Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness
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United States Department of Agriculture Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness Kathleen R. Matthews1 Abstract To determine the current range of water temperatures in the streams inhabited by California golden trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita, I deployed and monitored water temperature recording probes from 2008 through 2013 in three meadows in the Golden Trout Wilderness (GTW). Ninety probes were placed in three meadow streams: Mulkey Creek in Mulkey Meadows (elevation 2838 m), South Fork Kern River in Ramshaw Meadows (2640 m), and Golden Trout Creek in Big Whitney Meadow (2963 m). Year-round water temperatures were successfully downloaded from 83 probes along with measurements of dissolved oxygen, flow, and shade. Water temperatures ranged from -0.1 to 26 °C in Mulkey and Ramshaw Meadows, whereas in Big Whitney Meadow, maximum temperatures did not exceed 21 °C. Temperatures were highest in late July through midSeptember. Future monitoring can build on the detailed temperature data reported here to further assess climate warming in the streams occupied by this important native trout. Salmonids generally prefer cool water and become stressed when temperatures exceed 22 °C. Thus, these results indicate that current GTW stream temperatures are high and may lack the resiliency to withstand increased water temperatures from climate warming, predicted to increase from 1 to 7 °C within the next 100 years. Keywords: Water temperature, climate warming, California golden trout. 1 TU DE PA RT RE Kathleen R. Matthews is a research fishery biologist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710. MENT OF AGRI C U L Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station Research Note PSW-RN-427 March 2016 RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427 Introduction K. Matthews The California golden trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita) (fig. 1) is native to the South Fork Kern River and Golden Trout Creek (Behnke 1992), and most of its native range lies within the Golden Trout Wilderness (GTW) (fig. 2) in the Inyo National Forest in California. California golden trout (CGT) stream populations in the GTW are long lived and slow growing, and they exist at high densities because cattle grazing impacts lead to widened streams, resulting in increased spawning habitat (Knapp and Dudley 1990, Knapp and Matthews 1996, Knapp et al. 1998). The CGT has been the subject of management interest because of its status as California’s state fish, its limited natural distribution, and several perceived threats to its viability, including introduction of nonnative brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (O. mykiss), as well as habitat degradation caused by livestock grazing. The CGT was the focus of a major restoration effort in the 1970s and 1980s (Pister 2008) to remove exotic trout throughout its native range. Although exotic trout have effectively been removed from native CGT habitat, several other stressors still imperil CGT populations, including degraded stream habitat. Several studies that described golden trout habitat preferences (Matthews 1996a, 1996b) concluded that adult trout prefer habitats (vegetated and undercut banks) that typically are reduced by cattle grazing (Knapp and Matthews 1996). Because of the concern of habitat degradation from cattle grazing, several allotments in the GTW were rested starting in 2000. Figure 1—California golden trout. 2 Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness Golden Trout Wilderness Meadow Field Sites Big Whitney Meadow Golden Trout Creek Mulkey Meadows Mulkey Creek Ramshaw Meadows South Fork of the Kern River Meadows Trails connecting meadows Water bodies of interest ¯ Golden Trout Wilderness Enlarged Area 0 2.25 4.5 9 13.5 18 Kilometers Figure 2—Overview of the Golden Trout Wilderness field sites showing Mulkey Meadows. (Mulkey Creek), Ramshaw Meadows (South fork of the Kern River), and Big Whitney Meadow (Golden Trout Creek). 3 RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427 One additional threat that has not been evaluated is the impact of climate warming, which could further stress CGT stream temperatures already near their maximum limit as CGT habitat. Salmonids are likely to face strong impacts from climate warming (IPCC 2007) because their streams are vulnerable to warming and they have a low tolerance for warm water. A recent report by Trout Unlimited projected that western trout populations could be reduced by more than 60 percent in some areas (Williams et al. 2007) because of climate change. The adverse impacts of livestock grazing to riparian habitat have been well described (Armour et al. 1991, Belsky et al. 1997, Kauffman and Krueger 1984, Platts 1991) and have many similar impacts to climate warming such as increased water temperatures and reduced flow (Beschta et al. 2013). Thus, the combination of cattle grazing and climate warming deserves further attention. The objectives of this report are to describe specific placement information (global positioning system locations) for all of the temperature probes, to present the year-round water temperatures in three meadow streams of the GTW, and to provide shade, willow counts, dissolved oxygen (DO), and flow data. The information will be used to determine areas vulnerable to stream warming and also provide a baseline for future monitoring. The detailed information on precise probe location, depth, shade, and vegetation will enable future comparative studies of water temperatures. The information will also be referenced in subsequent peerreviewed publications. Methods This study was conducted in three large (5-to 7-km-long) montane meadows of the GTW in the Inyo National Forest of the southern Sierra Nevada, California: Mulkey Meadows (36° 24' 19" N, 118° 11' 42.14" W, 2838 m), Big Whitney Meadow (36° 26' 23" N, 118° 16' 11.66" W, 2963 m) and Ramshaw Meadows (36° 20' 53" N, 118° 14' 52.62" W, 2640 m) (figs. 3 through 5). These meadows are part of the largest meadow complex in the Sierra Nevada and occur in depositional basins along the South Fork Kern River. Only Mulkey Meadows are currently grazed by cattle under regulation by the U.S. Forest Service. The meadows are generally covered with snow from November to May, and the summer growing season typically lasts from late May to August, depending on the timing of snowmelt. The meadows occur in a semiarid region where annual precipitation is 50 to 70 cm and most precipitation is in the form of snow (http://cdec.water.ca.gov). Because these meadow streams are in designated wilderness, travel (4 to 8 hours) by foot or packstock is required (no mechanized equipment is allowed). 4 Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness Figures 3—Map of Mulkey Meadows showing locations of temperature probes. 5 RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427 Figure 4—Map of Ramshaw Meadows showing locations of temperature probes. 6 Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness Figure 5—Map of Big Whitney Meadow showing locations of temperature probes. 7 RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427 To determine the water temperatures in CGT streams in the GTW, I deployed temperature probes (Onset1 HOBO Water Temp Pro v2 ± 0.2 °C and tidbits ± 0.2 °C) throughout the stream to include a typical range of conditions in the stream: areas degraded by cattle grazing (collapsed banks, little vegetation, shallow depth) and those in recovering areas, including exclosures with more vegetation and greater depth. The Pro v2 probes were placed in white thermoplastic elastomer boots to minimize solar radiation absorption and provide cushioning, and were attached with cable ties to 36 cm rebar pieces, then hammered into the stream substrate. Temperature probes were placed during 2008–2011: 32 probes in Mulkey Meadows, 22 in Big Whitney, and 31 in Ramshaw Meadows. Precise GPS coordinates, depth, and habitat characteristics (depth, vegetation, and, in Mulkey Meadows, whether it was inside or outside the cattle exclosure) were recorded (table 1). Most probes were Onset Pro v2; in Mulkey and Big Whitney meadows, tidbit probes were glued directly onto rocks (Isaak et al. 2013) to record temperatures in rocky runs, where it was not possible to place the rebar stakes in the stream bottom. Probes were relocated at least once each summer, and temperature data were downloaded. Because of the heavy sediment load in GTW streams, the probes were often buried under gravel and sand. To relocate the probes, I used GPS, detailed photographs of placement in streams, and sometimes a metal detector to find the attached rebar. Most probes were found under sediment at least once and as a result the maximum temperatures were likely lower when buried. When each probe was downloaded, DO was measured with a portable YSI 55 DO meter; in other locations, a deployable logger (U26-001) (+ 0.2 mg/L up to 8 mg/L) that could be left in the stream for up to 6 months was used. The YSI meter was also used to periodically check accuracy of temperature probes. Shade was measured using a handheld solar input recording device (Solmetric Suneye 210) that standardizes measurements from a south-facing, level direction and digitally records information. The Suneye 210 measures solar radiation (1-solar radiation = shade) by considering characteristics of solar radiation such as latitude, solar azimuth, time of day, and season while integrating local features including channel aspect, topography, and streamside vegetation. All willows within 2 m of the bank were measured with a measuring rod. The height (centimeters) and the GPS location of each willow were also recorded. Water velocity/streamflow at each probe was measured in meters per second (m/s) at the beginning and at the end of the summer in 2011 using a Swoffer Model 3000 Current Velocity Meter-Flowmeter. 1 The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for reader information and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service. 8 BigWhitney BigWhitney BigWhitney BigWhitney BigWhitney BigWhitney BigWhitney BigWhitney BigWhitney BigWhitney BigWhitney BigWhitney BigWhitney BigWhitney BigWhitney BigWhitney BigWhitney BigWhitney BigWhitney BigWhitney BigWhitney BigWhitney Ramshaw Ramshaw Ramshaw Ramshaw Ramshaw Ramshaw Ramshaw Meadow 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Probe number 36.43975 36.439344 36.438586 36.438236 36.438103 36.43745 36.449708 36.449308 36.448478 36.447811 36.447294 36.446342 36.445225 36.444889 36.442978 36.441628 36.440256 36.436881 36.436247 36.435317 36.434817 36.433997 36.349256 36.349164 36.348936 36.348744 36.348514 36.347769 36.350239 Latitude -118.269906 -118.270019 -118.270406 -118.270631 -118.270569 -118.270706 -118.270989 -118.271156 -118.270978 -118.271961 -118.272078 -118.271883 -118.272528 -118.272967 -118.274922 -118.275158 -118.274369 -118.270606 -118.271064 -118.270700 -118.270775 -118.270442 -118.250425 -118.250836 -118.250544 -118.250567 -118.250356 -118.252167 -118.252036 Longitude Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Tidbit Tidbit Tidbit Tidbit Tidbit Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Probe type 9778993 9778987 9778998 9779003 9778991 9887953 9948090 9448127 9948089 9948108 9948064 9779000 9778988 9779002 9778997 9984787 9778996 9779001 9778995 9987856 9778999 9778994 9776542 9793297 9776556 9793301 9776543 9793307 9793312 Serial number Sedge None Sedge None Sedge Sedge None None None None None Sedge Sedge None None Sedge Sedge None Willow Sedge Sedge Sedge Willow Sedge Sedge Sedge Sedge Sedge Sedge Vegetation Riffle Run Run Run Undercut Pool Pool Pool Pool Pool Run Riffle Pool Pool Riffle Undercut Run Run Run Run Riffle Pool Pool Run Run Pool Run Riffle Pool Habitat Elevation Meters 2958 2958 2957 2956 2954 2950 2950 2945 2945 2943 2941 2940 2940 2937 2935 2935 2933 2933 2933 2933 2933 2933 2640 2639 2639 2637 2637 2637 2637 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Exclosure Depth Centimeters 15 14 14 12 23 48 24 28 40 15 30 18 12 26 14 24 24 32 38 36 12 44 61 31 31 46 31 15 30 Table 1—List of all temperature probes locations (latitude, longitude), probe type (Pro v2 or Tidbit) probe number, serial number, vegetation type near probe, habitat type, elevation, inside or outside exclosure (Mulkey Meadows probes only), and depth Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness 9 10 Probe number 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 Meadow Ramshaw Ramshaw Ramshaw Ramshaw Ramshaw Ramshaw Ramshaw Ramshaw Ramshaw Ramshaw Ramshaw Ramshaw Ramshaw Ramshaw Ramshaw Ramshaw Ramshaw Ramshaw Ramshaw Ramshaw Ramshaw Ramshaw Ramshaw Mulkey Mulkey Mulkey Mulkey Mulkey 36.350210 36.350210 36.350109 36.350350 36.350644 36.350817 36.351158 36.350858 36.351150 36.351367 36.351331 36.351053 36.350661 36.348028 36.348261 36.348336 36.348156 36.347731 36.347242 36.347106 36.347297 36.347080 36.347512 36.404247 36.404033 36.404121 36.403758 36.403753 Latitude -118.252496 -118.253191 -118.253191 -118.253811 -118.253761 -118.253311 -118.253281 -118.253883 -118.253828 -118.254803 -118.254781 -118.255103 -118.255289 -118.247950 -118.248064 -118.248556 -118.248644 -118.248772 -118.249072 -118.249589 -118.250090 -118.251455 -118.251612 -118.198037 -118.199046 -118.199684 -118.200183 -118.200165 Longitude Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Probe type 9793295 9984808 9984791 9984805 9793313 9987852 9793308 9984793 9793305 9793315 9776550 2011620 9984802 9987855 9984789 9984796 9793306 9793310 9776552 9984788 9776549 9793302 9984795 9793298 9984807 9984801 2011610 2011607 Serial number Sedge Sedge Grass Sedge Sedge Willow None None Sedge None Sedge Sedge Willow Willow Sedge None Willow Grass Sedge None Sedge Sedge Willow Sedge Sedge Sedge Sedge Sedge Vegetation Pool Run Run Pool Run Pool Run Run Run Run Pool Run Run Run Pool Pool Run Run Run Pool Run Run Pool Pool Pool Run Run Pool Habitat Elevation Meters 2637 2637 2637 2637 2637 2637 2636 2636 2636 2636 2636 2636 2636 2636 2636 2636 2636 2636 2636 2632 2632 2632 2632 2839 2839 2837 2839.7 2839 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Out Out Out Out Out Exclosure Depth Centimeters 91 46 10 25 22 29 30 29 35 51 45 88 22 45 22 66 110 55 32 44 34 48 90 65 32 34 36 31 Table 1—List of all temperature probes locations (latitude, longitude), probe type (Pro v2 or Tidbit) probe number, serial number, vegetation type near probe, habitat type, elevation, inside or outside exclosure (Mulkey Meadows probes only), and depth (continued) RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427 Probe number 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Meadow Mulkey Mulkey Mulkey Mulkey Mulkey Mulkey Mulkey Mulkey Mulkey Mulkey Mulkey Mulkey Mulkey Mulkey Mulkey Mulkey Mulkey Mulkey Mulkey Mulkey Mulkey Mulkey Mulkey Mulkey Mulkey Mulkey 36.403446 36.403179 36.403163 36.402412 36.402313 36.402667 36.402419 36.402559 36.401785 36.401851 36.396686 36.396138 36.401331 36.399778 36.398358 36.405269 36.405222 36.404848 36.404645 36.404563 36.403995 36.404815 36.404815 36.401190 36.400150 36.397012 Latitude -118.200525 -118.200522 -118.200594 -118.200866 -118.201292 -118.201682 -118.202259 -118.202582 -118.204059 -118.204429 -118.209168 -118.20906 -118.205531 -118.207303 -118.208056 -118.195039 -118.195352 -118.19577 -118.196413 -118.197539 -118.19769 -118.195802 -118.196098 -118.20497 118.20695 -118.208698 Longitude Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Pro v2 Tidbit 1 Tidbit 2 Tidbit 3 Tidbit 4 Tidbit 5 Probe type 9984810 2011605 2013134 9793296 9987854 9984792 9984798 2011611 9984799 9984790 9776540 9793301 9984804 9984809 9984806 9987857 9984797 9984800 9776547 9984794 9776567 9948047 9991116 9991148 9948079 9948147 Serial number Sedge Sedge None Sedge Willow Willow Willow Sedge Willow Sedge Willow Willow Sedge Willow Willow Willow Sedge Sedge Grass Sedge Sedge Sedge Sedge Grass Sedge Willow Vegetation Pool Run Pool Run Pool Run Pool Pool Pool Pool Pool Pool Run Undercut Run Run Run Run Run Run Run Pool Pool Run Run Pool Habitat Elevation Meters 2835 2835 2835 2835 2836 2834 2833 2833 2833 2833 2833 2839 2839 2838 2838 2839 2838 2838 2838 2838 2838 2839 2839 2839 2839 2839 Out Out Out In In In In In In In In In In In In Out Out Out Out Out Out Out Out Out Out In Exclosure Depth Centimeters 30 10 20 45 30 22 65 36 42 65 20 10 14 20 20 15 10 12 25 20 10 12 24 26 25 18 Table 1—List of all temperature probes locations (latitude, longitude), probe type (Pro v2 or Tidbit) probe number, serial number, vegetation type near probe, habitat type, elevation, inside or outside exclosure (Mulkey Meadows probes only), and depth (continued) Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness 11 RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427 Results Temperature probes were successfully downloaded from 83 probes; 31 from Mulkey Meadows, 30 from Ramshaw Meadows, and 22 from Big Whitney Meadow (table 1). I originally deployed 90 probes, but five were never recovered and two were found out of the stream and damaged by animals (likely marmots or coyotes). Year-round temperatures ranged from -0.1 to 26 °C in Mulkey and Ramshaw Meadows, whereas in Big Whitney Meadow maximum temperature did not exceed 21 °C (fig. 6). Median year-round temperatures were highest in Mulkey and lowest in Big Whitney (fig. 6). Water temperatures were highest during summer weeks 27 through 34 (late June to mid September) (figs. 7 through 9). During the summer diel (24 hr), fluctuations sometimes ranged from + 16 °C as seen in a Mulkey Meadows probe (fig. 10). Temperatures were influenced by probe location: temperatures were most variable with +3 °C differences between individual probes in Mulkey Meadows, and +2.5 °C in Ramshaw Meadow. Temperatures were the least variable in Big Whitney Meadow at +1 °C (fig. 11). Graphs of individual probe’s monthly maximum, minimum, and mean temperatures demonstrate the variability of temperatures amongst the 83 probes (figs. 12 through 14). Temperatures were highest from May through November and typically hovered near 0 °C during the winter. Big Whitney temperatures did not exceed 21.2 °C; Mulkey and Ramshaw temperatures reached 26 °C. I only retrieved 1 year of data from three probes in Ramshaw Meadows. Median DO ranged from 5.9 mg/L in Mulkey to 6.2 mg/L in Ramshaw Meadows in 2012 (fig. 15). The diel (24-hour) range of and water temperatures DO from August 2013 demonstrates the lag and decline of DO after the afternoon warmest temperature (fig. 16). In a typical 24-hour period, DO was lowest around midnight (2 mg/L) and highest in the afternoon (8 mg/L). The 24-hour recording DO probe in Mulkey Meadows from 7/12/2013 to 8/15/2013 found that oxygen levels plummeted to 0 mg/l during a week-long series of thunderstorms (fig. 17). Flow measurements were low in all meadows (fig. 18). Median flow (m/s) was below 0.4 m/s in all three meadows during the summer. Flow was highest in Big Whitney Meadow (median 0.38 m/s) and lowest in Mulkey Meadows (median 0.07 m/s). Solar radiation estimates were high (>90 percent) and shade estimates (opposite of solar radiation) were low (<10 percent) in all three meadows (fig. 19). Counts and measurements of willows inside and outside the exclosures found 13 times more willows (980 willow trees, for a river length of 1200 m) inside the exclosures compared to the area where cattle were present (75 willow trees, for a river length of 900 m). Willows in the exclosure were on average twice as high (0.92 ± 0.56 m) compared to the willow outside of the exclosure (0.43 ± 0.29 m) (Welsch twosample t-test: t122.6 = 12.7, p < 0.001) (fig. 20). 12 25 25 20 20 Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness 15 10 5 15 10 5 0 0 Mulkey Big Whitney Ramshaw 2008 2009 Meadow 2010 2011 2012 2013 Year Figure 6—(A) Overall median water temperatures (°C) for Mulkey, Big Whitney, and Ramshaw Meadows; (B) annual median water temperatures for all meadows from 2008 to 2013. Mulkey Meadows Temperature (°C) 25 20 15 10 5 0 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Week of the year (summertime) Figure 7—Summer (weeks 23 through 38) median water temperatures (°C) for Mulkey Meadows. 13 RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427 Ramshaw Meadow Temperature (°C) 25 20 15 10 5 0 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Week of the year (summertime) Figure 8—Summer (weeks 23 through 38) median water temperatures (degrees Celsius) for Ramshaw Meadows. Big Whitney Meadows Temperature (°C) 25 20 15 10 5 0 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Week of the year (summertime) Figure 9—Summer (weeks 23 through 38) median water temperatures (degrees Celsius) for Big Whitney Meadow. 14 Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness June 28, 2013, Mulkey Creek 25 20 15 10 16 °C diel change 5 0 0:02 1:02 2:02 3:02 4:02 5:02 6:02 7:02 8:02 9:02 10:02 11:02 12:02 13:02 14:02 15:02 16:02 17:02 18:02 19:02 20:02 21:02 22:02 23:02 0:02 Water temperature (°C) 30 Figure 10—Diel water temperature change in Mulkey Creek on June 28, 2013. Relative temperature effect (°C) 1.5 Relative effect of the probes location 1.0 0.5 0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0 Big Whitney Mulkey Ramshaw Figure 11—Relative water temperature differences between individual probes in the three streams. 15 Temperature (ºC) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Monthly maximum Monthly mean Monthly minimum Mulkey, Probe 3, 9984801 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 24.17 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.06 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.03 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 23.4 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 08 08 08 08 08 09 09 09 09 09 09 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 25 Figure 12—All individual water temperature graphs for Mulkey Meadows (a through h). Temperature (ºC) Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr July Aug Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Temperature (ºC) Mulkey, Probe 1, 9793298 Temperature (ºC) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.06 °C ● ● ● ● ● Max = 24.75 °C ● ● ● Min = −0.116 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Mulkey, Probe 4, 2011610 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 26.11 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Aug 10 Oct 11 Nov 11 Feb 12 Apr 12 July 12 Oct 12 Nov 12 Jan 13 Feb 13 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Aug 13 ● July 13 June 13 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Apr 13 25 Sept 11 Jan 12 Dec 11 Mar 12 May 12 June 12 Aug 12 Sept 12 Dec 12 Mar 13 May 13 Mulkey, Probe 2, 9984807 08 08 08 08 08 09 09 09 09 09 09 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr July Aug Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug A 08 08 08 08 08 09 09 09 09 09 09 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April July Aug Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May June July Aug 16 RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427 17 Temperature (°C) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 26.33 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −2.31 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 24.82 °C ● ● ● ● Mulkey, Probe 7, 2011605 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.171 °C ● ● ● Mulkey, Probe 5, 2011607 Temperature (°C) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.23 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Monthly maximum Monthly mean Monthly minimum ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 24.75 °C ● ● ● Mulkey, Probe 8, 2013134 Min = −0.20 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 24.074ºC Mulkey, Probe 6, 9984810 Aug−08 Sep−08 Oct−08 Nov−08 Dec−08 Jan−09 Feb−09 Mar−09 Apr−09 May−09 Jul−09 Aug−09 Sep−09 Oct−09 Nov−09 Dec−09 Jan−10 Feb−10 Mar−10 Apr−10 May−10 Jun−10 Jul−10 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 30 Figure 12 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Mulkey Meadows (a through h). Temperature (°C) Aug−08 Sep−08 Oct−08 Nov−08 Dec−08 Jan−09 Feb−09 Mar−09 Apr−09 May−09 Jul−09 Aug−09 Sep−09 Oct−09 Nov−09 Dec−09 Jan−10 Feb−10 Mar−10 Apr−10 May−10 Jun−10 Jul−10 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 B Aug−08 Sep−08 Oct−08 Nov−08 Dec−08 Jan−09 Feb−09 Mar−09 Apr−09 May−09 Jul−09 Aug−09 Sep−09 Oct−09 Nov−09 Dec−09 Jan−10 Feb−10 Mar−10 Apr−10 May−10 Jun−10 Jul−10 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 Temperature (°C) Aug−08 Sep−08 Oct−08 Nov−08 Dec−08 Jan−09 Feb−09 Mar−09 Apr−09 Jul−09 Aug−09 Sep−09 Oct−09 Nov−09 Dec−09 Jan−10 Feb−10 Mar−10 Apr−10 May−10 Jun−10 Jul−10 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness Temperature (°C) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.280 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Mulkey, Probe 11, 9984792 ● ● ● Max● = 24.24 °C ● ● ● Min = −0.116 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 24.07 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Monthly maximum Monthly mean Monthly minimum Mulkey, Probe 9, 9793296 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Temperature (°C) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 25.23 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Mulkey, Probe 12, 9984798 Min = −0.03 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.12 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 22.06 °C ● Mulkey, Probe 10, 9987854 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Aug−08 Sep−08 Oct−08 Nov−08 Dec−08 Jan−09 Feb−09 Mar−09 Apr−09 May−09 Jul−09 Aug−09 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 25 Figure 12 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Mulkey Meadows (a through h). Temperature (°C) Aug−08 Sep−08 Oct−08 Nov−08 Dec−08 Jan−09 Feb−09 Mar−09 Apr−09 May−09 Jul−09 Aug−09 Aug−10 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 C Aug−08 Sep−08 Oct−08 Nov−08 Dec−08 Jan−09 Feb−09 Mar−09 Apr−09 May−09 Jul−09 Aug−09 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 Temperature (°C) Aug−08 Sep−08 Oct−08 Nov−08 Dec−08 Jan−09 Feb−09 Mar−09 Apr−09 May−09 Jul−09 Aug−09 Sep−09 Oct−09 Nov−09 Dec−09 Jan−10 Feb−10 Mar−10 Apr−10 May−10 Jun−10 Jul−10 Aug−10 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 18 RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427 19 Temperature (°C) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.54 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 24.70 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Mulkey, Probe 15, 9984790 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.12 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 25.11 °C Mulkey, Probe 13, 2011611 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Temperature (°C) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 22.61 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.06 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Monthly maximum Monthly mean Monthly minimum Mulkey, Probe 16, 9776540 Min = −0.09 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 24.68 °C Mulkey, Probe 14, 9984799 Aug−08 Sep−08 Oct−08 Nov−08 Dec−08 Jan−09 Feb−09 Mar−09 Apr−09 May−09 Jul−09 Aug−09 Sep−09 Oct−09 Nov−09 Dec−09 Jan−10 Feb−10 Mar−10 Apr−10 May−10 Jun−10 Jul−10 Aug−10 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 30 Figure 12 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Mulkey Meadows (a through h). Temperature (°C) Aug−08 Sep−08 Oct−08 Nov−08 Dec−08 Jan−09 Feb−09 Mar−09 Apr−09 May−09 Jul−09 Aug−09 Sep−09 Oct−09 Nov−09 Dec−09 Jan−10 Feb−10 Mar−10 Apr−10 May−10 Jun−10 Jul−10 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 Sep−13 Oct−13 Nov−13 Dec−13 Jan−14 Feb−14 Mar−14 Apr−14 May−14 Jun−14 Jul−14 Aug−14 D Aug−08 Sep−08 Oct−08 Nov−08 Dec−08 Jan−09 Feb−09 Mar−09 Apr−09 May−09 Jul−09 Aug−09 Sep−09 Oct−09 Nov−09 Dec−09 Jan−10 Feb−10 Mar−10 Apr−10 May−10 Jun−10 Jul−10 Aug−10 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 Temperature (°C) Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.12 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.14 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Mulkey, Probe 19, 9984809 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 20.89 °C 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 Figure 12 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Mulkey Meadows (a through h). 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 ● Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 20.39 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Mulkey, Probe 20, 9984806 Min = −0.03 °C ● ● ● Min = 0.02 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 19.72 °C Aug−11 ● Nov−11 20 Jan−12 ● Dec−11 ● Feb−12 ● Apr−12 ● Mar−12 ● Jun−12 May−12 20 Oct−11 Monthly maximum Monthly mean Monthly minimum Jul−12 ● Aug−12 25 Oct−12 ● Sep−12 ● Nov−12 Max = 22.49 °C Jan−13 Dec−12 25 Sep−11 Mulkey, Probe 18, 9984804 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Feb−13 Mulkey, Probe 17, 9793303 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Apr−13 Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) Aug−10 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 Mar−13 20 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 E RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427 Temperature (°C) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 21.15 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.14 °C ● ● ● ● Min = −0.09 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Mulkey, Probe 97, 9984800 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 Figure 12 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Mulkey Meadows (a through h). 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 ● ● ● Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) 20 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Oct−11 25 Sep−11 Monthly maximum Monthly mean Monthly minimum ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Nov−11 ● Jan−12 Dec−11 5 Oct−11 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 22.97ºC Min = −0.03 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.14 °C ● ● ● Max = 24.63 °C Mulkey, Probe 98, 9776547 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Mulkey, Probe 96, 9974798 Mar−12 Feb−12 ● Dec−11 Nov−11 Apr−12 ● Jan−12 Jan−12 Dec−11 May−12 10 Feb−12 Feb−12 Jul−12 ● Mar−12 Mar−12 Jun−12 15 Apr−12 Apr−12 Aug−12 ● Jun−12 Oct−12 ● May−12 May−12 Sep−12 20 Jun−12 Jul−12 Nov−12 ● Jul−12 Aug−12 Jan−13 Max = 22.49 °C Aug−12 Sep−12 Dec−12 Monthly Maximum Monthly Mean Monthly Minimum Sep−12 Oct−12 Temperature (°C) Oct−12 Nov−12 Mar−13 Feb−13 25 Feb−13 ● ● ● ● ● ● Apr−13 Mulkey, Probe 95, 9987857 Apr−13 Oct−11 Aug−10 Jan−13 Mar−13 Sep−11 Aug−11 Nov−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 May−13 Nov−11 Sep−11 Dec−12 Dec−12 Mar−13 Jun−13 Apr−13 Jul−13 May−13 Aug−13 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● May−13 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 F Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness 21 Temperature (°C) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 24.90 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.14 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● Mulkey, Tidbit.1, 9948047 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.06ºC ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Mulkey, Probe 99, 9984794 Temperature (°C) -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Monthly maximum Monthly mean Monthly minimum ● ● ● Min = −2.48 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 25.36 °C ● Min = −0.12 °C ● ● ● Mulkey, Tidbit 2, 9991116 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 20.87 °C ● ● ● Mulkey, Probe 100, 9776567 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 30 Figure 12 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Mulkey Meadows (a through h). Temperature (°C) Max = 21.13 °C Oct−11 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 25 Nov−11 Feb−12 Apr−12 Jul−12 Oct−12 Feb−13 Jun−13 Oct−11 Feb−12 G Sep−11 Jan−12 Dec−11 Mar−12 May−12 Jun−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Nov−12 Jan−13 Dec−12 Apr−13 Mar−13 May−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 Temperature (°C) Aug−11 Sep−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 22 RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.09 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Mulkey, Tidbit 5, 9948147 ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = 0.05 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 20.82 °C ● Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) 0 5 10 15 Figure 12 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Mulkey Meadows (a through h). -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -5 0 5 10 ● ● ● ● Aug−11 ● ● ● ● ● ● Oct−11 15 Sep−11 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Nov−11 ● ● ● ● Jan−12 ● Dec−11 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.06 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● Feb−12 ● Apr−12 ● Mar−12 ● May−12 ● Jul−12 20 Jun−12 ● ● ● Aug−12 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Oct−12 ● Sep−12 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Nov−12 Monthly maximum Monthly mean Monthly minimum ● ● ● Jan−13 20 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−12 Max = 22.47 °C Nov−11 Dec−11 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 21.58 °C Feb−13 25 Dec−11 Jan−12 Temperature (°C) Jan−12 Feb−12 Aug−11 Sep−11 Feb−12 Mar−12 Sep−11 Oct−11 Mar−12 Apr−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 May−12 Jun−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Apr−13 Mar−13 Mulkey, Tidbit 4, 9948079 May−13 25 Jul−13 Mulkey, Tidbit 3, 9991148 Jun−13 30 Aug−13 H Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness 23 Temperature (°C) -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 23.2 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.12 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● Ramshaw, Probe 3, 9776556 ● ● ● Min = −0.03 °C ● ● ● ● Max = 21.4 °C Monthly maximum Monthly mean Monthly minimum Ramshaw, Probe 1, 9776542 Figure 13—All individual water temperature graphs for Ramshaw Meadows (a through h). Temperature (°C) Aug−08 Sep−08 Oct−08 Nov−08 Dec−08 Jan−09 Feb−09 Mar−09 Apr−09 May−09 Jul−09 Aug−09 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 A Aug−08 Sep−08 Oct−08 Nov−08 Dec−08 Jan−09 Feb−09 Mar−09 Apr−09 May−09 Jul−09 Aug−09 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 21.5 °C Min = −0.12 °C ● ● ● Ramshaw, Probe 4, 9793301 ● ● ● Min = −0.14 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 21.4 °C ● ● ● Aug−08 Sep−08 Oct−08 Nov−08 Dec−08 Jan−09 Feb−09 Mar−09 Apr−09 May−09 Jul−09 Aug−09 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Ramshaw, Probe 2, 9793297 Aug−08 Sep−08 Oct−08 Nov−08 Dec−08 Jan−09 Feb−09 Mar−09 Apr−09 May−09 Jul−09 Aug−09 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 24 RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427 25 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -5 0 5 10 15 20 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Ramshaw, Probe 7, 9793312 ● ● ● Min = −0.12 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● Monthly maximum Monthly mean Monthly minimum Min = −0.14 °C ● ● ● Oct−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Jul−11 Oct−11 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 22.5ºC ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 21.7 °C Jul−12 Temperature (°C) -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -5 0 5 10 15 20 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.12 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Ramshaw, Probe 8, 9793295 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Oct−10 Ramshaw, Probe 6, 9793307 Nov−10 Feb−11 Jul−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Feb−12 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 21.8 °C ● ● ● Min = −1.96 °C ● ● ● Max = 21.7 °C Jul−12 25 Aug−10 Sep−10 Jan−11 Dec−10 Apr−11 Mar−11 May−11 Jun−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Jan−12 Dec−11 Apr−12 Mar−12 May−12 Jun−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 30 Figure 13 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Ramshaw Meadows (a through h). Temperature (°C) Aug−10 Sep−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Apr−11 Mar−11 May−11 Jun−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Nov−11 25 Nov−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 May−12 Jun−12 Aug−12 Ramshaw, Probe 5, 9776543 Dec−11 Dec−11 Mar−12 Apr−12 30 Mar−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Jan−12 Jun−12 B Temperature (°C) Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Apr−11 May−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Mar−12 Feb−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Temperature (°C) Aug−08 Sep−08 Oct−08 Nov−08 Dec−08 Jan−09 Feb−09 Mar−09 Apr−09 May−09 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness ● ● 10 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.09 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = 7.9 °C Max = 15.1 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● Ramshaw, Probe 11, 9984805 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -5 0 5 10 15 20 Figure 13 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Ramshaw Meadows (a through h). -5 0 5 ● 15 ● ● 20 25 30 -5 0 5 10 15 ● Jul−11 Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) 20 Aug−11 Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) 25 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.09 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Ramshaw, Probe 12, 9793313 Min = −0.08 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● Jan−11 Aug−08 Sep−08 Oct−08 Nov−08 Dec−08 Jan−09 Feb−09 Mar−09 Apr−09 May−09 Jul−09 Aug−09 Sep−09 Oct−09 Nov−09 Dec−09 Jan−10 Feb−10 Mar−10 Apr−10 May−10 Jun−10 Jul−10 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−11 Nov−10 Feb−11 Aug−10 Aug−10 Dec−10 Apr−11 Mar−11 ● Jun−11 Sep−10 Oct−10 Jan−11 May−11 Max = 22.0 °C Jul−11 ● Sep−10 Feb−11 Aug−11 25 Oct−11 30 Nov−10 Mar−11 Sep−11 Monthly maximum Monthly mean Monthly minimum Nov−11 30 Dec−11 Oct−10 Dec−10 Apr−11 Jan−12 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 18.6 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 17.1 °C Jul−11 May−12 May−11 Mar−12 Feb−12 Aug−11 Jul−12 Ramshaw, Probe 10, 9984791 Jun−12 Jun−11 Apr−12 Sep−11 Ramshaw, Probe 9, 9984808 Aug−12 26 Sep−12 C RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427 ● ● ● ● Aug−11 Temperature (°C) ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.03 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = 5.5 °C ● ● ● Max = 16.7 °C Ramshaw, Probe 15, 9984793 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -5 0 5 10 15 20 Figure 13 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Ramshaw Meadows (a through h). -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -5 0 ● Sep−11 5 Oct−11 ● Nov−11 ● Dec−11 ● Jan−12 10 Apr−12 ● Mar−12 ● May−12 ● Jul−12 15 Jun−12 ● Aug−12 ● Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.12 °C ● ● ● ● ● Max = 16.3 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.06 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 22.3 °C ● ● ● ● ● Ramshaw, Probe 16, 9793305 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Oct−10 ● Nov−10 ● Oct−10 Dec−10 20 Jan−11 Dec−10 Jan−11 25 Feb−11 Feb−11 Max = 19.7 °C Apr−11 Mar−11 Monthly maximum Monthly mean Monthly minimum Mar−11 Apr−11 25 Nov−10 Ramshaw, Probe 14, 9793308 Jun−11 Jun−11 30 Jul−11 Jul−11 Ramshaw, Probe 13, 9987852 Aug−11 Aug−11 30 May−11 May−11 Temperature (°C) Sep−11 Sep−11 Jul−11 Jul−11 Oct−11 Oct−11 Feb−12 Aug−11 Nov−11 Nov−11 Sep−12 Sep−11 Jan−12 Dec−11 Aug−10 Aug−10 Apr−12 May−12 Dec−11 Jan−12 Jun−12 Jun−12 Feb−12 Feb−12 Jul−12 Jul−12 Mar−12 Mar−12 Aug−12 Aug−12 Sep−10 Sep−10 May−12 Apr−12 Sep−12 Sep−12 D Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness 27 Aug−10 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Sep−10 Temperature (°C) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.03 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Ramshaw, Probe 19, 2011620 Min = −0.1 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 21.0 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -5 0 5 10 15 Figure 13 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Ramshaw Meadows (a through h). -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -5 0 ● Oct−10 5 ● Nov−10 ● Dec−10 ● Jan−11 ● Feb−11 ● Mar−11 ● Apr−11 10 May−11 ● Jun−11 ● Jul−11 ● Aug−11 15 Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) 20 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.1 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.03 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Ramshaw, Probe 20, 9984802 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 17.0 °C Oct−10 ● Nov−10 20 Apr−11 25 Jul−11 Max = 18.6 °C Aug−11 25 Oct−11 30 Jan−12 Monthly maximum Monthly mean Monthly minimum Apr−12 30 Feb−11 Oct−11 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 22.3 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● May−12 Ramshaw, Probe 18, 9776550 Sep−11 Feb−12 Jul−12 Ramshaw, Probe 17, 9793315 Mar−11 Nov−11 Temperature (°C) Nov−11 Mar−12 Sep−11 Aug−09 Sep−09 Oct−09 Nov−09 Dec−09 Jan−10 Mar−10 Feb−10 Apr−10 May−10 Jun−10 Jul−10 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Dec−11 Apr−12 Sep−10 Aug−11 Feb−12 May−12 Aug−10 Jul−11 Jan−11 Dec−10 Sep−11 May−11 Dec−11 Jun−12 Jul−12 Jun−11 Jan−12 Aug−12 Aug−12 Mar−12 Jun−12 Sep−12 28 Sep−12 E RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427 Temperature (°C) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.03 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.1 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Ramshaw, Probe 93, 9984796 Max = 17.5 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -5 0 5 10 15 Figure 13 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Ramshaw Meadows (a through h). -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -5 0 5 ● Dec−11 ● Oct−11 10 Nov−11 ● Jun−12 ● Jan−12 Dec−11 Temperature (°C) Feb−12 Jan−12 Oct−11 Aug−11 Mar−12 Feb−12 Sep−11 Jul−11 Nov−11 Sep−11 Apr−12 Mar−12 Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) 15 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 22.4 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.1 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 23.3 °C Ramshaw, Probe 94, 9793306 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.1 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Oct−10 20 Nov−10 25 Dec−10 ● Jan−11 May−12 Apr−12 Oct−11 Feb−11 ● May−12 Dec−11 Apr−11 Mar−11 20 Jun−12 Jan−12 May−11 ● Jul−11 ● Jul−12 Jul−12 Feb−12 Jun−11 25 Aug−11 Aug−12 Aug−12 Mar−12 Sep−11 30 Oct−11 Sep−12 Sep−12 Apr−12 Nov−11 Max = 23.4 °C Jan−12 Sep−11 Aug−10 May−12 Dec−11 Monthly maximum Monthly mean Monthly minimum Apr−12 30 Sep−10 Jun−12 Mar−12 Feb−12 Jul−12 May−12 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Aug−12 Jul−12 Nov−11 Ramshaw, Probe 92, 9984789 Aug−12 Ramshaw, Probe 91, 9987855 Jun−12 Sep−12 Sep−12 F Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness 29 Temperature (°C) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = 0.5 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Ramshaw, Probe 97, 9984788 Max = 16.4 °C ● ● ● ● Min = −0.1ºC ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -5 0 5 10 15 20 Figure 13 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Ramshaw Meadows (a through h). -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -5 0 5 ● Oct−10 ● Nov−10 ● Feb−11 ● Jul−11 10 Jun−11 ● Oct−11 ● Mar−12 15 May−12 ● Jul−12 ● Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.1 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.17 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Ramshaw, Probe 98, 9776549 Max = 17.82 °C Sep−10 Max = 16.9 °C Nov−10 ● Jan−11 25 Feb−11 30 Apr−11 Mar−11 20 Jan−11 Oct−11 May−11 25 Apr−11 Mar−11 Nov−11 Nov−11 Monthly maximum Monthly mean Monthly minimum Sep−11 Jan−12 Apr−12 30 May−11 Dec−11 Temperature (°C) Nov−11 Feb−12 Aug−10 Jul−11 Jan−12 Mar−12 Sep−10 Aug−11 Dec−11 Apr−12 Dec−10 Sep−11 Feb−12 May−12 Jul−11 Nov−10 Apr−12 Jun−12 Jun−11 Dec−10 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−11 Jan−11 Aug−12 Aug−12 Oct−11 Feb−11 Sep−12 Sep−12 Sep−11 Mar−11 Aug−10 Aug−10 Jan−12 Dec−11 Apr−11 Oct−10 Sep−10 Feb−12 May−11 Dec−10 Oct−10 Mar−12 Jun−11 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 18.4 °C Jul−12 Ramshaw, Probe 96, 9776552 Jun−12 Ramshaw, Probe 95, 9793306 Aug−12 Aug−11 May−12 Jul−11 Sep−12 30 Sep−11 G RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427 Aug−10 ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.1 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Figure 13 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Ramshaw Meadows (a through h). -5 0 ● Sep−10 5 ● Nov−10 ● Dec−10 10 Oct−10 ● Jan−11 ● Feb−11 ● Mar−11 15 Apr−11 ● May−11 Max = 17.9 °C Jun−11 ● Jul−11 20 Aug−11 25 Sep−11 Monthly maximum Monthly mean Monthly minimum ● ● ● Min = 5.2 °C Max = 17.8 °C ● ● ● Jul−11 30 Aug−10 ● ● ● ● ● ● Ramshaw, Probe 100, 9984792 Aug−11 Ramshaw, Probe 99, 9793302 Sep−11 H Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness 31 Temperature (°C) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 20.15 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 17.5 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = 0.02 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Big Whitney, Probe 3, 9778998 ● ● ● Min = 2.4 °C Oct−10 Jan−11 Apr−11 Aug−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Jan−12 May−12 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Jul−12 Big Whitney, Probe 1, 9778993 ● ● ● ● ● ● Figure 14—All individual water temperature graphs for Big Whitney Meadow (a through f). Temperature (°C) Jul−10 Aug−10 Sep−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Feb−11 Mar−11 May−11 Jul−11 Jun−11 Sep−11 Dec−11 Feb−12 Apr−12 Mar−12 Jun−12 Aug−12 A Jul−10 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 20.25 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = 1.04 °C ● ● ● Min = 0 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● Big Whitney, Probe 4, 9779003 ● ● ● ● ● Max = 17.3 °C Monthly maximum Monthly mean Monthly minimum Jul−10 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Big Whitney, Probe 2, 9778987 Jul−10 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 32 RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427 33 Temperature (°C) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = 0.3 °C Max = 20.01 °C ● ● ● ● ● Max = 20.29 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Monthly maximum Monthly mean Monthly minimum ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = 0.02 °C ● ● ● Big Whitney, Probe 8, 9778988 ● ● ● Big Whitney, Probe 5, 9778991 Temperature (°C) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = 0.3 °C Max = 20.01 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = 0.14 °C ● ● ● Big Whitney, Probe 8, 9778988 ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 21.2 °C Big Whitney, Probe 6, 9987853 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Jul−10 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 25 Figure 14 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Big Whitney Meadow (a through f). Temperature (°C) Jul−10 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 B Jul−10 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 Temperature (°C) Jul−10 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness Temperature (°C) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 19.89 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Big Whitney, Probe 11, 9984787 ● ● ● ● Min = 0.02 °C ● ● ● Min = 0.02 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 20.06 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Monthly maximum Monthly mean Monthly minimum Big Whitney, Probe 9, 9779002 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 19.89 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 18.53 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Big Whitney, Probe 12, 9979886 ● ● ● ● Min = 0.02 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = 0.02 °C ● ● ● Big Whitney, Probe 10, 9778997 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Jul−10 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 25 Figure 14 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Big Whitney Meadow (a through f). Temperature (°C) Jul−10 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 C Jul−10 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) Jul−10 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 34 RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427 35 Temperature (°C) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 19.89 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.12 °C ● ● ● Big Whitney, Probe 15, 9987856 ● ● ● ● Min = 0.02 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 19.91 °C Monthly maximum Monthly mean Monthly minimum Big Whitney, Probe 13, 9779001 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Temperature (°C) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.03 °C ● ● Max = 17.75 °C ● ● ● ● Max = 20.06 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = 0.0 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● Big Whitney, Probe 16, 9778999 ● ● ● Big Whitney, Probe 14, 9778995 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Jul−10 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 25 Figure 14 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Big Whitney Meadow (a through f). Temperature (°C) Jul−10 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 D Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 Temperature (°C) Jul−10 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness Temperature (°C) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.12 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = −0.06 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Big Whitney, Tidbit.2, 9948127 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 Figure 14 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Big Whitney Meadow (a through f). -5 0 5 ● ● Aug−11 10 ● ● ● Oct−11 15 ● ● Max = 19.56 °C Sep−11 20 ● ● Nov−11 25 ● ● Jan−12 0 ● ● Dec−11 5 ● ● ● Feb−12 10 ● ● Apr−12 Temperature (°C) ● Mar−12 15 May−12 Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) ● Jul−12 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 19.51 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Max = 19.87 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = 0.02 °C ● ● ● Big Whitney, Tidbit 1, 9948090 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = 0.02 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Big Whitney, Tidbit 3, 9948089 Dec−11 Dec−11 ● Jun−12 Jan−12 Jan−12 ● Aug−12 Feb−12 Feb−12 ● Oct−12 Mar−12 Mar−12 ● Sep−12 Apr−12 Apr−12 ● Nov−12 May−12 May−12 Max = 18.08ºC Jan−13 Dec−12 Jun−12 Jun−12 20 Feb−13 Jul−12 Jul−12 Monthly maximum Monthly mean Monthly minimum Apr−13 Mar−13 Aug−12 Aug−12 25 May−13 Sep−12 Sep−12 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Jun−13 Big Whitney, Probe 17, 9778994 Jul−13 Oct−12 Oct−12 Jul−10 Aug−10 Sep−10 Oct−10 Nov−10 Dec−10 Jan−11 Feb−11 Mar−11 Apr−11 May−11 Jun−11 Jul−11 Aug−11 Sep−11 Oct−11 Nov−11 Dec−11 Jan−12 Feb−12 Mar−12 Apr−12 May−12 Jun−12 Jul−12 Aug−12 Sep−12 Oct−12 Nov−12 Dec−12 Jan−13 Feb−13 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 Jun−13 Jul−13 Aug−13 Jun−13 Nov−12 Nov−12 Aug−11 Aug−11 Jan−13 Dec−12 Sep−11 Sep−11 Dec−12 Jan−13 Oct−11 Oct−11 Feb−13 Feb−13 Apr−13 Mar−13 Nov−11 Nov−11 Mar−13 Apr−13 May−13 May−13 ● ● ● ● ● ● Jul−13 Jul−13 36 Jun−13 E RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427 Sep−11 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) 0 5 Figure 14 continued—All individual water temperature graphs for Big Whitney Meadow (a through f). 0 Oct−11 ● Dec−11 ● Nov−11 ● Jan−12 ● Feb−12 5 Mar−12 ● Apr−12 ● May−12 10 Jun−12 10 ● ● ● ● Aug−11 ● Aug−12 ● Jul−12 ● ● ● Oct−11 ● Sep−11 15 ● ● ● Nov−11 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Jan−12 ● Dec−11 15 Feb−12 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Apr−12 ● ● ● May−12 ● Mar−12 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Jul−12 ● Jun−12 ● ● ● ● Aug−12 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Oct−12 20 Sep−12 ● ● ● ● Nov−12 Max = 19.51 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Min = 0.05 °C ● ● ● ● ● ● Jan−13 Dec−12 20 Feb−13 25 Apr−13 25 Mar−13 Monthly maximum Monthly mean Monthly minimum ● ● ● May−13 30 ● ● ● ● ● ● Jul−13 Big Whitney, Tidbit 5, 9948064 Jun−13 Big Whitney, Tidbit 4, 9948108 ● ● ● Aug−13 H Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness 37 RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427 10 Dissolved Oxygen Boxplots, 2012 Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Big Whitney Mulkey Ramshaw Meadow Figure 15—Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) measurements in 2012 in all three meadows. 38 Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness 10 25 9 20 Water temperature (°C) 7 15 6 5 10 4 3 5 2 Dissolved oxygen 1 8:00 12:00 4:00 0:00 20:00 16:00 12:00 8:00 4:00 0:00 20:00 16:00 8:00 12:00 4:00 0:00 20:00 16:00 8:00 12:00 4:00 0:00 Water temperature 0 Dissolved oxygen m(g/L) 8 0 Time Figure 16—Diel measurements of dissolved oxygen and water temperature in Mulkey Meadows. 39 RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427 Daily Maximum Dissolved Oxygen and Associated Temperature 12 Temperature (°C) Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) 20 10 Temperature (°C) 8 15 6 4 10 2 Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) 25 5 0 -2 7/ 1 7/ 2/ 1 1 3 7/ 3/ 1 1 3 7/ 4/ 1 1 3 7/ 5/ 1 1 3 7/ 6/ 1 1 3 7/ 7/ 1 1 3 7/ 8/ 1 1 3 7/ 9/ 1 2 3 7/ 0/ 1 2 3 7/ 1/ 1 2 3 7/ 2/ 1 2 3 7/ 3/ 1 2 3 7/ 4/ 1 2 3 7/ 5/ 1 2 3 7/ 6/ 1 2 3 7/ 7/ 1 2 3 7/ 8/ 1 2 3 7/ 9/ 1 30 3 7/ / 1 31 3 8/ / 13 1 8/ / 13 2 8/ / 13 3 8/ / 13 4/ 8/ 13 5 8/ / 13 6 8/ / 13 7 8/ / 13 8 8/ / 13 9 8/ / 13 10 8/ / 1 1 3 8/ 1/ 1 1 3 8/ 2/ 1 1 3 8/ 3/ 1 1 3 8/ 4/ 1 15 3 /1 3 0 Date Figure 17—2013 32-day dissolved oxygen levels and temperatures in Mulkey Creek. Early Summer: 7/26/2011–8/15/2011 0.8 Late Summer: 9/6/2011–9/7/2011 0.8 Velocity (m/s) Velocity (m/s) 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0 0 Big Whitney Mulkey Meadow Ramshaw Big Whitney Mulkey Meadow Figure 18—Flow measurements (meters per second (m/s)) in Big Whitney, Mulkey, and Ramshaw Meadows in 2011. 40 Ramshaw Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness Percentage Solar Radiation Boxplot, August 2012 100 Percentage solar radiation 90 80 70 60 50 Big Whitney Mulkey Meadow Ramshaw Figure 19—Shade/solar input measurements (percentage solar radiation) in 2012 in the three meadows. Willow height distribution 0.020 Inside exclosure 100 Outside exclosure Outside exclosure 0.015 Density 80 Frequency Inside exclosure 60 40 0.010 0.005 20 0 0 0 50 100 150 200 Willow height [cm] 250 300 0 100 200 300 Willow height [cm] Figure 20—(A) Willows height (centimeters) distribution inside and outside the exclosure in Mulkey Meadows and (B) willow height density inside and outside the exclosure. 41 RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427 Discussion This is the first documentation of year-round water temperatures in GTW streams. Water temperatures from 2008 through 2013 indicate several vulnerabilities: water temperatures in some areas of the GTW are already at stressful levels (>26 °C) (Bjornn and Reiser 1991), and these areas will not be resilient to future increased warming. The natural conditions of Kern Plateau with wide open meadows combined with reduced streamside vegetation have reduced the capacity of these streams to remain cool, and future warming could result in lethal water temperatures. The higher abundance and height of willows inside the areas excluded to cattle should be explored as a possible way to restore and keep streams cooler. California golden trout inhabit streams with temperatures at critical levels. Past research found rainbow trout in southern California streams at temperatures up to 28 °C, but trout sought out cool water seeps and did not use the warmer areas (Matthews and Berg 1997). In the GTW, CGT are extremely abundant throughout the stream (Knapp and Matthews 1996) and inhabit all parts (runs, pools, etc.) of the stream (Matthews 1996a, 1996b). Redband trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri, inhabit desert basin streams at mid-elevations (1600 to 1700 m) and may be found in water with temperatures as high as 29 °C (Rodnick et al. 2004, Zoellick 1999). Redband trout are considered the most temperature-tolerant of the salmonids. However, Meyer et al. (2010) reported that redband trout were more abundant in areas of increased shade and temperatures between 10 to 16 °C and that they steadily declined as mean summer temperature exceeded 16 °C; higher temperatures may affect the condition and performance of the trout (Rodnick et al. 2004). Perhaps CGT are heat tolerant but little is known about their thermal preference. In the absence of this information, it would be prudent to promote activities that cool the streams. Climate models predict that water temperature will increase from 1 to 7 °C in the Sierra Nevada (Dettinger 2012, Null et al. 2013) and none of the streams currently has the resiliency to withstand these increased temperatures. Although temperatures in Golden Trout Creek (Big Whitney Meadow) were lower than those in Mulkey Creek and South Fork Kern (Ramshaw Meadows), Golden Trout Creek temperatures could reach stressful levels (>25 °C) when temperatures rise. Beschta et al. (2013) reported that climate warming has many impacts similar to those of overgrazing. They recommended that grazing on public lands, especially in wilderness areas, be eliminated to help meadow streams recover and become more resilient to climate-warming impacts. Because future climate warming could increase water temperatures to lethal levels, the current results emphasize the importance of continued monitoring and restoration activities that promote stream cooling. 42 Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Flow, and Shade Measurements in the Three Stream Sections of the Golden Trout Wilderness Acknowledgments The project was funded by the USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station, the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, and the Sierra Flyfishers. Julia Anderson helped with fieldwork and data management. Debbie Sharpton was instrumental in helping with fieldwork and recruiting field volunteers. References Armour, C.L.; Duff, D.A.; Elmore, W. 1991. The effects of livestock grazing on riparian and stream ecosystems. Fisheries. 16: 7–11. Behnke, R.J. 1992. Native trout of western North America. Monograph 6. Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society. 275 p. Belsky, A.J.; Matzke, A.; Uselman, S. 1997. Survey of livestock influences on stream and riparian ecosystems in the western United States. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 54: 416–531. Beschta, R.L.; Donahue, D.L.; DellaSala, D.A.; Rhodes, J.J.; Karr, J.R.; O’Brien, M.H.; Fleischner, T.L.; Williams, C.D. 2013. Adapting to climate change on western public lands: addressing the ecological effects of domestic, wild, and feral ungulates. Environmental Management. 51: 474–491. Bjornn, T.C.; Reiser, D.W. 1991. Habitat requirements of salmonids in streams. In: Meehan, W.R., ed. Influences of forest and rangeland management on salmonid fishes and their habitats. Special Publication 19. Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society: 83–138. Dettinger, M.D. 2013. Projections and downscaling of 21st century temperatures, precipitation, radiative fluxes and winds over the southwestern US, with a focus on Lake Tahoe. Climatic Change. 116: 17–33. Isaak, D.J.; Horan, D.L.; Wollrab, S.P. 2013. A simple protocol using underwater epoxy to install annual temperature monitoring sites in rivers and streams. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-314. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 21 p. Kauffman, J.B.; Krueger, W.C. 1984. Livestock impacts on riparian ecosystems and streamside management implications: a review. Journal of Range Management. 37: 430–437. Knapp, R.A.; Dudley, T.L. 1990. Growth and longevity of golden trout, Oncorhynchus aguabonita, in their native streams. California Fish and Game. 76: 161–173. 43 RESEARCH NOTE PSW-RN-427 Knapp, R.A.; Vredenburg, V.T.; Matthews, K.R. 1998. Effects of stream channel morphology on golden trout spawning habitat and population structure. Ecological Applications. 8: 1104–1117. Knapp, R.A.; Matthews, K.R. 1996. Livestock grazing, golden trout, and streams in the Golden Trout Wilderness, California: impacts and management implications. North American Journal of Fisheries Management. 16: 805–820. Matthews, K.R. 1996a. Golden trout habitat selection and movement patterns in degraded and recovering sites within the Golden Trout Wilderness, California. North American Journal of Fisheries Management. 16: 578–590. Matthews, K.R. 1996b. Diel movement and habitat use of the golden trout Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita in their native habitat on the Golden Trout Wilderness, California. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 125: 78–86. Matthews, K.R.; Berg, N.H. 1997. Rainbow trout responses to water temperature and dissolved oxygen stress in two southern California stream pools. Journal of Fish Biology. 49: 1–18. Null, S.E.; Viers, J.H.; Deas, M.L.; Tanaka, S.K.; Mount, J.F. 2013. Stream temperature sensitivity to climate warming in California’s Sierra Nevada: impacts to coldwater habitat. Climatic Change. 116: 149–170. Pister, E.P. 2008. Restoration of the California golden trout in the South Fork Kern River, Kern plateau, Tulare County, California, 1966–2004, with reference to golden trout creek. Administrative Report No. 2008-1. Sacramento, CA: California Department of Fish and Game. 122 p. Platts, W.S. 1991. Livestock grazing. In: Meehan, W.R., ed. Influences of forest and rangeland management on salmonid fishes and their habitats. Special Publication 19. Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society: 389–423. Rodnick, K.J.; Gamperl, A.K.; Lizars, K.R.; Bennett, M.T.; Rausch, R.N.; Keeley, E.R. 2004. Thermal tolerance and metabolic physiology among redband trout populations in south-eastern Oregon. Journal of Fish Biology. 64: 310–335. Williams, J.E.; Haak, A.L.; Neville, H.M.; Colyer W.T.; Gillespie, N.G. 2007. Climate change and western trout: strategies for restoring resistance and resilience in native populations. In: Carline, R.F.; LoSapio, C., eds. Sustaining wild trout in a changing world; proceedings of Wild Trout IX symposium: 236–246. Zoellick, B.W. 1999. Stream temperatures and the elevational distribution of redband trout in southwestern Idaho. Great Basin Naturalist. 59: 136–143. 44 In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights regulations and policies, the USDA, its Agencies, offices, and employees, and institutions participating in or administering USDA programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by USDA (not all bases apply to all programs). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary by program or incident. 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