ZOO1010 GENERAL ZOOLOGY
LECTURE OBJECTIVES
FALL 2012
Lecturer: Charles N. D’Asaro, Ph.D. Office: 58/062J. Hours: Tues., Thurs. 8:00 to 9:30, Thur. 12:15
to 3:00. Email: cdasaro@uwf.edu. The lecturer reads email on Tues. and Thurs. ONLY.
GENERAL STUDIES DESIGNATION. General Zoology is designated as a General Studies
course. The General Studies curriculum at the University of West Florida is designed to provide a
cohesive program of study that promotes the development of a broadly educated person and provides
the knowledge and skills needed to succeed in university studies. This course has been approved as
meeting the requirement in the Natural Sciences area. The General Studies learning outcomes for this
course are Critical Thinking: understanding science and the principles of zoology, and
Communication: written explanations demonstrating that understanding.
General Zoology is one of the most exciting and interesting freshman courses and a prerequisite for
Biology majors. Refer to the attached examination reviews for course content. Textbook: Hickman, et
al., 2011. Integrated Principles of Zoology, 15th edition. To insure that you have every opportunity to
succeed in your study of this fascinating subject, please keep the following items in mind.
(1) READING ASSIGNMENTS MUST BE COMPLETED IN ADVANCE OF EACH
SCHEDULED LECTURE. To understand the lectures and prepare for examinations,
you are advised to study a minimum of 8-HOURS per week. Use the textbook appendices
and glossary as well as resources from the UWF LIBRARY (on-line or walk-in), the BIOSIS
BIOLOGY BROWSER (www.biologybrowser.org), and web sites listed in your textbook.
Verbal summaries of essential concepts will be given at the beginning of each lecture. There
is one required reading assignment outside of the textbook; Wilson, E. O., 2002, The
Future of Life, 189 pp. Questions relating to this assignment will appear on the final
examination and may count as much as 20 % of the grade for that examination.
(2) ATTENDANCE IS REQUIRED. You are responsible for the content of the lecture,
including material not presented in the textbook. Points may be deducted for absences.
(3) THREE “SHORT-ANSWER” LECTURE EXAMINATIONS (75% of the grade) WILL
BE GIVEN. There will be a one-page essay on the final examination. Critical thinking is
required. Quizzes may be included (up to 10% of the final grade). For the
lecture, review outlines and copies of previously used examinations will be provided.
Multiple choice, machine-graded examinations will not be used; consequently, one week will
be required for grading. Grades will be curved. “A” grades are those at or above 90%, etc.
Laboratory requirements for this semester will be presented at the beginning of the first
laboratory session by another instructor (25% of the final grade).
(4) NO MAKE-UP EXAMINATIONS OR SO-CALLED EXTRA CREDIT WILL BE
GIVEN. Missed examinations will be recorded as a zero. The only excuses are previously
scheduled university or employment activities, military service, jury duty, proven admission
to a hospital, or in the case of a death in the family, a copy of a published obituary.
(5) PUNCTUALITY IS IMPORTANT, ESPECIALLY FOR EXAMINATIONS. If you
are late and disturb your peers, your grade will be recorded as a zero.
(6) HONESTY AND COURTESY ARE REQUIRED. An identification card with a photograph
may be requested for examinations. During examinations, open textbooks or notebooks,
talking, looking at a neighbor’s examination or any contact with an electric devise will result
in a grade of zero. Remember to mute your telephone before the class begins. To avoid
disturbing the concentration of other participants during examinations, please remain seated
until the end of the examination period.
DATE
TOPIC
CHAPTERS IN HICKMAN, ET AL., 15TH EDITION, 2011
READ THE ASSIGNED CHAPTER(S) BEFORE EACH CLASS. YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE
FOR THE ITEMS AND TOPICS LISTED ON THE REVIEW SHEETS.
AUG 28
30
Introduction: Biological Principles, Concepts, and Theories
Cell Theory, and Cell Structure
1
2, 3
SEP
04
06
Animal Architecture, Classification, and Phylogeny
Unicellular (Protozoan) Taxa
9,10
11
11
12, 13
13
Lower Metazoans, Porifera, Radiate Taxa
Protostome Taxa
Lophotrochozoans: Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Rotifera, Lophophorates
14, 15
18
20
Mollusca, Annelida and Related Taxa
Ecdysozoans: Nematoda, Arthropoda: Chelicerata, Myriapoda
16, 17
18, 19
25
27
Arthropoda: Crustacea
FIRST EXAMINATION
20
02
04
Hexapoda: Insecta
Deuterostome Taxa: Echinoderms, Hemichordates
21
22
09
11
Chordata; Fishes: Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes
Tetrapods and Recent Amphibians
23, 24
25
16
18
Amniotes: Nonavian Reptiles, Avians
Amniotes: Mammals
26, 27
28
23
25
Cellular Metabolism
Principles of Genetics
4
5
Organic Evolution
SECOND EXAMINATION
6
06
08
Reproduction, Development
Skeletal Systems and Locomotion
7, 8
29
13
15
Homeostasis: Osmotic Regulation and Excretion
Excretion, Internal Fluids and Associated Functions
30
31
OCT
30
NOV 01
DEC
20
Digestion and Nutrition
32
27
29
Functions of the Nervous System and Sensory Organs
Chemical Coordination: Endocrines and Signal Transduction
33
34
04
06
Immunity, Ethology: Animal Behavior
Ecology and Distribution of Animal Populations; The Future of Life
Review
35, 36
37, 38
13
FINAL EXAMINATION 8:00 - 10:00
GENERAL ZOOLOGY - REVIEW FOR THE FIRST EXAMINATION
Fall 2012
These items, arranged by textbook chapter, will be covered by the first examination. Since this is condensed list, you
must refer to other sources to be able to discuss these items. For each taxon (clade), you should learn defining
characteristics, especially synapomorphies, how some members of that taxon capture energy and other resources,
and how those animals reproduce. You should be able to refer that information to an example (genus).
Critical thinking means a student uses scientific methodology and applies the principles of zoology in an integrated
manner. If a student learns 80% or more of the material listed and can use that information to answer examination
questions, the potential grade will be “A.”
CHAPTER 1. General properties of animal life. Essential characteristics of science. How scientists study animal life.
The essential theories (5) of Darwinian evolution. Why evolution and chromosomal inheritance are important in any
study of animal life. Please look at the cladogram and time-line inside the covers of the textbook.
CHAPTER 2. Structure of proteins (Fig. 2.15). When and why all eukaryotic phyla evolved (pg. 30).
CHAPTER 3. Characteristics of a eukaryotic cell. Structure and function of all parts of a eukaryotic cell (review
illustrations in the chapter). How transport across cell membrane occurs (both directions). Details of the cell cycle
(including function of cyclin-dependent kinases), mitosis, and cytokinesis. Apoptosis (programed cell death).
CHAPTER 9. Basic symmetries and body plans of animals including the coelom (Table 9.1, Figs. 9.3, 4, 5).
CHAPTER 10. Taxonomy, phylogeny, cladistics, synapomorphy, outgroup or sister group, monophyly, paraphyly,
polyphyly (Figs. 10.5 &7), biological species concept and its alternatives. Protostome, deuterostome (Fig. 10.12).
CHAPTER 11. Chlorophyta, Euglenozoa, Dinoflagellata, Apicomplexa, Ciliophora. Types of podia, trichocyst, kinety,
protozoan, ameba, choanoflagellate, radiolaria and foraminiferia. Life cycle of Plasmodium (malaria). Volvox, Euglena,
Trypanosoma, Leshmania, Entameoba, Stentor, Paramecium, Euplotes, Vorticella, Noctiluca, zooxanthellae.
CHAPTER 12. Metazoa, Porifera, Calcarea, Hexactinellida, Demospongia. Two types of larvae. Three types of body
plans typical of poriferans. Ostia, osculum, spongocoel, choanocyte, archeocyte; spongin and spicules as a skeleton.
CHAPTER 13. Radiata, Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia, Octacorallia, Ctenophora.
Alternation of polypoid (asexual) and medusoid (sexual) generations. Types of polyps and structure (body plan) of
polyps and medusae. Cnidocyte, function of nematocysts. Type(s) of skeleton in major taxa. Types of larvae.
Rhopalium.
CHAPTER 14. Lophotrochozoa, Platyhelminthes, Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda, Nemertea. Rhabdites, flame-cell
protonephridium, endolecithal, ectolecithal, dual-gland organ, syncytial tegument, miracidium, cercaria, opisthapter,
scolex, proglottid, cysticercus, trematode. Life cycle of Schistosoma. Types of larvae. How cestode parasites infect
humans.
CHAPTER 15. Rotifera, eutely. Mictic rotifer life cycle. Lophophore
CHAPTER 16. Coelomate. Mollusca, Monoplacophora, Polyplacophora, Gastropoda, Prosobranchia, Opistobranchia,
Pulmonata, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda, Scaphopoda. Metanephridium, mantle, ctenidium (gill), radula, osphradium,
captacula, torsion, detorsion, periostracum, operculum, rhinophore, siphuncle, hectocotylus. Two types of larvae.
CHAPTER 17. Annelida, Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, Hirudinea. Metamerism, somite, seta, prostomium, peristomium,
pygidium, parapodium, notopodium, neuropodium, acicula, clitellum. Trochophore.
CHAPTER 18. Ecdysozoa, Nematoda. How nematode parasites infect humans. Microfilaria. Onychophora, Tardigrada
CHAPTER 19. Arthropoda, Chelicerata, Merostomata, Arachnida, Araneae, Scorpionida, Acari, Chilopoda, Diplopoda.
Chitin, tagmata, trilobite, Limulus, chelicera, pedipalp, parts of cuticle, trachea, book lung, malpighian tubule, coxal
gland.
CHAPTER 20. Crustacea. Hemocoel, biramous, cephalothorax, ommatidium, molting (ecdysone, x, y organs), exopod,
endopod, antenna, antennule, mandible, maxilla, maxillaped, cheliped, telson, uropod. Excretory glands. Nauplius and
its structure, biramous, malacostracan tagmata and appendages, tergum, sternum, hemocoel, ommatidium, photophore,
ecdysis and the organs associated with molting, gastrolith, kentrogon, cyprid, Sacculina, Remipedia, Branchiopoda,
Copepoda, Cirripedia, Malacostraca, Isopoda, Amphipoda, Euphausiacea, Decapoda.
GENERAL ZOOLOGY - REVIEW FOR THE SECOND EXAMINATION
Fall 2012
For each clade, you should know defining characteristics, especially synapomorphies, how some members of that clade
capture energy and other resources, and how those animal reproduce. Remember, critical thinking is required.
CHAPTER 21. Hexapoda. Insecta, tagmata and appendages, spiracles and tracheae, malpighian tubules, sensilla, instar,
diapause, pheromones, trophallaxis, ecdysone, hemimetabolous, holometabolous, characteristics of two orders (your choice).
CHAPTER 22. Echinodermata: water-vascular system, secondary pentamerous radial symmetry, ambulacrum, dermal
endoskeleton, calcareous ossicle, pedicellaria, tube foot and ampulla, madreporite (including location), dermal branchae,
bursae and bursal slits, ring canal, radial canal, cardiac and pyloric stomach, bilateral larva, bipennaria, brachiolaria,
echinopluteus, peristome, periproct, Aristotle’s lantern, respiratory tree, cloaca, Crinoidea, Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea,
Echinoidea, Holothuroidea. Hemichordata: tornaria
CHAPTER 23. Chordata (characteristics on pg. 501), details of cladogram, Fig. 23.2, including taxa and synapomorphies.
Urochordata. Cephalochordata: amphioxus. Vertebrata: neural crest cells and other vertebrate characteristics. Ammocoete
larva. Ostracoderms, placoderms and the origin of the vertebrate jaw.
CHAPTER 24. Myxini, Chondrichthyes, Actinopterygii (Osteichthyes), Sarcopterygii, mesonephros, semicircular canals,
placoid, claspers, spiral valve, function of urea and trimethylamine oxide in shark blood, fins (dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, anal,
caudal, heterocercal, homocercal, diphycercal), spiracle, lateral line and neuromast cells, ampulla of Lorenzini, rectal gland,
oviparity, viviparity, ovoviviparity, coelacanth, dermal scales (ganoid, cycloid, ctenoid), squalene, operculum, rete mirabile,
gas glands, swim bladder, myomeres, pyloric caeca, catadromous, anadromous.
CHAPTER 25. Amphibia: Apoda, Caudata (Urodela), Anura. How frogs move air through their lungs and vocalize,
chambers in a frog’s heart, special features of frog skin, major parts of the frog brain, urostyle.
CHAPTER 26. Amniotes and nonavian “reptiles” (extinct clades not included). Testudines, Squamata, Sauria, Serpentes,
Crocodilia, Sphenodon, anapsids, diapsids, synapsids, shelled egg with amnion, chorion, and yolk sac, chambers in reptile
hearts, type of scale, metanephros, carapace, plastron, spectacle (in Serpentes), pit viper, Jacobson’s organ, kinetic skull,
location and function of glottis in snakes. How reptiles move air through their lung(s).
CHAPTER 27. Aves (avian reptiles): Archaeopteryx (the only extinct clade included), sternum, syrinx, types of feathers,
precocial, altricial, types of avian wings and how air-flow is controlled, air-flow in lungs and air sacs, special features of the
digestive system, features of avian beaks and feet, pneumatized bones, migration and social behavior.
CHAPTER 28. Mammalia: therapsids, cynodonts, ossicles, diphyodont, homodont, heterodont, diaphragm, placenta, horns
and antlers, eccrine and apocrine glands, sebaceous glands, mammary glands, ruminant digestive tract, marsupial
reproduction, importance of the integument and its derivatives, dentition and digestive systems in mammalian biology.
CHAPTER. 4. How life forms delay entropy. Free energy and the function of an enzyme. What is ATP and how does it
function? Cellular respiration: pathways through which digested carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are oxidized to carbon
dioxide and water (Fig. 4.11). Be able to explain significant highlights concerning the oxidation of glucose (Fig. 4.16), e.g.,
how much carbon added, where and how much ATP added, where and how much ATP produced, where carbon is released,
how electrons are transported, what is the ultimate acceptor of electrons, how vitamins are used, and what are the “waste
products” of respiration. Know the fate of the products of lipid and protein metabolism (pgs. 67 - 69).
CHAPTER 5. I. Cell cycle including meiosis. Mendel’s first and second laws, sex determination, sex-linked inheritance,
origin of chromosomal aberrations. Terms: dominant, recessive, heterozygote, homozygote, phenotype, genotype,
incomplete dominance, polygenic inheritance, linkage, polyploidy, trisomy.
II. Genetic control of cell function: structure of DNA and chromosomes, replication, gene function (transcription of mRNA,
rRNA, and tRNA), regulation of gene function (histones, methylation, introns, exons, capping), and translation of mRNA
at the ribosome. Terms: nucleosome, nucleotide, polymerase, transcription factor, promoter, enhancer, codon, anticodon,
poly-A, amino acid.
GENERAL ZOOLOGY - REVIEW FOR THE THIRD EXAMINATION
Fall 2012
Ch. 6. Evidence Darwin or anyone else could use to demonstrate evolution (at least three examples). Consider: natural
selection as a mechanism of evolution, how Darwin's theory was revised, conditions under which genetic equilibria
remain constant (Hardy-Weinberg), conditions that upset genetic equilibria. Terms: gradualism, punctuated equilibria,
allopatry, vicariant speciation, sympatry, adaptive radiation, homology, ontogeny, phylogeny, Lamarckian evolution,
genetic drift, nonrandom mating, reproductive barriers, macroevolution, microevolution
Ch. 7. Asexual and sexual reproduction. Origin of germ cells. Estrous vs. menstrual cycles (all hormones and signal
molecules). Structure of the human reproductive system. How menstrual cycles are controlled and what happens when
pregnancy occurs. Formation of human twins (Fig. 7.19). Terms: hermaphroditism, parthenogenesis.
Ch. 8. Key events in animal development (including terminology), as shown in Fig. 8.2, using frogs, birds, and humans
as the examples. Terms: induction, homeotic genes, extraembryonic membranes (4) and the human placenta.
Ch. 29. Types of skeletons. Human axial and appendicular skeleton. Types and formation of bone. Structure and
function (sliding filament model) of striated muscle. Consider structure from the level of the fasciculus to the sarcomere
and function from the synaptic cleft, cell membrane (T-system), sarcoplasmic reticulum to the sarcomere. Terms: actin,
myosin, tropomyosin, troponin, calcium ion, Z-line, myofibril, myofilament, myoneural junction, acetylcholine, creatine
phosphate, lactic acid, oxygen debt, osteons or Haversian system.
Ch. 30. Homeostasis. Compare flame cells, metanephridia, antennal glands, and malpighian tubules. Developmental
stages of vertebrate kidneys (Fig. 30-9). Structure and function of vertebrate (especially human) kidneys (Figs. 30.10,
12, 13, & 14). How is an ultrafiltrate formed and modified by reabsorption and secretion? Learn all terms, processes,
and functions on pages 675-680.
Ch. 31. Fluid compartments in the vertebrate body and ions predominating in each (Fig. 31.1). Pattern of circulatory
systems shown in Fig. 31.10. How excitation of the human heart is controlled. The structure of the human heart and
lymphatic system.
Ch. 32. Vertebrate (human) digestive systems. Know how food is moved, which cells or glands are involved, and which
enzymes or hormones are active in specific parts of the vertebrate system (Figs. 32.14 & 15).
Ch. 33. Know the structure and function of neurons. Concentrate your study on pages 729-735 and learn the nature of
the nerve impulse. Learn the information in Fig. 33.13 (divisions and functions of the vertebrate brain) and understand
what is included in the peripheral nervous system of vertebrates, especially the autonomic part.
Ch. 34. Mechanisms of action for peptide and steroid hormones. How are secretion rates controlled? Prepare a list of
vertebrate endocrine glands and hormones as presented in your textbook (Table 34.1 is a good start) and consider the
most frequently targeted cells or organs for those hormones.
Ch. 35. Be able to explain basic cellular and humoral defense mechanisms of the human body (cellular, 35.3; humoral,
Fig. 35.4).
Ch. 36. Be able to comment briefly on one type of innate behavior exhibited by a species of your choice. What is a
meme (as defined by R. Dawkins, The Selfish Gene)?
Ch. 37 & 38. The Biosphere, Ecology and Animal Distribution, Read: E. O. Wilson, 2002, The Future of Life
(electronic and paper copies are available in the UWF library).