11/18/2010
Cryogenic History
A story of people intertwined by
Curiosity
Necessity
Industry
Ideal and not-so-Ideal Gases
Boyle (UK)-1662 & Mariotte (FR)-1676
Ideal Gas Law: P V = constant
Amontons-1702
Absolute Zero—
Temperature at which
Pressure goes to zero
at fixed Volume
Amontons
Also proposed Theory of
Friction
Celsius Scale-1742
• On Fahrenheit scale, two • Why not, Celsius
very significant things
thought, simplify
for humans happened at
things a bit and call
two very insignificant
the freezing point zero
points. The temperature
and the boiling point
at which water freezes is
100.
at 32 degrees and the
temperature at which
water boils is at 212.
• Why did Mr. F. do this?
Thermometry
• Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
(1686-1736)
• German physicist
• invented alcohol
thermometer (1709)
• Hg thermometer in (1714)
• Introduced temperature
scale - Fahrenheit Scale-in
1724.
First artificial production of ice1748
William Cullen-University of Glasgow (UK)
obtained ice by evaporation of water in vacuo
First method of artificial refrigeration
Anders Celsius
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Backwards Steam Engine
James Watt-1769
Invented steam engine. Running backward
it was used to cool a wall = a refrigerator!
Johann Lambert-1779
• In 1779 Joseph Lambert proposed a definition for absolute
zero on the temperature scale that was based on the straightline relationship between the temperature and pressure of a
gas.
What is the difference between this and
what Amontons conjectured in 1702?
Powerful Man
Charles Law-1787
Law stating that the volume of a given
mass of gas at constant pressure is
directly proportional to its absolute
temperature (temperature in kelvin).
It was discovered by French
physicist Jacques Charles 1787, and
independently by French chemist
Joseph Gay-Lussac 1802.
Jacques Alexandre César Charles
The gas increases by 1/273 of its
volume at 0°C for each °C rise of
temperature. This means that the
coefficient of expansion of all
gases is the same. The law is only
approximately true.
1823 Liquefaction of chlorine
Michael Faraday
• British Physicist and Chemist
(1791-1867).
• Important contributions to
the theory of electricity and
magnetism, among others.
• Liquefaction of chlorine.
KELVIN, Lord (William Thomson)
(1824 - 1907)
• Proposed an absolute
scale of temperature in
1848.
• The absolute scale that
he proposed was based
on his studies of the
theory of heat, in
particular the theory
proposed by Sadi
Carnot
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William Thomson Kelvin-1848
John Gorrie-1844
It was Thomson's studies in thermodynamics though which led him to
propose his absolute scale of temperature in 1848.
Kelvin is an absolute scale in that temperatures below 0K (absolute zero)
do not exist anywhere in the universe. Equivalent to -273.15° Celsius or 459.67° Fahrenheit, 0K is the temperature at which molecular energy is a
minimum i.e. all molecular motion would cease.
He developed it by 'extrapolating' backwards on volume-temperature and
pressure-temperature graphs. He discovered that the temperature axis
was cut at -273°C. Kelvin was also aided in the developing of his
scale by a 'carnot engine'. Kelvin defined his thermodynamic scale so
that a Kelvin was exactly the same as one degree Celsius.
An American physician, John Gorrie, built a
refrigerator based on Oliver Evans' design in
1844 to make ice to cool the air for his yellow
fever patients.
Gorrie was unsuccessful in marketing his ice
maker in New Orleans. He died early in his life
as an unheralded broke man.
Refrigeration
Apalachicola Museum
Gorrie-1850
First Ice Machine
Ferdinand Carre -developed successful Ice Business
Ice comes from….
From the Simpsons’ featuring the cultivation of ice from the
North Pole. When the ice deliveryman arrives at the Quik - E
– Mart with his cargo, he says to Apu, “you’ve got to start
charging more than a dollar a bag. We lost four more men on
this expedition!” to which Apu replies, “If you can think of a
better way to get ice I’d like to hear it.”
“If the ice crop was poor, the price rose to the exorbitant rate of $1.25 a pound.” In
today’s dollar this price corresponds to over $150 for a typical 3lb bag of ice (3).
Then
Now
Rankine, William (1820-1872)
• Invented an absolute
temperature based on the
interval of one degree
Fahrenheit termed the
Rankine temperature scale.
• 1850 – “Mechanical Action of
Heat.” –formulated heat
theory.
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1852
Quick Quiz
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The most famous Floridian of all time is:
A. Rick Scott
B. Tim Tebow
C. John Gorrie
D. Steve Spurrier
E. Mickey Mouse
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