VII Liekkipäivä 30.1.2014 Hotelli Victoria, Tampere
Emissions from Combustion Processes and Their Health Effects Jokiniemi, Jorma and Hirvonen Maija-­‐‑RiiLa University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, 1,2
1,3
1
P.O. Box 1627, FI-­‐‑70211, Kuopio, Finland
2VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000,FI-­‐‑02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
3Natonal Institute for Health and Welfare Effects of Fine Particle Emissions
gases
NOx
SOx
PAH
other Org
secondary
PM2.5
Air quality
Health effects
particles
TSP
PM10
PM2.5
PM1
PM0.1
Climate change
Health effects
Climate change
concentration
size
chemistry
heating
soot (absorption-IRemission)
cloud formation
cooling
other PM (scattering)
A diagram of fine and nanoparticle physico-­‐‑chemical properties related to adverse health effects
Emission Source
• ENPs
• Combustion
• Indoor aerosols
• Other…
Dispersion and Transformation in Air
Respiratory system
exposure
• Lung deposition
Other exposure • Skin
• Olfactory nerve -­‐‑brain
• Others…
Interaction with cells
• Water soluble – species dissolved and diluted
• Lipid soluble – interaction with cells
• Solid insoluble UFPs and NPs -­‐‑ e.g macrophages, epithelial cells Transport into blood stream
• Interaction with blood cells
Transport into other organs
• Interaction with organs such as heart, liver, brain…
Particle properties
-­‐‑ agglomerate size
-­‐‑ primary particle
-­‐‑ fiber dimensions
-­‐‑ chemistry (bulk, crystal str.)
-­‐‑ surface
-­‐‑ number size dstr.
-­‐‑ surface area dstr.
-­‐‑ mass dstr.
-­‐‑ specific surface area
-­‐‑ -­‐‑others…
Toxicological properties
• In vitro studies
• primary cells/cell cultures
• In vivo studies
• animal models
• Human clinical studies
Mechanisms of health effects
• inflammation
• genotoxicity
• oxidative stress
• cell death
• Other..
Epi-­‐‑
demio-­‐‑
logical
studies
Exposure
Properties:
ENPs are usually agglomerates composed of small primary particles or rods, neeedles, nanotubes…
-­‐‑ Agglomerate size and conc.
(lung deposition)
-­‐‑ Primary particle size (translocation…)
-­‐‑ Surface properties (toxic effects…)
Schematic structure of an agglomerate in 2-­‐‑dimensional space.
Scanning down to view ever higher magnification
Which particle properties we want to measure and what for?
• To test whether the combustion appliances meet emission requirements
–  particle mass
• To develope cleaner appliances • To assess the impact on air quality and climate –  mass, size, number, composition, optical properties
• To assess health effects –  exposure: mass, size, number
–  composition, toxicology
–  responses in animals and humans
–  epidemiology
Dilution in practice
DR ̴70
Qair=9 lpm
Lyyranen et alAST 2004, 38(12) Qair= 60 lpm
DRED =7:1
DR PRD=10:1
Qs=1 lpm
Qs= 10 lpm
• Real-­‐‑time monitoring of CO2 is a must
DR =
CO2 (rawgas) − CO2 (backgroung)
CO2 (dilutedgas) − CO2 (background )
Qexit= 70 lpm
How does the method affect the results?
CMH=conventional masonry heater
MMH=modern masonry heater (sec. combustion air)
Chain of events from heater emissions to health impact
Biomass heater
Health impact
Particulate and
gaseous emissions
during combustion
Biological tissue
response
Dispersion and
transformation in
the atmosphere
Lung dose and
retention
Human exposure
•  Small scale biomass combustion contributes substantial proportion of
the urban particulate concentrations which are associated with a large
health burden across the world
•  In Europe more than an 455 000 annual premature deaths occur due to
the particulate air pollution (The European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change
(ETC/ACC) for the European Environment Agency (EEA)
•  Health impact of particulate air pollution has also large economic
impacts due to worsening of symptoms of cardio-respiratory diseases,
hospitalizations, loss of working days, etc.
Identification of mechanisms behind the health effects
Particulate maLer
Particulate maLer
Shape
Chemistry
Age
Physicochemical properties
Surface
Size
DNA damage
Cell death
Cancer
Toxicological properties
Health effects
Oxidative stress
Inflammation
Chronic cardiovascular and respiratory diseases
Findings in epidemiological studies (mostly US and New Zealand)
•  Asthmatic subjects: the best defined susceptible population group
–  Increased symptoms and decreased lung functions
–  Increased hospital emergency room visits due to asthma attacks
–  The estimated contribution of wood combustion to the outdoor air
PM10 or PM2.5 concentration is 20-90% during the study periods
•  In developed countries: residential wood combustion is associated
with increase of respiratory diseases (asthma and COPD) and recently
also shown association with cardiovascular health.
•  In developing countries: there is strong evidence on acute lower
respiratory infections (ALRIs) in children and chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) in women.
Cont..
• Experimental human exposure studies –  increased oxidative stress
–  lung inflammation and damage
–  systemic inflammation in blood and increased tendency to blood
coagulation
•  Experimental animal and cell studies
–  oxidative stress,
–  cytotoxicity,
–  DNA-damage,
–  impaired host defence against bacterial infections
12
Particle collection
Ruusunen et. al., Accepted in Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2011
•  Particle samples were
collected to filters with a
Dekati Gravimetric
Impactor (DGI)
–  sample diluted with
porous tube diluter
•  DR 13-26
13
Sample preparation
1.  Weighing of filters
2.  Methanol extraction (sonication)
3.  Evaporation of additional methanol
4.  Dispensing the particle suspension to glass tubes on mass basis
5.  Drying under nitrogen flow
6.  Storing at -20 °C
Before exposure of cells:
6.  Dissolving particles to DMSO and water
7.  Sonication for 30 minutes
Exposure to particulate matter
Cell lines:
•  Mouse RAW264.7 macrophages,
•  Human BEAS-2B cells
They are target cells in PM induced immunotoxicity
Particulate doses: 15, 50, 150 and 300 µg/ml
Exposure time: 24 hours
Detected endpoints:
-  Cell death (acute and programmed)
-  Inflammatory mediators (e.g.MIP-2, TNFα)
-  DNA damage
9.2.2014 15
Conclusions
Bioenergy ERA-­‐‑NET BioHealth Project Results:
Toxicological responses induced by biomass combustion derived particles are strongly dependent on their chemical composition
The most harmful species were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), soot and zinc oxide (ZnO)
Only pure potassium salts (K2SO4 in this case) were non-­‐‑
toxic The promotion and supporting of technologies that ensure efficient and complete combustion and avoid high soot and PAH combustion sequences is motivated of both public health and climate impact reasons.
PMtot= primary PM+potential PM (gas+vapour)
1. In-stack
2. Emission and rapid
dilution/cooling
3. Fresh atmosphere 4. Aged atmosphere
hν
hν
Primary PM
Condensation
T∼ 100-300 °C
DR=0
condensible/reactive
vapors=potential PM
Evaporation
SOA formation
(+nucleation/
condensation)
Nucleation ?
T< 50 °C
DR=10-20
Photo-oxidation
T∼ 25 °C
DR > 1000
Combustion experiments combined with emission aging studies and toxicological collections FINE-­‐Laboratory (UEF)
Fuels
• wood
• straw
• etc.
Emission reduction
Tech.
Combustion
units
• grate reactor
Aerosol Physics
Dilution of emissions
Aging
chamber
• diesel engine
Physico-­‐chemical characterization of particles and gases
• Particle mass, size, number, surface area, density, morphology
• Particulate chemical composition and hazardous trace species
• Combustion gas composition and gaseous markers
Inhalation Tox. lab. (UEF)
Cell
Exposure
& Tox. responses
Relationships
between emission properties and toxicological
responses
Identification of effective measures
for reducing toxic
compounds in emissions
Thank you for a,en.on! Acknowledgements
This work was supported partly by: Univ. Of Eastern Finland, Tekes, Academy of Finland and ERA-­‐‑NET Bioenergy programme