1/27/2013
Combining Forms
append/o, appendic/o
bil/i
celi/o
cholecyst/o
col/o, colon/o
enter/o
gastr/o
gloss/o, lingu/o
hepat/o
intestin/o
lapar/o
laryng/o
lip/o
or/o, stomat/o
phag/o
pharyng/o
Functions of the
Gastrointestinal System
Nutrient usage through:
Prefixes and Suffixes
adiadysendoperi-
-chezia
-ectomy
-emesis
-pepsia
-phagia
-rrhapy
-rrhea
-scopy
-scope
-stalsis
-stomy
-ase
Terms Related to the
Functions of the GI System
Related terms
– Ingestion
– Digestion
– Absorption
– Elimination
(feces/defecation)
– Mastication - chewing
– Deglutition - swallowing
– Peristalsis - wavelike contractions
– Dysphagia - difficulty swallowing
GI system
Oral Cavity
(or/o, stom/o, stomat/o)
Throat and Esophagus
Pharynx (pharyng
(pharyng/o)
/o)
Lips (labi/o, cheil/o)
Cheeks (bucc/o)
Tongue (gloss/o, lingu/o)
Palate (palat/o)
Teeth (dent/i,odont/o)
Gums (gingiv/o)
Salivary glands
(sialaden/o)
– Throat
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Hypopharynx
Esophagus (esophag
(esophag/o)
/o)
– Bolus – lump of food
Oral cavity
Pharynx
– Lower esophageal sphincter (LES), Cardiac sphincter or
gastroesophageal sphincter - muscle which relaxes to
allow food to pass into stomach
1
1/27/2013
Stomach
Small Intestines
Fundus/cardia -upper
Body - middle
Pylorus - lower
Pylorus Sphincter
Duodenum (duoden
(duoden/o)
/o) -1st part, 10 inches
Jejunum (jejun
(jejun/o)
/o) - 2nd part, 8 feet
Ileum (ile
(ile/o)
/o) - 3rd part, 12 feet
Villi – contain capillaries that absorb nutrients
Chyme – mixture of food, enzymes, bile, etc
Function – to digest and absorb food
– regulates food into small intestines
Rugae – ridges, wrinkles
Chyme – mixture of food
The stomach
Large Intestines
Cecum (cec/o)
cec/o)
Accessory Organs, Liver
Location - RUQ
Liver functions to produce bile
– Ileocecal valve
– Vermiform appendix
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon (sigmoid/o)
The large intestine
Rectum (rect
(rect/o)
/o)
Anus (an/o) (proct
(proct/o
/o is anus and rectum)
– Bile (bil
(bil//i, chol/e)
chol/e) serves to emulsify fats
Bile composed of bilirubin and cholesterol
– Bile in liver bile ducts hepatic duct joins
with cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the
common bile duct (choledoch
(choledoch/o)
/o) empties bile
into the duodenum
Function – to absorb water and evacuate feces
Accessory Organs, Gallbladder
Accessory Organs, Pancreas
Location - ULQ
Location
Exocrine function of pancreas is key in
digestion of:
– behind liver
– Carbohydrates
Stores bile from liver
Cystokinin
– Proteins
– Lipids
– hormone causing
secretion of bile into
duodenum when fatty
foods enter
Accessory Organs
Pancreatic enzymes enter duodenum through
the pancreatic duct that empties into the
common bile duct
2
1/27/2013
Upper Gastrointestinal Complaints
Dyspepsia - indigestion
Eructation - burping
Halitosis – bad breath
Hematemesis – vomitting blood
Nausea – sensation with urge to vomit
Pyrosis - heartburn, burning sensation
Vomiting - emesis
Congenital Disorders
Cleft palate
Esophageal atresia
– Blind pouch
Hirschsprung disease
– Congential megacolon
– Lack of peristalsis, feces accumulation
Pyloric stenosis
– Narrowing of pyloric sphincter
Cleft palate and lip
Disorders of the Esophagus
Dysphagia
Gastroesophageal
reflux disease
(GERD)
Lower Gastrointestinal Complaints
Constipation vs. obstipation
Diarrhea
Flatus
Hematochezia
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Melena
Oral Cavity Disorders
Aphthous stomatitis
Cheilitis
Gingivitis
Herpetic stomatitis
Leukoplakia
Malocclusion
Periodontal disease
Pyorrhea
Gingivitis
Leukoplakia
Disorders of the Stomach
Gastralgia
Gastritis
(PUD) Peptic
ulcer disease
Chronic peptic ulcer
GERD
3
1/27/2013
Intestinal Disorders
Intestinal Disorders
Diverticulitis
Diverticulosis
Fistula
Hemorrhoid
Ileus
Inflammatory
bowel disease (IBD)
Anal fissure
Anorectal abscess
Appendicitis
Colitis
Crohn disease
Appendicitis
Diverticulosis
Intestinal Disorders
GI Accessory Organ Disorders
Cirrhosis
Cholangitis
Cholecystitis
Choledocholithiasis
Cholelithiasis
Cirrhosis
Hepatitis
Intussusception
Peritonitis
Polyp
Proctitis
Pruritus ani
Ulcerative colitis
Volvulus
Gallstones
– A, B, C, D, E, G
Jaundice
Pancreatitis
Hernias
Femoral hernia
Hiatal hernia
Inguinal hernia
Umbilical hernia
Complications
– Incarcerated hernia
– Strangulated hernia
Umbilical
hernia
Neoplasms
Benign Neoplasms
Leiomyoma
Odontogenic tumor
Polyps
Malignant Neoplasms
Adenocarcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Hiatal
hernia
4
1/27/2013
Imaging
Laboratory Tests
Barium
swallow
Barium enema
Barium swallow
Cholangiography
Cholecystography
Computed tomography
scan (CT)
Cholangiography
Endoscopy
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTCA)
Therapeutic Interventions
Anastomosis
Bariatric surgery
Cholecystectomy
Colostomy
Enema
Gastrectomy
Hemorrhoidectomy
Herniorrhaphy
Biopsy
Gamma--glutamyl transferase (GGT)
Gamma
Stool culture
Stool guaiac
guaiac//Hemoccult test
Total bilirubin
Therapeutic Interventions
Laparoscopic surgery
Laparotomy
Ligation
Lysis of adhesions
Nasogastric intubation Enteral feeding
Laparoscopic
tube placement
cholecystectomy
Paracentesis
Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG)
Colostomy and stoma
Pharmacology
Anorexiants
Antacids
Antidiarrheals
Antiemetics
Cathartics
Histamine--2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs)
Histamine
Laxatives
Proton Pump Inhibitors
5