1
#2
SiO2
38.75 38.88
CaO
36.70 36.68
Al2O3
19.02 19.29
FeO
3.13 2.66
TiO2
1.13 0.80
MgO
0.88 0.98
Totals
99.61 99.29
#3
38.99
36.79
19.21
2.75
0.95
0.99
99.68
#5
38.74
36.71
19.10
2.80
0.87
1.00
99.22
#6
38.79
36.68
19.30
2.69
0.91
0.99
99.36
#7
38.75
36.80
19.29
2.83
0.82
0.95
99.44
#8
38.56
36.67
19.18
2.87
1.16
0.94
99.38
#9
38.88
36.56
19.15
2.85
1.12
0.92
99.48
#10
38.85
36.64
19.23
2.71
0.93
0.93
99.29
#11
38.86
36.78
19.09
2.97
0.95
0.98
99.63
#12
38.84
36.42
19.06
2.86
0.90
0.92
99.00
#13
38.67
36.59
19.07
2.78
0.98
0.97
99.06
#14
38.59
36.83
19.02
2.84
1.14
0.92
99.34
#15
38.74
36.78
18.80
3.01
0.92
0.93
99.18
Cation numbers normalized to 12 Oxygens
Si
2.98 2.99 2.99 2.99 2.99
IVAl
0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
2.98
0.02
2.98
0.02
2.97
0.03
2.99
0.01
2.99
0.01
2.98
0.02
3.00
0.00
2.98
0.02
2.97
0.03
2.99
0.01
Al
Fe
Ti
1.72
0.20
0.07
1.75
0.17
0.05
1.74
0.18
0.05
1.74
0.18
0.06
1.73
0.18
0.05
1.75
0.17
0.05
1.75
0.18
0.05
1.74
0.18
0.07
1.73
0.18
0.06
1.74
0.17
0.05
1.73
0.19
0.05
1.73
0.18
0.05
1.73
0.18
0.06
1.73
0.18
0.07
1.71
0.19
0.05
1.74
0.18
0.06
0.01
0.01
0.01
1.78
0.19
0.03
Ca
Mg
Totals
3.02
0.10
8.11
3.02
0.11
8.10
3.02
0.11
8.10
3.02
0.11
8.10
3.03
0.11
8.11
3.02
0.11
8.11
3.03
0.11
8.12
3.02
0.11
8.13
3.01
0.11
8.10
3.02
0.11
8.10
3.03
0.11
8.11
3.01
0.11
8.09
3.03
0.11
8.11
3.04
0.11
8.12
3.04
0.11
8.11
3.02
0.11
8.11
0.01
0.00
0.01
2.90
0.10
8.00
ideal
measured
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
#4
38.91
36.66
19.18
2.84
0.96
0.94
99.49
average stdev
38.79 0.12
36.69 0.11
19.13 0.13
2.84 0.12
0.97 0.12
0.95 0.03
99.36 0.20
average stdev in formula
2.98 0.01
2.97
0.02 0.01
0.03
Ca3Al2(SiO4)3
3+
(Ca2.90Mg0.10)Σ=3(Al1.78Fe 0.19Ti0.03)Σ=2(Si1.00O4)3
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
El
Si
Mg
Al
Line Pk(s) Bkg(s) Bkg(+) Bkg(-) Standards
Ka
20
10
600 -600 diopside
Ka
20
10
600 -600 diopside
Ka
20
10
600 -600 anor-hk
PET
Ca
Ka
20
10
600
-600 diopside
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
Cr
Mn
Ti
Fe
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
20
20
20
20
10
10
10
10
600
600
500
500
-600
-600
-500
-350
chrom-s
rhod-791
rutile1
fayalite
Electron Microprobe Data
Rruff ID: R070551
Locality: Mali
Mineral: Grossular
Weight Percents
Analysis #13
#14
#15
#16
#17
#18
#19
#20
#21
#22
#23
#24
SiO2
39.02
38.56
38.74 38.66
38.86 38.40 38.91
38.48
38.60 38.71 39.00
38.66
CaO
35.57
35.58
35.31 35.39
35.54 35.34 35.74
35.54
35.64 35.46 35.79
35.58
Al2O3
17.68
17.84
17.67 17.64
17.76 17.57 17.64
17.77
17.62 17.67 17.62
17.62
Fe2O3
6.17
6.16
6.20
6.18
5.92
6.03
6.08
6.09
6.28
6.07
6.34
6.22
MgO
0.46
0.45
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.48
0.45
0.46
0.48
0.46
0.49
0.47
MnO
0.14
0.11
0.11
0.08
0.14
0.12
0.09
0.11
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.13
TiO2
0.07
0.05
0.08
0.09
0.03
0.04
0.07
0.06
0.09
0.03
0.08
0.09
Na2O
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
Cr2O3
0.02
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
K2O
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Totals
99.11
98.75
98.58 98.53
98.76 97.98 98.98
98.51
98.85 98.53 99.45
98.77
average stdev
38.72
0.20
35.54
0.15
17.68
0.08
6.15
0.11
0.47
0.02
0.12
0.02
0.07
0.02
0.01
0.01 not present
0.01
0.01 not present
0.00
0.00 not present
98.73
0.36
Cation numbers normalized to 12 Oxygens
Si
3.01
2.99
3.01
3.01
Al
1.61
1.63
1.62
1.62
Fe3
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
Ca
2.94
2.96
2.94
2.95
Mg
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.06
Mn
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
Totals
7.99
8.00
7.99
7.99
average stdev
in formula
3.00
0.01
3.00
1.62
0.01
1.63
0.36
0.01
0.37
2.96
0.01
2.95
0.05
0.00
0.04
0.01
0.00
0.01
8.00
0.00
ideal
measured
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
3.01
1.62
0.35
2.95
0.06
0.01
8.00
3.00
1.62
0.35
2.96
0.06
0.01
8.00
3.01
1.61
0.35
2.96
0.05
0.01
8.00
2.99
1.63
0.36
2.96
0.05
0.01
8.00
3.00
1.61
0.37
2.96
0.06
0.01
8.00
3.01
1.62
0.36
2.95
0.05
0.01
8.00
3.01
1.60
0.37
2.96
0.06
0.01
8.00
3.00
1.61
0.36
2.96
0.05
0.01
8.00
Ca3Al2(SiO4)3
(Ca2.95Mg0.04Mn0.01)Σ=3(Al1.63Fe3+0.37)Σ=2(Si1.00O4)3
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
PET
PET
PET
LIF
El
Si
Na
Mg
Al
K
Ca
Mn
Ti
Cr
Fe
Line
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Pk(s)
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Bkg(s) Bkg(+) Bkg(-)
10
600
-600
10
600
-600
10
600
-600
10
600
-600
10
600
-600
10
600
-600
10
600
-600
10
500
-500
10
500
-500
10
500
-500
Standards
diopside
albite-Cr
diopside
anor-hk
kspar-OR1
diopside
rhod-791
rutile1
chrom-s
fayalite
Electron Microprobe Data
Rruff ID: R040159
Mineral: Pyrope
Locality: Meronitz, Bohemia
Weight Percents
Analysis
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
Cr2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Total
21
43.39
0.52
21.36
1.98
8.26
0.31
20.67
4.46
22
43.31
0.55
21.39
1.92
8.20
0.25
20.52
4.50
23
43.25
0.49
21.52
1.98
8.17
0.27
20.68
4.53
24
43.08
0.53
21.42
2.00
8.17
0.25
20.51
4.56
25
42.79
0.50
21.51
1.94
8.32
0.28
20.61
4.53
26
42.91
0.52
21.64
1.95
7.94
0.24
20.58
4.45
27
43.13
0.53
21.49
1.97
8.34
0.21
20.69
4.48
28
43.09
0.53
21.59
1.98
8.02
0.19
20.67
4.47
29
42.83
0.52
21.51
1.95
7.88
0.23
20.55
4.54
30
42.97
0.51
21.33
1.93
8.19
0.21
20.34
4.49
31
42.89
0.53
21.35
1.99
8.20
0.28
20.39
4.40
32
43.12
0.53
21.67
2.02
8.32
0.24
20.15
4.56
33
34
42.95 42.63
0.53 0.52
21.37 21.65
2.04 1.95
8.18 8.22
0.25 0.20
20.27 20.10
4.52 4.50
35
43.46
0.52
21.41
1.97
8.21
0.29
20.55
4.55
36
43.32
0.50
21.49
2.01
8.16
0.24
20.52
4.50
37
43.23
0.52
21.58
1.92
8.20
0.29
20.63
4.46
38
43.06
0.52
21.86
1.93
8.38
0.29
20.47
4.47
40
43.08
0.52
21.50
1.89
7.93
0.25
20.70
4.50
100.95 100.64 100.94 100.51 100.53 100.28 100.87 100.54 100.02 100.02 100.13 100.69 100.15 99.80 100.95 100.77 100.87 101.06 100.36
Cation Numbers on the Basis of 12 Oxygens
AverageStDev
43.08
0.22
0.52
0.01
21.51
0.14
1.96
0.04
8.16
0.14
0.25
0.03
20.51
0.18
4.50
0.04
100.53
ACN
0.38
StDev NCN CNISF*
Si
Ti
Al
Cr
Fe2+
Mn
Mg
Ca
3.05
0.03
1.77
0.11
0.48
0.02
2.17
0.34
3.06
0.03
1.78
0.11
0.47
0.02
2.16
0.34
3.04
0.03
1.78
0.11
0.47
0.02
2.17
0.34
3.05
0.03
1.78
0.11
0.47
0.02
2.16
0.35
3.03
0.03
1.79
0.11
0.48
0.02
2.18
0.34
3.04
0.03
1.80
0.11
0.46
0.02
2.17
0.34
3.04
0.03
1.78
0.11
0.48
0.01
2.17
0.34
3.04
0.03
1.80
0.11
0.46
0.01
2.18
0.34
3.04
0.03
1.80
0.11
0.46
0.01
2.17
0.35
3.05
0.03
1.78
0.11
0.48
0.01
2.15
0.34
3.05
0.03
1.79
0.11
0.48
0.02
2.16
0.34
3.05
0.03
1.80
0.11
0.48
0.02
2.12
0.35
3.05
0.03
1.79
0.11
0.48
0.02
2.15
0.34
3.04
0.03
1.82
0.11
0.48
0.01
2.13
0.34
3.06
0.03
1.77
0.11
0.47
0.02
2.16
0.34
3.05
0.03
1.78
0.11
0.47
0.01
2.16
0.34
3.05
0.03
1.79
0.11
0.47
0.02
2.17
0.34
3.03
0.03
1.81
0.11
0.48
0.02
2.15
0.34
3.05
0.03
1.79
0.11
0.46
0.02
2.18
0.34
3.04
0.03
1.79
0.11
0.47
0.02
2.16
0.34
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.02
0.00
3.05
0.03
1.80
0.11
0.47
0.02
2.17
0.34
Cations
7.96
7.96
7.97
7.97
7.98
7.96
7.97
7.96
7.97
7.96
7.96
7.95
7.95
7.96
7.96
7.96
7.97
7.97
7.97
7.96
0.01
7.99
Microprobe Calibration Data
Line Pk(s) Bkg(s)Bkg(+)
Ka
20
10
0
Ka
20
10
300
Ka
20
10
350
Ka
20
10
600
Ka
20
10
500
Ka
20
10
500
Ka
20
10
600
Ka
20
10
600
Ka
20
10
500
Ka
20
10
500
Ka
20
10
500
Bkg(-)
-600
-100
-600
-800
-500
-500
-600
-600
-500
-500
-500
Ideal Chemistry:
Mg3Al2(SiO4)3
2+
Calculated Chemistry: (Mg0.72Fe 0.16Ca0.11Mn0.01)3(Al0.92Cr0.06Ti0.02)2(SiO4)3
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
Date of Analysis: 06/28/05
ACN: Average Number of Cations
NCN: Normalized Cation Numbers =ACN*8/7.974
StDev: Standard Deviation
CNISF=Cation Numbers in structural formulae
*=cations normalized for each structural site
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
LIF
El
Na
Si
Mg
Al
Cr
Ti
P
Ca
Mn
Fe
Zn
Standards
Albite-Cr
Pyrope-2
Pyrope-2
Anorthite-S
Chromite-S
Rutile2
Apatite
Diopside
Rhodonite-791
Fayalite
Willemit-2
1.00
0.02
0.92
0.06
0.16
0.01
0.72
0.11
CNISF*
Electron Microprobe Data
Rruff ID: R050112
Mineral: Pyrope
Locality: Cruzeiro mine, San Jose, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Weight Percents
Analysis
SiO2
Al2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Total
1
40.60
22.89
19.16
0.73
13.39
3.67
2
40.51
22.87
19.03
0.64
13.33
3.67
3
40.72
22.70
18.94
0.70
13.31
3.69
4
40.85
22.78
19.18
0.63
13.38
3.63
5
40.20
23.01
18.99
0.66
13.46
3.73
9
40.21
22.89
19.21
0.64
13.31
3.80
10
39.68
22.70
19.23
0.68
13.45
3.69
11
40.60
22.76
18.93
0.63
13.32
3.68
12
40.48
22.72
19.25
0.62
13.43
3.74
15
40.45
22.48
19.35
0.75
13.44
3.58
16
40.30
22.70
19.29
0.69
13.55
3.71
17
40.05
22.58
18.79
0.71
13.50
3.66
18
40.75
22.53
19.32
0.72
13.43
3.68
19
40.39
22.79
19.36
0.79
13.37
3.72
20
39.74
22.72
19.21
0.70
13.45
3.68
100.44 100.05 100.06 100.45 100.05 100.06 99.43 99.92 100.24 100.05 100.24 99.29 100.43 100.42 99.50
Cation Numbers on the Basis of 12 Oxygens
Average StDev
40.37
0.34
22.74
0.14
19.15
0.17
0.69
0.05
13.41
0.07
3.69
0.05
100.04
0.37
ACN
StDev
Si
Al
Fe3+
Fe2+
Mn
Mg
Ca
3.01
1.99
0.01
1.18
0.05
1.48
0.29
3.01
2.00
0.00
1.18
0.04
1.48
0.29
3.02
1.98
0.02
1.16
0.04
1.47
0.29
3.02
1.98
0.02
1.17
0.04
1.47
0.29
2.99
2.01
0.00
1.18
0.04
1.49
0.30
2.99
2.00
0.00
1.19
0.04
1.48
0.30
2.97
2.00
0.00
1.21
0.04
1.50
0.30
3.02
1.99
0.01
1.16
0.04
1.47
0.29
3.00
1.98
0.02
1.18
0.04
1.49
0.30
3.01
1.97
0.03
1.17
0.05
1.49
0.29
2.99
1.99
0.02
1.18
0.04
1.50
0.30
3.00
1.99
0.01
1.17
0.05
1.51
0.29
3.02
1.96
0.04
1.16
0.05
1.48
0.29
2.99
1.99
0.01
1.19
0.05
1.48
0.30
2.98
2.00
0.00
1.20
0.04
1.50
0.30
3.00
1.99
0.01
1.18
0.04
1.49
0.29
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
3.00
1.99
0.01
1.18
0.04
1.48
0.29
Cations
8.00
7.99
7.99
7.99
8.01
8.00
8.02
7.99
8.00
8.00
8.01
8.01
8.00
8.01
8.02
8.00
0.01
8.00
Mg3Al2(SiO4)3
Ideal Chemistry:
2+
3+
Calculated Chemistry: (Mg0.49Fe 0.39Ca0.10Mn0.01)3(Al0.99Fe 0.01)2(SiO4)3
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
Date of Analysis: 5/17/2005
ACN: Average Number of Cations
NCN: Normalized Cation Numbers =ACN*8/8.001
StDev: Standard Deviation
CNISF=Cation Numbers in structural formulae
*=cations normalized for each structural site
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
LIF
El
Na
Si
Mg
Al
F
Ca
Mn
Fe
Cr
Ti
Microprobe Calibration Data
Line Pk(s) Bkg(s) Bkg(+) Bkg(-)
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
350
-600
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
500
-500
Ka
20
10
500
-500
Ka
20
10
500
-500
Standards
Albite-Cr
Diopside
Diopside
Anorthite-S
MgF2
Diopside
Rhodonite-791
Fayalite
Chromite-S
Rutile1
NCN CNISF*
1.00
0.99
0.01
0.39
0.01
0.49
0.10
Electron Microprobe Data
Rruff ID: R050113
Mineral: Pyrope
Locality: Warsik, Pakistan
Weight Percents
Analysis
SiO2
Al2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
1
36.21
20.42
25.80
0.27
16.89
0.38
6
36.65
20.35
25.84
0.26
16.72
0.44
7
36.00
20.50
25.53
0.24
17.16
0.38
8
36.12
20.17
26.07
0.24
16.63
0.39
9
35.85
20.37
25.47
0.26
17.11
0.41
10
36.60
20.47
25.87
0.23
16.68
0.41
11
36.45
20.25
25.76
0.23
16.58
0.39
12
36.21
19.91
26.79
0.26
15.91
0.42
13
36.39
20.26
26.80
0.28
15.46
0.44
14
36.38
20.41
27.67
0.30
15.18
0.43
16
36.71
19.98
28.30
0.29
14.18
0.43
17
36.26
20.21
28.59
0.31
14.40
0.45
19
36.34
19.84
28.23
0.32
13.92
0.50
Total
99.97 100.26 99.81 99.62 99.47 100.26 99.66 99.50 99.63 100.37 99.89 100.22 99.15
Cation Numbers on the Basis of 12 Oxygens
AverageStDev
36.32
0.25
20.24
0.21
26.67
1.15
0.27
0.03
15.91
1.16
0.42
0.03
99.83
0.37
ACN StDev
NCN CNISF*
Si
Al
Fe3+
Fe2+
Mn
Mg
Ca
2.95
1.85
0.19
1.04
0.02
1.94
0.03
2.88
1.91
0.20
1.02
0.02
1.91
0.04
2.98
1.84
0.18
1.04
0.02
1.97
0.03
2.94
1.86
0.20
1.05
0.02
1.92
0.03
2.96
1.84
0.20
1.01
0.02
1.97
0.03
2.94
1.86
0.20
1.01
0.02
1.91
0.03
2.97
1.85
0.18
1.07
0.02
1.91
0.03
2.98
1.84
0.18
1.13
0.02
1.84
0.04
2.98
1.82
0.20
1.10
0.02
1.79
0.04
2.99
1.85
0.16
1.22
0.02
1.75
0.04
2.98
1.86
0.16
1.26
0.02
1.64
0.04
3.03
1.83
0.17
1.26
0.02
1.67
0.04
2.99
1.85
0.16
1.27
0.02
1.63
0.04
2.97
1.85
0.18
1.11
0.02
1.83
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.10
0.00
0.12
0.00
2.97
1.85
0.18
1.11
0.02
1.83
0.03
Cations
8.02
7.98
8.06
8.01
8.03
7.97
8.02
8.03
7.94
8.02
7.96
8.01
7.96
8.00
0.04
8.00
Ideal Chemistry:
Calculated Chemistry:
Mg3Al2(SiO4)3
(Mg0.61Fe2+0.37Ca0.01Mn0.01)3(Al0.91Fe3+0.09)2(SiO4)3
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
Date of Analysis: 11/24/04
ACN: Average Number of Cations
NCN: Normalized Cation Numbers =ACN*8/8.001
StDev: Standard Deviation
CNISF=Cation Numbers in structural formulae
*=cations normalized for each structural site
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
LIF
LIF
El
Na
Si
Mg
Al
Ca
Mn
Fe
Microprobe Calibration Data
Line Pk(s) Bkg(+) Bkg(-)
Ka
20
600
-600
Ka
20
600
-600
Ka
20
350
-600
Ka
20
600
-600
Ka
20
600
-600
Ka
20
500
-500
Ka
20
500
-500
Standards
Albite-Cr
Diopside
Diopside
K-spar-OR1
Diopside
Rhodonite-791
Fayalite
1.00
0.91
0.09
0.37
0.01
0.61
0.01
Electron Microprobe Data
Rruff ID: R050446
Mineral: Pyrope
Locality: Sunset Crater, Arizona, USA
Weight Percents
Analysis
SiO2
Al2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
41
40.73
23.72
11.25
0.23
18.16
5.64
42
40.5
23.68
10.88
0.28
18.06
5.51
43
44
45
46
48
49
50
51
52
40.59 40.96 40.77 41.57 41.09 40.25 40.36 40.81 40.21
23.66 23.59 23.75 23.63 23.57 23.34 23.82 23.65 23.71
11.14 11.07 10.89 11.01 10.6 10.8 10.91 11.17 10.94
0.19 0.22
0.2 0.21 0.19 0.26 0.27 0.26 0.18
18.07 18.1 18.29 17.97 17.97 17.95 18.24 18.25 18.28
5.52 5.55 5.54 5.66 5.44 5.63 5.59 5.53 5.57
53
40.37
23.49
10.77
0.22
18.13
5.55
54
40.28
23.61
11.04
0.24
17.96
5.61
55
41.48
23.56
10.99
0.21
18.32
5.55
56
57
60
41.73 40.66 40.91
23.59 23.64 23.56
10.83 11.4 11.35
0.25 0.19 0.19
17.85 18.27 18.11
5.47 5.53 5.64
AverageStDev
40.77
0.47
23.63
0.11
10.98
0.21
0.23
0.03
18.12
0.14
5.56
0.06
Total
99.73
98.91 99.17 99.49 99.44 100.1 98.86 98.23 99.19 99.67 98.89 98.53 98.74 100.1 99.72 99.69 99.76
99.28 0.5437
Cation Numbers on the Basis of 12 Oxygens
ACN StDev
NCN CNISF*
Si
Al
Fe2+
Mg
Ca
2.98
2.00
0.67
1.95
0.44
2.98
2.01
0.66
1.96
0.43
2.98
2.00
0.67
1.95
0.43
2.99
1.99
0.66
1.95
0.43
2.98
2.00
0.65
1.97
0.43
3.02
1.98
0.66
1.92
0.44
3.01
1.99
0.64
1.94
0.42
2.98
2.00
0.66
1.96
0.44
2.96
2.02
0.66
1.97
0.43
2.98
1.99
0.67
1.96
0.43
2.96
2.02
0.66
1.98
0.43
2.98
2.00
0.65
1.97
0.43
2.97
2.01
0.67
1.95
0.44
3.01
1.97
0.65
1.96
0.43
3.03
1.98
0.65
1.91
0.42
2.97
2.00
0.68
1.97
0.43
2.99
1.99
0.68
1.95
0.44
2.99
2.00
0.66
1.95
0.43
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
2.97
1.99
0.66
1.94
0.43
Cations
8.04
8.03
8.03
8.02
8.04
8.01
8.01
8.03
8.04
8.04
8.05
8.04
8.04
8.02
7.99
8.05
8.04
8.03
0.02
7.99
1.00
1.00
0.22
0.64
0.14
Mg3Al2(Si O4)3
Ideal Chemistry:
2+
Calculated Chemistry: (Mg0.64Fe 0.22Ca0.14)3Al2(SiO4)3
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
Date of Analysis: 02/12/06
ACN: Average Number of Cations
NCN: Normalized Cation Numbers =ACN*8/8.03
StDev: Standard Deviation
CNISF=Cation Numbers in structural formulae
*=cations normalized for each structural site
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
LIF
El
Na
Si
Mg
Al
F
Ca
Mn
Fe
Cr
Ti
Microprobe Calibration Data
Line Pk(s) Bkg(s) Bkg(+) Bkg(-)
Ka
20
10
600 -600
Ka
20
10
600 -600
Ka
20
10
350 -600
Ka
20
10
600 -600
Ka
20
10
600 -600
Ka
20
10
600 -600
Ka
20
10
600 -600
Ka
20
10
500 -500
Ka
20
10
500 -500
Ka
20
10
500 -500
Standards
Albite-Cr
Diopside
Diopside
Anorthite-S
MgF2
Diopside
Rhodonite-791
Fayalite
Chromite-S
Rutile1
Electron Microprobe Data
Rruff ID: R050063
Mineral: Spessartine
Locality: Fujian Province, China
Weight Percents
Analysis
MgO
CaO
MnO
FeO
F
#1
32.58
20.03
0.05
0.56
39.70
3.87
1.28
#3
32.95
20.22
0.07
0.57
39.66
4.16
1.04
#4
32.86
20.17
0.06
0.57
39.55
4.08
1.20
#5
33.26
20.08
0.07
0.58
39.19
3.94
1.34
#8
33.03
19.94
0.08
0.55
38.43
4.86
1.38
#9
33.03
19.95
0.07
0.52
38.80
4.53
1.15
#10
32.96
19.78
0.06
0.60
38.58
4.77
1.48
#11
33.06
19.94
0.09
0.59
38.49
4.69
1.42
#12
33.11
19.84
0.07
0.51
38.80
4.70
1.26
#14
32.77
20.21
0.07
0.56
39.43
3.89
1.47
#16
34.18
19.99
0.03
0.35
38.87
4.09
0.82
#17
33.07
20.07
0.05
0.60
39.67
3.77
1.25
#18
32.95
20.03
0.06
0.49
38.58
4.81
1.51
#20
32.51
19.74
0.07
0.49
39.13
4.74
1.35
Totals
98.07
98.68
98.48
98.47
98.26
98.04
98.24
98.28
98.28
98.40
98.33
98.48
98.43
98.01
Cation numbers normalized to 11.38 O and 0.62 F
Si
2.91
2.89
2.91
2.94
2.94
Al
2.10
2.09
2.10
2.10
2.09
Mn
3.00
2.95
2.96
2.94
2.90
Fe
0.29
0.31
0.30
0.29
0.36
Ca
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.05
Total cations
8.35
8.30
8.33
8.32
8.34
2.93
2.08
2.91
0.34
0.05
8.30
2.95
2.08
2.92
0.36
0.06
8.37
2.94
2.09
2.90
0.35
0.06
8.35
2.94
2.07
2.92
0.35
0.05
8.32
2.92
2.12
2.98
0.29
0.05
8.37
2.97
2.05
2.86
0.30
0.03
8.20
2.93
2.09
2.97
0.28
0.06
8.32
2.94
2.11
2.92
0.36
0.05
8.37
2.91
2.08
2.97
0.36
0.05
8.37
F
0.56
0.72
0.69
0.61
0.72
0.39
0.61
0.74
0.66
SiO2
Al2O3
0.63
0.50
Ideal Chemistry:
Calculated Chemistry:
0.58
0.65
0.67
Average StDev
33.02 0.39
20.00 0.15
0.06 0.01
0.54 0.07
39.06 0.47
4.35 0.41
1.28 0.19
98.32
0.19
ACN StDev NCN CNISF*
2.93 0.02 2.81
1
2.09 0.02 2.01
2
2.93 0.04 2.82
0.94
0.32 0.03 0.31
0.10
0.05 0.01 0.05
0.02
0.00
8.33 0.04 8.00
0.62
0.10
Mn3Al2(SiO4)3
(Mn0.85Fe0.05[]0.10)3Al2(SiO3.79F0.21)3
Trace amounts of Ca and Mg
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
Date of Analysis: 11/24/04
5/17/2005
ACN: Average Number of Cations
NCN: Normalized Cation Numbers =ACN*8/8.06
StDev: Standard Deviation
CNISF=Cation Numbers in structural formulae
*=cations normalized for each structural site and charge balanced
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
LIF
El
Si
Mg
Al
F
Ca
Mn
Fe
Cr
Ti
Microprobe Calibration Data
Line
Pk(s)
Bkg(s) Bkg(+)
Ka
20
10
600
Ka
20
10
350
Ka
20
10
600
Ka
20
10
600
Ka
20
10
600
Ka
20
10
600
Ka
20
10
500
Ka
20
10
500
Ka
20
10
500
Bkg(-)
-600
-600
-600
-600
-600
-600
-500
-500
-500
Standards
Diopside
Diopside
Anorthite-S
MgF2
Diopside
Rhodonite-791
Fayalite
Chromite-S
Rutile1
Electron Microprobe Data
Rruff ID: R060177
Mineral: Spessartine
Locality: Fujian Province, China
Weight Percents
Analysis
#1
SiO2 35.80
Al2O3 20.66
MnO 41.43
FeO 1.52
CaO 0.43
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9 #10 #12 #13
35.73 35.54 35.68 35.70 35.64 35.69 35.49 35.59 35.62
20.59 20.63 20.62 20.76 20.54 20.48 21.01 20.84 20.70
41.78 41.31 41.58 41.55 41.46 41.35 41.26 41.38 41.14
1.53 1.62 1.58 1.70 1.62 1.55 1.52 1.70 1.65
0.47 0.50 0.44 0.47 0.44 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.44
#14 #15
36.03 35.68
20.52 20.57
41.82 41.34
1.69 1.61
0.45 0.45
#16
35.92
20.44
41.74
1.59
0.43
#17 #19
35.66 35.65
20.55 20.66
41.73 41.34
1.67 1.47
0.44 0.48
#20
36.00
20.69
41.48
1.79
0.41
Totals 99.83 100.10 99.59 99.90 100.18 99.70 99.53 99.73 99.95 99.55 100.51 99.65 100.12 100.05 99.60 100.36
Cation numbers normalized to 12 O
Si 3.00
2.97 2.98 2.99
Al 2.01
2.04 2.02 2.02
Mn 2.89
2.88 2.89 2.88
Fe2+ 0.10
0.10 0.12 0.12
Ca 0.04
0.04 0.04 0.04
Cation
8.04
8.04
8.04
8.04
3.00
1.98
2.91
0.11
0.04
2.99
2.00
2.89
0.11
0.04
3.00
1.98
2.91
0.11
0.04
2.98
1.99
2.91
0.11
0.04
2.99
2.01
2.90
0.10
0.04
3.00
2.00
2.88
0.10
0.04
2.98
2.00
2.91
0.11
0.04
2.98
2.01
2.89
0.11
0.04
2.99
2.00
2.91
0.11
0.04
2.98
2.01
2.89
0.12
0.04
2.99
2.00
2.90
0.11
0.04
3.00
2.00
2.90
0.11
0.04
8.04
8.04
8.04
8.04
8.04
8.02
8.04
8.04
8.04
8.04
8.04
8.04
Microprobe Calibration Data
Line Pk(s) Bkg(s) Bkg(+)
Ka
20
10
600
Ka
20
10
600
Ka
20
10
600
Ka
20
10
600
Ka
20
10
600
Ka
20
10
500
Ka
20
10
500
Bkg(-)
-600
-600
-600
-600
-600
-500
-500
Average StDev
35.71
0.15
20.64
0.14
41.48
0.20
1.61
0.08
0.45
0.02
99.90
0.30
ACN StDev NCN CNISF*
2.99 0.01
2.99
1.00
2.00 0.01
2.01
2.00
2.90 0.01
2.86
0.95
0.11 0.01
0.11
0.04
0.04 0.00
0.04
0.01
8.04
0.01
Ideal Chemistry:
Mn3Al2(SiO4)3
2+
Calculated Chemistry: (Mn0.95Fe 0.04Ca0.01)3Al2(SiO4)3
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
Date of Analysis: 04/23/06
ACN: Average Number of Cations
NCN: Normalized Cation Numbers =ACN*8/8.04
StDev: Standard Deviation
CNISF=Cation Numbers in structural formulae
*=cations normalized for each structural site
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
El
Si
Mg
Al
Ca
Mn
Ti
Fe
Standards
pyrope-s
pyrope-2
pyrope-2
wollastonite
synspes
Rutile1
Fayalite
8.00
Electron Microprobe Data
Rruff ID: R060451
Locality: unknown
Mineral: Spessartine
Weight Percents
Analysis
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
Cr2O3
MgO
CaO
MnO
FeO
Totals
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
38.84 39.08 38.96 39.03 38.74 38.65 39.06 39.14 39.49 38.97 39.15 39.06 39.12
0.19
0.16
0.20
0.27
0.26
0.22
0.11
0.15
0.16
0.14
0.22
0.13
0.22
22.15 22.16 22.46 22.38 22.39 22.48 22.11 22.21 22.03 22.07 22.24 22.14 22.17
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.01
8.58
8.65
8.69
8.58
8.65
8.60
8.57
8.53
8.64
8.60
8.60
8.63
8.64
4.49
4.48
4.45
4.46
4.45
4.47
4.44
4.40
4.45
4.36
4.49
4.50
4.49
19.51 19.54 19.66 19.51 19.69 19.65 19.54 19.50 19.50 19.46 19.53 19.86 19.64
6.44
6.46
6.20
6.20
6.07
6.56
6.38
6.43
6.32
6.40
6.29
6.29
6.46
100.22 100.53 100.63 100.46 100.26 100.63 100.23 100.36 100.59 100.01 100.53 100.64 100.75
#14
38.96
0.16
22.15
0.00
8.51
4.42
19.43
6.08
99.71
#15
38.83
0.21
22.37
0.00
8.48
4.51
19.40
6.18
99.98
Average StDev
39.01
0.20
0.19
0.05
22.23
0.14
0.01
0.01
8.60
0.06
4.46
0.04
19.56
0.12
6.32
0.15
100.37
0.30
ACN StDev
2.98
0.01
2.00
0.01
0.98
0.01
0.37
0.00
1.27
0.01
0.40
0.01
Cation numbers normalized to 12 Oxygens
Si
2.98
2.98
2.97
2.98
Al
2.00
1.99
2.02
2.01
Mg
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.98
Ca
0.37
0.37
0.36
0.37
Mn
1.27
1.26
1.27
1.26
Fe
0.41
0.41
0.40
0.40
2.96
2.02
0.99
0.37
1.28
0.39
2.95
2.02
0.98
0.37
1.27
0.42
2.99
1.99
0.98
0.36
1.27
0.41
2.99
2.00
0.97
0.36
1.26
0.41
3.01
1.98
0.98
0.36
1.26
0.40
2.99
2.00
0.98
0.36
1.26
0.41
2.99
2.00
0.98
0.37
1.26
0.40
2.98
1.99
0.98
0.37
1.28
0.40
2.98
1.99
0.98
0.37
1.27
0.41
2.99
2.00
0.97
0.36
1.26
0.39
2.98
2.02
0.97
0.37
1.26
0.40
Totals
8.00
8.01
8.00
7.99
7.99
8.00
7.99
8.01
8.00
7.99
7.99
8.00
8.00
Ideal Chemistry:
Calculated Chemistry:
8.00
7.98
8.00
Ca3Al2(SiO4)3
2+
(Mn0.42Mg0.33Fe 0.13Ca0.12)3Al2.00(Si1.00O4)3
trace amounts of Ti
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
Date of Analysis: 6/24/2006
ACN: Average Number of Cations
NCN: Normalized Cation Numbers =ACN*8/8.00
StDev: Standard Deviation
CNISF=Cation numbers in structural formulae
*=cations normalized for each structural site and charge balanced
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
LIF
El
Si
Mg
Al
Ca
Cr
Mn
Fe
Ti
Microprobe Calibration Data
Line
Pk(s) Bkg(s) Bkg(+) Bkg(-)
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
600
-600
Ka
20
10
500
-500
Ka
20
10
500
-500
Ka
20
10
0
-500
Standards
pyrope-s
pyrope-s
anor-hk
diopside
chrom-s
rhod-791
fayalite
rutile1
0.01
NCN CNISF*
2.98
1.00
2.00
2.00
0.98
0.33
0.37
0.12
1.26
0.42
0.40
0.13
8.00
Electron Microprobe Data
Rruff ID: R060477
Mineral: Uvarovite
Locality: Saranovskiy mine, Sarany, Ural Mountains, Russia
Weight Percents
Analysis #1
#2
#3
#4
#5
Na2O
0.01 0.03 0.01 0.04 0.04
K2O
0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01
SiO2
36.30 36.31 36.23 36.56 37.10
MgO
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Al2O3
7.80 8.05 7.91 8.14 8.12
CaO
34.64 34.33 34.33 34.87 34.41
TiO2
1.35 1.38 1.35 1.36 1.33
Fe2O3
0.25 0.20 0.24 0.19 0.21
MnO
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Cr2O3
18.26 17.59 17.90 17.74 17.73
Totals
98.60 97.90 97.97 98.90 98.95
0.01
0.00
36.22
0.00
8.02
34.44
1.40
0.19
0.00
17.58
97.87
0.02
0.01
35.84
0.02
8.08
34.73
1.36
0.19
0.00
17.55
97.79
0.01
0.00
36.95
0.00
8.64
34.75
1.29
0.31
0.00
17.00
98.95
0.01
0.01
36.09
0.00
8.82
34.85
1.26
0.28
0.00
16.72
98.04
#10
0.01
0.00
36.05
0.00
9.06
34.89
1.30
0.21
0.00
16.55
98.07
#11
0.02
0.01
37.57
0.00
8.97
34.71
1.20
0.23
0.00
16.35
99.05
#12
0.03
0.00
36.15
0.00
9.03
34.90
1.23
0.23
0.00
16.48
98.04
#13
0.00
0.00
36.16
0.00
9.19
34.60
1.26
0.19
0.00
16.49
97.89
#14
0.01
0.02
34.96
0.00
9.22
34.76
1.22
0.27
0.00
16.18
96.64
#15
0.03
0.00
36.03
0.00
8.82
34.56
1.35
0.25
0.00
16.69
97.73
Cation Numbers on the Basis of 12 Oxygens
Si
2.96 2.97 2.96 2.96 3.00
Al
2.96
2.94
2.98
2.95
2.94
3.01
2.95
2.95
2.90
2.95
Cr
Al
Ti
1.18
0.75
0.08
1.14
0.78
0.09
1.16
0.76
0.08
1.14
0.78
0.08
1.13
0.77
0.08
1.14
0.77
0.09
1.14
0.78
0.08
1.08
0.82
0.08
1.08
0.85
0.08
1.07
0.87
0.08
1.04
0.85
0.07
1.06
0.87
0.08
1.06
0.88
0.08
1.06
0.90
0.08
1.08
0.85
0.08
1.10
0.82
0.08
0.04
0.05
0.00
1.15
0.82
0.03
3.00
3.00
4.00
3.45
2.46
0.12
Ca
3.02
3.01
3.01
3.03
2.98
3.02
3.05
3.00
3.05
3.05
2.98
3.05
3.02
3.09
3.03
3.03
0.03
3.00
2.00
6.00
Fe
Na
K
Mg
Mn
Totals
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
8.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
7.99
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
7.99
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
8.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
7.98
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
7.99
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
8.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
7.99
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
8.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
8.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
7.97
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
8.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
8.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
8.05
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
8.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
8.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
Ideal Chemistry:
Calculated Chemistry:
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
#6
#7
#8
#9
Average StDev
0.02 0.01
0.00 0.01
36.30 0.58
0.00 0.00
8.52 0.50
34.65 0.19
1.31 0.06
0.23 0.04
0.00 0.00
17.12 0.64
98.16 0.62
average stdev in formula
2.96 0.03
2.97 4.00
0.03 3.00
11.88
0.09
24.00
Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3
Ca3.00(Cr1.15Al0.82Ti0.03)Σ=2((Si0.99Al0.01)Σ=1O4)3
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
LIF
El
Na
Si
Mg
Al
K
Ca
Ti
Fe
Mn
Cr
Line
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Pk(s) Bkg(s) Bkg(+) Bkg(-)
20
10
600
-600
20
10
600
-600
20
10
600
-600
20
10
600
-600
20
10
600
-600
20
10
600
-600
20
10
600
-600
20
10
500
-250
20
10
500
-500
20
10
500
0
Standards
albite-Cr
diopside
diopside
anor-hk
kspar-OR1
diopside
rutile1
fayalite
rhod-791
chrom-s
Electron Microprobe Data
Rruff ID: R061041
Locality: Outokumpu, Finland
Mineral: Uvarovite
Weight Percents
Analysis #16
#17
#18
#19
#20
#21
#22
#23
#24
#25
#26
#27
#28
#29
#30
Na2O
0.02
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.04
0.00
K2O
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
SiO2
36.81 37.05 36.93 37.24 37.01 36.84 37.22 37.52 37.02 36.96 37.00 37.04 36.79 36.95 37.04
MgO
0.39
0.38
0.41
0.39
0.44
0.38
0.39
0.37
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.38
0.40
0.41
0.39
Al2O3
7.68
7.51
7.53
7.45
7.55
7.51
7.47
7.62
7.43
7.61
7.61
7.38
7.58
7.60
7.53
CaO
33.60 33.15 33.36 33.59 33.59 33.47 33.26 33.65 33.21 33.50 33.46 33.60 33.67 33.41 33.47
TiO2
0.25
0.36
0.36
0.37
0.33
0.30
0.29
0.33
0.26
0.27
0.30
0.25
0.25
0.24
0.26
FeO
0.47
0.45
0.41
0.54
0.41
0.39
0.37
0.42
0.37
0.41
0.42
0.44
0.40
0.49
0.48
MnO
0.17
0.14
0.06
0.13
0.08
0.09
0.06
0.08
0.09
0.14
0.13
0.09
0.18
0.09
0.06
Cr2O3
18.87 19.35 19.09 19.27 19.24 19.15 18.96 19.30 19.07 18.73 18.82 19.54 19.09 19.02 19.39
Totals
98.27 98.44 98.18 98.90 98.67 98.24 98.13 99.29 98.03 98.04 98.11 98.67 98.38 98.13 98.55
Average StDev
0.02 0.01
0.00 0.00
37.03 0.18
0.40 0.02
7.54 0.08
33.47 0.16
0.30 0.04
0.43 0.05
0.11 0.04
19.13 0.22
98.40 0.35
Cation Numbers on the Basis of 12 Oxygens
Si
3.00
3.01
3.01
3.02
Cr
1.22
1.24
1.23
1.23
Al
0.74
0.72
0.72
0.71
Fe
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
Ti
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
2.92
Ca
2.94
2.89
2.92
Mg
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
Mn
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
Totals
8.01
7.99
7.99
7.99
average stdev in formula
3.01 0.01
3.00
1.23 0.01
1.23
0.72 0.01
0.72
0.03 0.00
0.03
0.02 0.00
0.02
2.92 0.01
2.93
0.05 0.00
0.05
0.01 0.00
0.01
7.99 0.01
Ideal Chemistry:
Calculated Chemistry:
Instrument: Cameca SX50
Sample Voltage: 15 kV
Acceleration Current: 20 nA
Beam Size: Spot
3.01
1.24
0.72
0.03
0.02
2.92
0.05
0.01
8.00
3.01
1.24
0.72
0.03
0.02
2.93
0.05
0.01
8.00
3.03
1.22
0.72
0.03
0.02
2.90
0.05
0.00
7.98
3.02
1.23
0.72
0.03
0.02
2.91
0.04
0.01
7.98
3.02
1.23
0.72
0.04
0.02
2.91
0.05
0.01
7.99
3.02
1.21
0.73
0.03
0.02
2.93
0.05
0.01
8.00
3.02
1.21
0.73
0.03
0.02
2.92
0.05
0.01
7.99
3.01
1.26
0.71
0.03
0.02
2.93
0.05
0.01
7.99
3.00
1.23
0.73
0.03
0.02
2.94
0.05
0.01
8.01
3.02
1.23
0.73
0.03
0.02
2.92
0.05
0.01
8.00
3.01
1.25
0.72
0.03
0.02
2.92
0.05
0.00
7.99
4.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
4.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
12.00
3.69
2.16
0.09
0.08
5.86
0.10
0.02
24.00
Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3
3+
(Ca2.93Mg0.05Mn0.01□0.01)Σ=3.00(Cr1.23Al0.72Fe 0.03Ti0.02)Σ=2(Si1.00O4)3
Xtal
TAP
TAP
TAP
TAP
PET
PET
PET
LIF
LIF
LIF
El
Na
Si
Mg
Al
K
Ca
Ti
Fe
Mn
Cr
Line
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Ka
Pk(s) Bkg(s) Bkg(+) Bkg(-)
20
10
600
-600
20
10
600
-600
20
10
600
-600
20
10
600
-600
20
10
600
-600
20
10
600
-600
20
10
600
-600
20
10
500
-250
20
10
500
-500
20
10
500
0
Standards
albite-Cr
diopside
diopside
anor-hk
kspar-OR1
diopside
rutile1
fayalite
rhod-791
chrom-s