ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CENTER
(PUSARPEDAL - DEPUTY VII)
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT INDONESIA
2007
halimahsyaf@yahoo.com
Halimah Syafrul
MONITORING ON POPs IN AQUATIC
ENVIRONMENT IN INDONESIA
Indonesia is along archipelago country, comprises
some 17.000 islands forming the largest archipelago
in the world.
Five mayor islands in Indonesia are Sumatera, Java,
Kalimantan (third biggest island in the world),
Sulawesi and Papua. Total land area + 1.904.000
square kms.
Administratively, Indonesia comprise 33 provinces,
with their characteristic environment condition.
General Information of Indonesia
Indonesia’s islands fall within the
equatorial climatic zone, therefore
the climate is rather mild. It has
only two season, dry and wet
season. Average daily humidity
ranges from 60 to 90 %.
According to the latest statistic,
population of Indonesia in 2005
is 218 869 000 and in 2006 is 222
192 000.
About 60% of population
concentrated in Java island which
has only about 7 % of the total
land area.
Kalimantan, Maluku & Papua
which have size 4 to 5 times Java
island only occupied 2 to 5 %
from total population.
Are transported in the environment over long
distances to places far from the points of
release
are toxic to humans and animals and have
chronic effect such as disruption of
reproductive, immune and endocrine systems
, as well as being carcinogenic
Bio-accumulate in organisms and food chains
are extremely stable and persist in the
environment
4 characteristic :
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
7. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB)
8. Mirex
9. Toxaphene
10.PCBs
11.Furans (PCDFs)
12.Dioksin(PCDDs)
1. DDT
2. Aldrin
3. Endrin
4. Dieldrin
5. Chlordane
6. Heptachlor
The twelve Chemicals in the initial list of
the Stockholm Convention on POPs
Unintentionally product : Dioksin, Furan (open
burning from domestic or industrial waste
Industrial : PCB (used transformer containing
PCBs)
Residue of POPs pesticides application for
controlling malaria vector mosquito : DDT
Residue of POPs pesticides application in
agricultural area: DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin,
heptachlor, mirex, toxaphene, chlordane, HCB
Pollutants Source of POPs :
DDT still permitted to be limited used in the field of health
specifically for controlling mosquito of malaria vector, and
finally banned in 1993.
EMC has duty to support government policy in the field of
environment by preparing environmental quality data. Related to the
implementation of Stockholm convention, EMC also tried to supply
data concerning to the existing of POP in the environment.
Regarding to the negative impact and its persistency, Indonesia also
has been signed of Stockholm Convention (23-Mei 2001).
Indonesia has been used POPs chemicals such as Aldrin, Chlordane,
DDT, Dieldrin, Endrin, heptachlore, HCB ect. By Government
regulation No 74/2004 concerning to the management of hazardous
and toxic substances, the used of those POP chemicals have been
banned for all purposes.
POPs CONDITION IN INDONESIA
Monitoring of POPs in Indonesia
Coorperation EMC (Pusarpedal,MoE)
with The UNU-Japan
Matrix sampel : water, sediment and soil
Sampling Frequency
Sampling collection were carried out two times a year,
representative dry and wet (rainy) season
Five rivers in five cities in Java Island were selected
as sampling location ;
Ciliwung River located stretched along Bogor to
Jakarta city (Western Java )
Surabaya river ,Rungkut River and Tanjung Perak
Harbor located in Surabaya city (Eastern Java)
Banjir Kanal Barat and Banjir Kanal Timur River located
in Semarang city (Central Java)
Monitoring of POPs in Indonesia
Sampling Location :
BOGOR
SEMARANG
JAWA ISLAND
JAKARTA
SURABAYA
MAP OF SAMPLING LOCATION
JAWA ISLAND
Tanjung Perak Harbor, Madura Strait
Surabaya River
Rungkut River
MAP OF SAMPLING SITE SURABAYA
(EMC/Pusarpedal -UNU)
Banjir Kanal Timur River
Coastal Water Semarang
(Java Sea)
Banjir Kanal Barat River
MAP OF SAMPLING SITE
SEMARANG (EMC/Pusarpedal-UNU)
Coastal Water Jakarta Bay
Ciliwung River Bogor-Jakarta
BOGOR
JAKARTA
MAP OF SAMPLING SITE BOGORJAKARTA(EMC/Pusarpedal-UNU
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSES :
Refer to the UNU procedure for POPs analyses
( Standard procedure for all of the participants
of UNU project)
Persistent Organic Pollutants:
Aldrin, Endrin, Dieldrin, HCB, Heptachlor,
heptachlor
epoxide, Mirex, Cis-Chlordane,
DDT and its derivates (pp’DDD, pp,-DDE,
op’- DDT, pp’-DDT)
TARGET OF ANALYSES :
(EMC/Pusarpedal and UNU)
SOME of POPs MONITORING
RESULT
Metoxychlor
o,p DDD
g-HCH
SEMARANG
Mirex
Endrin
Aldrin
p,p DDD
o,p DDE
BOGOR & JAKARTA
Wet season
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
β-HCH
Dieldrin
p,p-DDT
a-HCH
p,p-DDE
o,p-DDT
SURABAYA
p,p DDD
o,p DDE
BOGOR & JAKARTA
Endrin
Aldrin
Metoxychlor Mirex
o,p DDD
g-HCH
SEMARANG
Dry season
-Some compounds in the wet season such as o,p DDD; p,p, DDD; g-HCH; o,p
DDE, aldrin and dieldrin were detected at concentration less than 0.1 ug/L.
The lower concentration found in the wet season was probably caused by
dilution of rain water into the river.
dry season, p,p DDT in water was the higher compared to the other
detected compounds with the more than 0.10 ug/L, especially in Surabaya,
the lowest concentration were detected in Semarang.
p,p-DDT
o,p-DDT
- In
Dieldrin
p,p-DDE
SURABAYA
β-HCH
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
a-HCH
Concentration (µg/L)
Concentration of POPs and organochlorine in water 2006
Concentration (µg/L)
BHC
o,p DDD
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Heptachlor
Endrin
SURABAYA
Aldrin
p,p DDD
t-chlordane
o,p-DDT
SEMARANG
o,p DDE
p,p-DDT
p,p-DDE
Metoxychlor
Dieldrin
Mirex
BOGOR & JAKARTA
Wet season
BHC
o,p DDD
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Heptachlor
Endrin
Aldrin
p,p DDD
SURABAYA
t-chlordane
o,p-DDT
o,p DDE
p,p-DDT
SEMARANG
p,p-DDE
Metoxychlor
Dieldrin
Mirex
BOGOR&JAKARTA
Dry season
In sediment, some compounds were detected at less than 5 ppb in wet season
such as p,p, DDT; o,p DDT; metoxychlor. On the contrary in dry season dieldrin
was in the highest concentration (more than 25 ppb), and the other compounds
such as o,p DDD; p,p, DDD; o,p DDT; p,p, DDT were also detected at
concentration less than 10 ppb.
Concentration (ng/g)
Concentration of POPs and Organochlorine in Sediment 2006
Concentration (ng/g)
0
10
20
30
40
β-HCH
p,p-DDE
o,p-DDT
Surabaya
Heptachlor
Dieldrin
p,p-DDT
Semarang
Aldrin
o,p DDD
Metoxychlor
t-chlordane
Endrin
Mirex
Bogor-Jakarta
Wet season
BHC
p,p-DDE
p,p-DDT
0
10
20
30
40
β-HCH
Dieldrin
Metox y chlor
Surabaya
Heptachlor
o,p DDD
Mirex
Aldrin
Endrin
Semarang
t-chlordane
p,p DDD
Bogor-Jakarta
Dry season
o,p DDE
o,p-DDT
Some compounds were detected at concentration less than 5 ppb in wet season. On
the contrary some compounds concentration were more than 5 ppb such as o,p
DDT; pp DDD and dieldrin.
BHC
o,p DDE
p,p DDD
Concentration (ng/g)
Concentration of POPs and Organochlorine in Riverbank
Soil 2006
Concentration (ng/g)
Maximum Concentration of POPs & OCs Detected in Water 2007
HCB
Surabaya
o.p DDD
p.p DDE
Location
Semarang
o.p DDT
p.p DDT
Jakarta- Bogor
water quality standard ( 2 µg/L) regarding to Indonesia government regulation no.
82/2001.
DDT and its derivates were still dominant POPs detected in water with the concentration
less than 0.03 ppb. DDT detected in water samples still below Indonesia environment
Lindan
0
0,005
0,01
0,015
0,02
0,025
0,03
Concentration of POPs and OCs in Water 2007
C o n c e n t ra t io n
(p p b )
Concentration
of POPs ofand
OCs
in Sediment
2007 2007
Maximum Concentration
POPs
Detected
in Sediment
t-chlordane
p.p DDD
Surabaya
aldrin
o.p DDE
endrin
p.p DDE
Location
Semarang
mirex
o.p DDT
Jakarta- Bogor
HCB
p.p DDT
Mostly POPs were detected in sediment at concentration less than 15
ppb except for pp-DDT in Jakarta (downstream of Ciliwung river)
detected with the concentration 45.8 ppb
heptachlor
o.p DDD
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Maximum Concentration of POPs and OCs in
Sediment 2007
Concentration (ppb)
Cianjur
Brebes
Dieldrin
Kerawang
M alang
pp-DDD
Bali
Padang
pp-DDE
Lokasi
Lampung
M edan
Semarang
op-DDT
Surabaya
*Tanjung
Priuk
pp-DDT
BogorJakarta
DDT and its metabolites was the main POPs compounds
detected in water (agricultural and urban area).
heptachlor
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
Maximum
Concentration
of POPs
Gb
18. Konsentrasi
Maksimum
POPsdetected
TerdeteksiindiWater
Air
(Pusarpedal activities)
POPs Monitoring Result in Several Locations in Indonesia
C o n c e n tra tio n
(p p b )
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
heptachlor
0.1
1
10
100
1000
B rebes
heptachlor
Aldrin
M alang
Endrin
Lampung
Dieldrin
Lokasi
B ali
pp-DDD
pp-DDE
M edan
op-DDT
Surabaya
Kerawang
Aldrin
Cianjur
Endrin
B rebes
M alang
Dieldrin
B ali
P adang
pp-DDD
Lokasi
Lampung
M akasar
pp-DDE
M edan
pp-DDT
Semarang
op-DDT
pp-DDT
B o go rJakarta
Mirex
B o go r-Jakarta
Surabaya Semarang
Maximum Concentration
POPs detected
in Soildi Tanah
Gb 20. Konsentrasi
MaksimumofPOPs
Terdeteksi
c-chlordane
Kerawang
t-chlordane
10000
HCB
Cianjur
Gb 19. Konsentrasi
Maksimum
POPs
Terdeteksi
di Sedimen
Maximum Concentration
of POPs
detected
in Sediment
POPs Monitoring Result in Several Locations in Indonesia (EMC- activities)
DDT and its metabolite were also the main POPs compounds detected in sediment collected from
agriculture area (Cianjur, kerawang,Brebes, Malang, Bali, Lampung, Padang, Medan and Makasar).
Sediment collected from urban area (Surabaya, Semarang and Jakarta) contain more kind of POPs
Concentration (ppb)
1000
Concentration
(ppb)
– Toxaphene was detected in Brastagi Station and no
detection on EMC Station
– HCB was detected extremely high both in Brastagi and
EMC
– p,p’-DDE (derivate of DDT) was also detected
extremely high only in Brastagi station
Monitoring Result
– Brastagi, North Sumatera
– EMC/Pusarpedal Serpong Java
Sampling station
TRIAL AIR MONITORING OF POPs IN INDONESIA
2005
CHEMICALS
CHEMICALS
-20
HCB
Aldrin
Dieldrin
0
HCB
Aldrin
Dieldrin
trans-Heptachlorepoxide
Heptachlor
Heptachlor
Oxychlordane
Oxychlordane
cis-Nonachlor
cis-Nonachlor
trans-Nonachlor
trans-Nonachlor
cis-Chlordane
cis-Chlordane
trans-Chlordane
trans-Chlordane
o,p'-DDD
o,p'-DDD
o,p'-DDE
o,p'-DDE
o,p'-DDT
o,p'-DDT
p,p'-DDD
p,p'-DDD
p,p'-DDE
p,p'-DDE
p,p'-DDT
p,p'-DDT
Endrin
Endrin
cis-Heptachlorepoxide
trans-Hep
Epoxide
cis-Hep Epoxide
Mirex
Toxaphene
Parlar-26 (Parlar-26)
Toxaphene
Parlar-50 (Parlar-50)
Toxaphene
Mirex (Parlar-62)
0
20
40 60
0
6080
20
60
80
100
80
CONCENTRATION (pg/M3)
40
120
100
100
120
1st day 2nd
day day
3rd day
1st day2nd 2nd
1st day
day day
3rd 3rd
day
CONCENTRATION
CONCENTRATION
(pg/M3) (pg/M3)
20 40
-20
HCB
Aldrin
Dieldrin
Endrin
p,p'-DDT
p,p'-DDE
p,p'-DDD
o,p'-DDT
o,p'-DDE
o,p'-DDD
trans-Chlordane
cis-Chlordane
trans-Nonachlor
cis-Nonachlor
Oxychlordane
Heptachlor
trans-Hep Epoxide
cis-Hep Epoxide
Parlar-26
Parlar-50
Mirex
CONCENTRATION OF POPS IN AIR AT EMC STATION
CONCENTRATION
CONCENTRATION
OF OF
POPS
POPS
IN IN
AIRAIR
AT AT
BRASTAGI
EMC STATION
STATION
CHEMICALS
140
120
140
CHEMICALS
-20
Dieldrin
Dieldrin
Aldrin
Aldrin
HCB
HCB
p,p'-DDT
p,p'-DDT
EndrinEndrin
p,p'-DDE
p,p'-DDE
p,p'-DDD
p,p'-DDD
o,p'-DDT
o,p'-DDT
Oxychlordane
cis-Nonachlor
cis-Nonachlor
trans-Nonachlor
trans-Nonachlor
cis-Chlordane
cis-Chlordane
trans-Chlordane
trans-Chlordane
o,p'-DDD
o,p'-DDD
o,p'-DDE
o,p'-DDE
Heptachlor
Oxychlordane
Heptachlor
trans-Heptachlorepoxide
trans-Hep
Epoxide
cis-Heptachlorepoxide
Mirex
Toxaphene (Parlar-62)
Parlar-50
Toxaphene (Parlar-50)
Parlar-26
Toxaphene (Parlar-26)
cis-Hep Epoxide Mirex
0
0
20
20
0
20
60
CONCENTRATION (pg/M3)
40
100
100
100
80
Average of Sampler B
120
Average of Sampler B
Average of Sampler A
60
80
40
60
80
CONCENTRATION (pg/M3)
CONCENTRATION (pg/M3)
40
-20
HCB
Aldrin
Dieldrin
Endrin
p,p'-DDT
p,p'-DDE
p,p'-DDD
o,p'-DDT
o,p'-DDE
o,p'-DDD
trans-Chlordane
cis-Chlordane
trans-Nonachlor
cis-Nonachlor
Oxychlordane
Heptachlor
trans-Hep Epoxide
cis-Hep Epoxide
Parlar-26
Parlar-50
Average of Sampler A
Mirex
CONCENTRATION OF POPS IN AIR AT EMC STATION
CONCENTRATION
CONCENTRATION
OF OF
POPS
POPS
IN AIR
IN AIR
AT AT
BRASTAGI
EMC STATION
STATION
CHEMICALS
120
120
The existence of DDT in urban area has possibility that those
compound was residual impact from the used of DDT for
controlling mosquito in urban area in the past.
All of DDT concentration detected in water samples were
lower than environmental water quality standard (2 ug/L)
regarding to Indonesia Government Regulation No. 82/2001
DDTand its derivates was the main of POPs compounds
detected in the environment, especially in the agricultural
area. As its characteristic, the existent of DDT in river sediment or river
bank soil were hundred times higher than in water samples
From several POP chemicals have been investigated, majority
DDT or its derivates were still detected in the environment.
Conclusion
Public education to the farmer in order to avoid illegaly used of POPs
pesticides.
order to manage POPs
. Need to build colaboration and coordination among various stakeholder in
Increasing public awareness concerning to the risk and negative impact of
POPs including Dioxin and pollutant source of Dioksin (open burning)
Need to expand research concerning to the reduction /elimination of POPs
Upgrading the capacity in dealing with dioxin,furans,toxaphene
Continuous monitoring is still necessary to be carried out, in order to get
more representative data of POPs pollution in the environment.
PCBs was also necessary to be monitored and controlled , there is no specific
treatment for used transformer containing PCBs in Indonesia.
Need to expand POPs monitoring especially for DDT contamination in
agricultural soil or in area which used to be applied DDT for controlling
malaria diseases.
SUGGESTION
Thank you
Fishery, live stock farming, irrigation
Irrigation.
IV
5
III
µg/L
Toxaphane
1
Water recreation, fishery, live stock farming,
irrigation
µg/L
Endrin
18
II
µg/L
Heptachlor and Heptachlor epoxide
2
Drinking water sources
µg/L
DDT
3
I
µg/L
Chlordane
17
Relevant Purpose
µg/L
Aldrin / Dieldrin
I
(-)
4
(-)
2
(-)
(-)
II
(-)
4
(-)
2
(-)
(-)
III
(-)
(-)
(-)
2
(-)
(-)
IV
Maximum Allowable Concentration Based on Class Category
Category
Note
:
Unit
Parameter
River Water Quality Criteria for POPs Regarding to Indonesia
Government Regulation No. 82/2001
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
p,p'-DDT
Surabaya
City
Semarang
Jakarta-Bogor
Aldrin
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
p,p'-DDE
Surabaya
4,4'-DDD
City
Semarang
o,p'-DDT
p,p'-DDT
Jakarta-Bogor
Maximum Recorded Level of POPs in River and
Coastal Water (Rainy Season )
DDT detected in water samples still below Indonesia environment water quality
standard ( 2 µg/L) regarding to Indonesia government regulation no. 82/2001.
In rainy season DDT and its derivate were detected scattered with the highest
concentration detected for pp’DDT in coastal water Tanjung Perak Harbor Surabaya
(0.57 µg/L). Maximum concentration of DDT and its derivate majority were detected in
Surabaya.
In dry season only p-p’DDT was detected in some water sample collected from
Surabaya and Bogor-Jakarta with low concentration (0.01 µg/L)
C o n c e n tra t io n ( p p b )
Maximum recorded Level of POPs in River and
Coastal Water (Dry Season )
POPs RESULT IN WATER INDONESIA 2004
Concentration (ppb)
Aldrin
Heptachlor
o-p'-DDT
1
10
100
1000
Surabaya
Endrin
p-p'DDE
p-p'-DDT
City
Semarang
Dieldrin
p-p'-DDD
Mirex
Jakarta-Bogor
Highest Concentration of POPs Detected in
River Sediment (Dry Season )
(ppb)
p,p'-DDD
Aldrin
1
10
100
Endrin
o,p'-DDT
Surabaya
p,p'-DDT
p,p'-DDE
Mirex
Jakarta-Bogor
City Cis-Chlordan
Semarang
Highest Concentration of POPs Detected in River
Sediment (Rainy Season)
Sediment samples collected from Ciliwung River located in Jakarta either in dry
or rainy season have higher maximum concentration of DDT and its derivates
than sediment from Semarang and Surabaya.
More POPs and higher concentration of POPs were detected in river sediment
during dry season than rainy season. Maximum concentration of POPs detected
in dry season have concentration range 1.42 to 22.6 ppb in Surabaya; 0.93 to
7.53 ppb in Semarang and 0.22 to 715 ppb in Bogor-Jakarta meanwhile in rainy
season has concentration range 0.05 to 3.07 in Surabaya; 0.69 to 1.78 ppb in
Semarang and 0.79 to 84.7 ppb in Bogor Jakarta.
Concentration
POPs RESULT IN RIVER SEDIMENT 2004
Concentration (ppb)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Endrin
o,p'-DDT
Surabaya
p,p'-DDE
Mirex
Jakarta-Bogor
City
Cis-Chlordan
p,p'-DDT
Semarang
Aldrin
p,p'-DDD
Surabaya
Endrin
o,p'-DDT
0
20
40
60
80
100
Dieldrin
p,p'-DDT
City
p,p'-DDE
Jakarta-Bogor
Cis-Chlordan
Mirex
Semarang
Maximum recorded Level of of POPs in River Bank
Soil (Rainy Season )
• Maximum concentration of POPs in soil detected in dry season has range 2.16 to 184 ppb in
Surabaya; 1.76 to 3.46 in Semarang; 2.12 to 61.5 in Bogor-Jakarta, meanwhile in rainy
season has range 1.18 to 32.9 ppb in Surabaya; 3.56 to 17 ppb in Semarang and 0.08 to 47.7
ppb in Bogor-Jakarta.
• For river bank soil, maximum concentration of pp-DDT and op-DDT in Surabaya and BogorJakarta were detected higher in dry season than in rainy season, but maximum
concentartion of pp-DDE, Dieldrin, Endrin and Aldrin were detected higher in rainy season
specifically in river bank of Ciliwung River Jakarta.
Aldrin
p,p'-DDD
C o n cen tratio n
(p p b )
Maximum recorded Level of POPs in River Bank
Soil (Dry Season)
POPs RESULT IN RIVER BANK SOIL 2004
C oncentration
(ppb)
50
o,p-DDD
SC7
p,p-DDE
Location
p,p-DDD
SC4
Sea water sampling sites
Ciliwung River sampling sites
Metoxychlor
0
20
10
40
30
SC1
o,p-DDT
SC10
BOGOR
p,p-DDT
Concentration of POPs in Sediment Bogor-Jakarta 2007
C o n c e n t r a t io n
(p p b )
JAKARTA
POPs Concentration in Sampling Sites
Bogor-Jakarta 2004
Children in northern Quebec region of Canada who have had significant
exposure to PCBs, dioxin and furans through breast milk also had a
higher incident of middle ear infections than children who had been
bottle fed.
Lactation in women can be impaired by DDT/DDE
The capacity of the immune system is impaired by DDT
Strong indications that :
DDT disturbs sexual development and behaviour in bird such as gulls
Bird of prey population declined caused by DDE
Conclusive evidence :
Effects of POPs on Health and Environment