The Vietnam War
Years
Chapter 30
Moving Toward Conflict—
Section 1
• Main Idea:
• To stop the spread of communism in Southeast Asia, the United
States, used its military to support South Vietnam.
• Why it Matters Now:
• The United States’ role in Vietnam began what would become
America’s longest and most controversial war in its history.
America Supports France in
Vietnam
• America’s involvement in Vietnam began in 1950 during the
French Indochina War.
• Seeking to strengthen ties with France and to help fight the
spread of communism, the United States provided the French
with massive economic and military support.
French Rule in Vietnam
• The Indochinese Communist Party, founded in 1930 , staged a
number of revolts under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh.
• The French had condemned Ho Chi Minh to death for his
rebellious activity, but he fled to Vietnam and orchestrated
Vietnam’s growing independence movement.
Japanese Control
• In 1940, the Japanese took control of Vietnam.
• The next year, Ho Chi Minh returned home and helped from the
Vietminh—an organization whose goal it was to win Vietnam’s
independence from foreign rule.
• When the Allied defeat of Japan in August 1945 forced the Japanese
to leave Vietnam, the goal for independence seemed like a reality.
• On September 2nd, 1945 Minh stood in the middle of a huge crowd in
the northern city of Hanoi and declared Vietnam an independent
nation.
France Battles the Vietminh
• France had no intentions of relinquishing it’s former colony.
• French troops moved back into Vietnam by the end of 1945,
eventually regaining control of the cities and the country’s
southern half.
• Minh vowed to fight from the North to liberate the South from
French control.
• In 1950, Truman sent nearly $15 million in economic aid to
France.
• Over the next 4 years, the U.S. paid for much of France’s war.
The Vietminh Drive Out the
French
• Once elected in 1953, President Eisenhower continued the
policy of supplying aid to the French war effort.
• By this time, the U.S. had entered a stalemate with Korea, which
only stiffened American’s views on fighting communism.
• During a news conference, in 1954—Eisenhower explained the
“domino theory”.
• In which, if 1 country fell to communism, others in the region were
bound to follow.
Domino Theory
http://app.discoveryeducation.com/search?Ntt
=Vietnam+War
The Vietminh Drive Out the
French
• Despite massive U.S. aid, the French could still not retake
Vietnam.
• They were forced to surrender in May 1945, when the Vietminh
overran the French outpost at Dien Bien Phu, in northwestern
Vietnam.
• From May-July 1954, France, GB, Soviet Union, U.S. China, Laos,
and Cambodia met in Geneva with Vietminh and with South
Vietnam’s anticommunist nationalist to drive out a peace
agreement.
• The Geneva Accords temporarily divided Vietnam along the 17th
parallel.
• Minh and the communists controlled North Vietnam and the
anticommunists nationalists controlled the south.
The United States Steps In
• After France’s retreat the U.S. took a more active role in
halting the spread of communism in Vietnam.
• Eisenhower and Kennedy’s administration provided economic
and military aid to South Vietnam’s President, Ngo Dinh Diem.
• Diem was a devout Catholic and restricted the Buddhists’ practices in
South Vietnam.
• The Eisenhower administration promised military aid and training to
Diem in return for a stable reform government in the South.
The United States Steps In
• Diem, however, failed to uphold his end of the deal.
• He ushered in a corrupt government that suppressed opposition
of any kind and offered little or no land distribution to peasants.
• By 1957, a communist opposition group in the South known as the
Vietcong, had begun attacks on the Diem government assassinating
thousands of government officials.
• Minh supported the group and in 1959 began supplying arms to the
Vietcong via paths along the borders which became known as the Ho
Chi Minh Trail.
• As the fighters stepped up their surprise “guerrilla” attacks, the
South grew more unstable.
• But, the Eisenhower administration took little action.
Ho Chi Minh Trail
Kennedy in Vietnam
• When the Kennedy Administration entered the Whitehouse in
1961, he increased financial aid to Diem’s teetering regime
and sent thousands of military advisers to help train the
South’s troops.
• By the end of 1963, 16,000 U.S. military personnel were in South
Vietnam.
• Meanwhile, Diem’s popularity continued to plummet because of
his persecution against Buddhists and his failure to respond to
calls for land reform.
Continued…
• It became clear that for the South to remain stable, Diem
would have to go!
• On November 1st, 1963, a U.S. supported military group toppled
Diem’s regime.
• Against Kennedy’s wishes, Diem was assassinated.
• Ironically, a few weeks later Kennedy was assassinated.
• The U.S. presidency—along with the growing crisis in Vietnam—
now belonged to Lyndon B. Johnson
LBJ Expands the Conflict
• Shortly before his death, Kennedy had announced his intent
to withdraw U.S. troops from Vietnam.
• However, LBJ escalated the nation’s role in Vietnam and
eventually began what would become America’s longest war.
The South Grows More
Unstable
• Diem’s death brought more chaos to South Vietnam.
• A string of military leaders attempted to lead the country, but all
failed.
• Meanwhile, the Vietcong’s influence in the countryside steadily
grew.
• President Johnson believed that a communist takeover of the
South would be disastrous.
The Tonkin Gulf Resolution
• In August of 1964, a North Vietnamese patrol boat fired a
torpedo at the USS Maddox which was patrolling the Gulf of
Tonkin.
• The torpedo missed it’s target, but the Maddox returned fire and
inflicted heavy damage on the patrol boat.
• 2 days later, a similar situation occurred again, but this time the
American’s fired first without clear proof that torpedo's had been
shot their way.
The Tonkin Gulf Resolution
• The alleged attacks on the US prompted LBJ to launch
bombing strikes on North Vietnam.
• He asked Congress to take “all necessary measures to repel any
armed attack against the forces of the U.S. and to prevent any
further aggression.”
• Congress approved his requests and adopted the Tokin Gulf
Resolution—while not a declaration of war, it granted Johnson
broad military powers in Vietnam.
The Tonkin Gulf Resolution
• LBJ did not tell Congress or the American people that the U.S.
had been leading secret raids against the North.
• Furthermore, Johnson had prepared this resolution months
beforehand and was only waiting for the chance to push it
through Congress.
• In February of 1965, Johnson used his newly granted powers and
unleashed “Operation Rolling Thunder” the first sustained
bombing of North Vietnam.
• By June, 50,000 U.S. Soldiers were battling the Vietcong.
• http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/operation-rollingthunder
U.S. Involvement and Escalation—
Section 2
• Main Idea:
• The U.S. sent troops to fight in Vietnam, but the war quickly
turned into a stalemate.
• Why it matters now:
• Since Vietnam, Americans are more aware of the positive and
negative effects of using U.S. troops in foreign conflicts.
Johnson Increases U.S. Involvement
• Much of the nation supported LBJ’s determination to contain
communism in Vietnam.
• In March of 1956, LBJ worked closely with his foreign-policy
advisers, Robert McNamara and Dean Rusk.
• They began dispatching tens of thousands of U.S. soldiers to
Vietnam.
• A 1965 poll showed that 61% of the U.S. population supported
Johnson’s strategy.
The Troop Buildup Accelerates
• By the end of 1965, the U.S. government had sent more than
180,000 Americans to Vietnam.
• General William Westmoreland continued to request more
troops.
• He was less than impressed with the fighting ability of the Army of
the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) and believed they couldn’t compete
with U.S. weapons and numbers.
• By 1967, the number of U.S. troops in Vietnam had climbed to about
500,000.
General William Westmoreland
Fighting in the Jungle
• Because the Vietcong lacked high-powered weaponry and the
American forces, they used hit-and-run and ambush tactics,
as well as their knowledge of the jungle terrain to their
advantage.
• Moving secretly in and out of the general population, the
Vietcong destroyed the notion of a traditional front line by
attacking U.S. troops in both the cities and countryside.
• Because some of the enemy lived amidst civilian population, it was
difficult for Americans to discern a friend from a foe.
Vietcong Members
Fighting in the Jungle
• Adding to the Vietcong’s elusiveness was a network of
elaborate tunnels that allowed them to withstand airstrikes
and to launch surprise attacks and then disappear quickly.
• Connecting villages throughout the countryside, the tunnels
became home to many guerrilla fighters.
Tunnel System
Continued…
• In addition, the terrain was laced with countless booby traps
and land mines.
•
• B/c the exact location of the Vietcong was unknown, the U.S.
troops laid land mines through the jungle.
• The Vietcong also laid their own traps and disassembled and
reused U.S. mines.
http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/cu-chi-tunnels
Vietcong Jungle Terrain
A Frustrating War of Attrition
• Westmoreland’s strategy for defeating the Vietcong was to
destroy their morale through attrition, or the “gradual
warring down of the enemy by continuous harassment”.
• Introducing the concept of the “Body Count” or the tracking of
the number of Vietcong members killed in battle, the general
believed that as the number of Vietcong’s dead rose, the
guerrillas would inevitably surrender.
• http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/vietnamization
A Frustrating War of Attrition
• However, the Vietcong had no intention of quitting their fight.
• Despite the growing number of causalities and the relentless
pounding from U.S. bombers, the Vietcong remained defiant.
• The General later said the “U.S. never lost a battle in Vietnam.”
Whether or not that is true, the Americans greatly misunderstood
their foe.
• The U.S. viewed the war as strictly as a military struggle, the
Vietcong saw it as a battle for their very existence, and they were
ready to pay any price for victory.
The Battle for Hearts and
Minds
• A key strategy of the Americans was to keep the Vietcong
from winning the support of South Vietnam’s rural population.
• The campaign to win the “hearts and minds” of the South
Vietnamese villagers proved more difficult than imagined.
• For instance, in attempt to expose Vietcong tunnels and hideouts,
U.S. planes dropped napalm—a gasoline-based bomb that set fire to
the jungle.
• They also sprayed Agent Orange, a leaf-killing toxic chemical.
• The saturation of these weapons often wounded civilians and left villages
and their surroundings in ruins.
• http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/agentorange/videos/vietnam-wartactics?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false
The Battle for Hearts and
Minds
• U.S. soldiers conducted search-and-destroy missions,
uprooting civilians with suspected ties to the Vietcong, killing
their livestock, and burning villages.
• Many villagers fled into the cities or refugee camps, creating by
1967, more than 3 million refugees in the South.
Sinking Morale
• The frustration of guerrilla warfare, the brutal jungle
conditions, and the failure to make substantial headway
against the enemy took their toll of U.S. troops’ morale.
• Many soldiers required by law to fight a war they did not support
turned to alcohol, marijuana, and other drugs.
• Low morale even led to a few soldiers to murder their superior
officers.
• Morale would worsen during the later years of the war when soldiers
realized they were fighting even as their government was negotiating
a withdraw.
Fulfilling a Duty
• Most American soldiers however, firmly believed in their
cause—to halt the spread of communism.
• They took patriotic pride in fulfilling their duty, just as their
fathers had done in WWII.
• Most American soldiers fought courageously, particularly those
thousands of soldiers who had endured years of torture and
confinement as prisoners of war.
• Pg. 946
The Great Society Suffers
• As the numbers of U.S. troops in Vietnam continued to mount,
the war grew more costly.
• The nation’s economy began to suffer, the inflation rate tripled.
• In 1967 President Johnson asked Congress for a tax increase to
help fund the war and to keep inflation in check.
The Living Room War
• Through the T.V. the Vietnam War, became America’s first
“living room war”.
• Millions were able to watch combat footage on the nightly news.
• This footage showed stark pictures that seemed to contradict the
administration's optimistic war scenario.
• The TV footage proved that although communist were dying, U.S.
soldiers were also dying.
• By 1967, Americans were evenly split over supporting and opposing
the war.
• The nation’s youth, already had begun actively protesting the war.
A Nation Divided—Section 3
• Main Idea:
• An antiwar movement in the U.S. pitted supporters if the
government’s war policy against those who opposed it.
• Why it matters now:
• The painful process of healing a divided nation continues today.
The Working Class Goes to War
• Most soldiers who fought in Vietnam went in to combat under
the country’s Selective Service System or draft.
• Under this system, all males had to register with their local draft
boards when they turned 18.
• They were all screened (unless exempt) for medical reasons in the
event that they would be called into combat.
The Working Class Goes to War
• As American’s doubts grew, thousands of men attempted to
find ways around the draft.
• Some sought sympathetic doctors, others joined the National
Guard or Coast Guard which often secured deferment from
Vietnam.
• One of the most common ways to avoid the war to receive
college deferment—by which a young man enrolled in a
university could put off his military service.
• B/c University students tended to be white and financially well off,
the men who fought in Vietnam were lower-class whites or
minorities who were less economically privileged.
• Vietnam was a war with almost 80% of American soldiers coming from low
economic values.
African Americans in Vietnam
African Americans in Vietnam
• During the first years of the war, African Americans accounted
for more than 20% of American combat deaths, despite
representing only about 10% of the U.S. population.
• MLK had refrained from speaking out against the war, in fear he
would loose support for his Civil Rights push.
• But, in 1967, he lashed out—page 949.
• Racial tensions ran high in many platoons and in some cases the
hostility led to violence.
Women in Vietnam
Women Join the Ranks
• Although females were still not allowed to serve in combat—
10,000 women served in Vietnam.
• Most served as military nurses , or volunteered at the American
Red Cross, or the USO—which delivered hospitality and
entertainment to the troops.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BHYnb5sRK40
The Roots of Opposition
• The growing youth movement of the 1960s became known as
the “New Left”.
• The “New Left” did not preach socialism (like the “Old Left)
instead, its followers demanded sweeping changes in American
society.
• Voicing these demands was the organization—”Students for a
Democratic Society” (SDS) founded in 1960 by Tom Hayden and
Al Haber.
• The group claimed that corporations and large government
institutions had taken over America.
• http://study.com/academy/lesson/the-student-movement-of-the1960s.html
• What was the Free Speech Movement? (950)
Campus Activism
• Ideas from the FSM and SDS quickly spread to college
campuses.
• Students addressed mostly campus issues like dress code and
curfews.
• But, with the onset of the Vietnam War, students across the
country found a galvanizing issue and joined together in protest.
• By the mid-sixties, many youths believed the nation to be in need of
a fundamental change.
Youth Revolts
The Protest Movement Emerges-951
• Students led a March to Washington to fight what change?
• How and why did the anti-war movement grow during this
era?
War Divides the Nation
• By 1967, Americans constantly found themselves divided into
two camps regarding the war.
• Those who strongly opposed the war and believed the U.S.
should withdraw were known as doves.
• Feeling just as strongly that Americans should unleash much of its
greater military strength to win the war were hawks.
• Despite the visibility of anti-war protests, many Americans remained
committed to the war effort.
• A poll taken in 1967 showed that 70% of Americans believed the war
protests were “acts of disloyalty” to the country.
Doves v. Hawks
Johnson Remains Determined
• Throughout the turmoil and division that engulfed the nation,
Johnson remained firm.
• Johnson was dismissive of both the doves and the hawks and
continued his process of slow escalation.
• However, by the end 1967, Johnson’s policy—and continuing
stalemate—had begun to create turmoil within his own
administration.
• Who resigned? (953)
• Why was this resignation significant?
1968: A Tumultuous Year—Section
4
• Main Idea:
• An enemy attack in Vietnam, two assassinations, and a chaotic
political convention made 1968 and explosive year.
• Why it Matters Now:
• Disturbing events in 1968 accentuated the nation’s divisions,
which are still healing in the 21st century.
The Tet Offensive Turns the
War
• The year of 1968 began with a surprise attack by the Vietcong
on numerous cities in South Vietnam.
• The simultaneous strikes, while ending military defeat for the
Communist guerrillas, stunned the American public.
• Many people with moderate views about the war began to turn
against the war.
A Surprise Attack
• January 30th was the Vietnamese equivalent of New Years Eve
and is known in Vietnam as, Tet.
• As people streamed across cities in the South to celebrate, many
funerals were being held for war victims.
• Accompanying the funerals were the traditional firecrackers, flutes,
and of course coffins.
• The coffins however, contained many weapons, and many of the villagers
were Vietcong agents.
Tet Offense
• That night, the Vietcong launched an overwhelming attack on
over 100 towns and cities in South Vietnam as well as 12 U.S.
air bases.
• They even attacked the U.S. embassy in Saigon, killing 5
Americans.
• The Tet Offensive continued for about a month before the U.S.
and South Vietnamese forces regained control of the cities.
http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/tet-offensive
Page 955
• What did General Westmoreland declare about the attacks?
• Why was his claim right or wrong?
• What did people now think of the Johnson Administration?
Aftermath of the Tet Offensive
TET Changes Public Opinion
• In a matter of weeks, the TET offense changed millions of
American’s minds about the war.
• The mainstream media now openly criticized the war.
• Minds were also changing in the White House.
• To fill the vacant Defense Secretary position, Johnson picked Clark
Clifford, a friend and supporter of Johnson’s Vietnam policies.
• Clifford concluded that the war was “unwinnable”.
• After this claim, Johnson’s popularity plummeted.
Days of Loss and Rage
• Minnesota Senator Eugene McCarthy almost beat President
Johnson in the Presidential Primary.
• Influenced by Johnson’s weak poll results, Robert Kennedy
declared his candidacy for President.
• This caused the democratic house to be divided.
• On March 31, 1968 Johnson announced a dramatic change in his
Vietnam policy—the U.S. would seek negotiations to end the war.
Days of Loss and Rage
• During that same announcement, Johnson ended his speech
be declaring he did not want the presidency to become
“involved in partisan divisions that are developing in this
political year”.
• “Accordingly I shall not seek, and I will not accept the nomination
of my party for another term as your President.”
Violence and Protest Grip the
Nation
• The Democrats—as well as the nation were in for more shock
in 1968.
• On April 4th, the nation would be rocked by the assassination of
MLK.
• Just two months later, a bullet cut down yet another popular
national figure—Robert F. Kennedy.
Kennedy’s Assassination
• On June 4th, Kennedy won the crucial California Primary.
• Just after midnight on June 5th, he gave a victory speech at a LA
hotel.
• On his way out, he passed through the kitchen, where a young
Palestinian immigrant, Sirhan Sirhan was hiding with a gun.
• He shot Kennedy b/c he was angered by Kennedy’s support of Israel.
Kennedy Assassination
A Turbulent Race for President
• After the deaths of these political figures, protests rocked
college campuses.
• The political turmoil plunged the Democratic convention in
Chicago into chaos.
• While the convention nominated Hubert Humphrey for president,
bitter antiwar protesters staged rallies and protests that were
met by police attacks.
• The violent attacks showed deep divisions in the country.
A Turbulent Race for President
• The Republicans nominated former Vice President Richard
Nixon.
• Campaigning for law and order and promising that he had a plan
to end the war, Nixon won the election.
• An independent candidate—former Alabama governor, George
Wallace helped Nixon gain significant support.
• Why? 959
President Nixon and
Vietnamization
• On reaching the White House, Nixon began to withdraw
American troops from Vietnam as part of his strategy of giving
the major role in the war to South Vietnam—Vietnamization.
• By August of 1969, the first 25,000 U.S. troops had returned
home from Vietnam.
• Over the next 3 years, the number of American troops in Vietnam
dropped from more than 500,000 to less than 25,000.
“Peace with Honor”
• Nixon and Kissinger intended to maintain U.S. dignity in the
face of its withdrawal from war.
• A further goal was to preserve U.S. clout at the negotiation table,
as Nixon still demanded that the South Vietnamese government
remain intact.
• With this objective—and even as the pullout had begun—Nixon
secretly ordered a massive bombing campaign against supply
routes and bases in North Vietnam.
• The President also ordered that bombs be dropped on the
neighboring countries of Laos and Cambodia, which held a number
of Vietcong sanctuaries.
• Nixon told his aid that he wanted the “enemy to believe he was
capable of anything.”
The My Lai Massacre
• What happened on March 16th, 1968?
• What had Lt. William Calley Jr. ordered his platoon to do?
• What was the results?
The Invasion of Cambodia
• On April 30th, 1970, President Nixon announced that U.S.
troops had invaded Cambodia to clear out North Vietnamese
and Vietcong supply centers—the American public was
shocked, but Nixon defended his actions.
• Upon hearing of the invasion, college students across the country
burst out in protest.
Violence on Campus
• Disaster struck hardest at Kent State University in Ohio.
• A massive student protest led to the burning of the ROTC
building.
• In response to the growing unrest, the local mayor called in the
National Guard.
• On May 4th, 1970, the guards fired live ammunition into a crowd
of campus protestors who were hurling rocks at them.
• The gunfire wounded 9 people and killed 4, including two who had
not even participated in the rally.
Kent State Massacre
The Pentagon Papers
• Nixon and Kissinger’s Cambodia policy cost Nixon significant
political support.
• By first bombing and then invading Cambodia without even
notifying Congress, the president stirred anger on Capital Hill.
• On December 31st 1970—Congress repealed the Tonkin Gulf
Resolution, which had given the President near independence in
conducting policy in Vietnam.
The Pentagon Papers
• Support of the war eroded even further when in June of 1971,
former defense department worker Daniel Ellsberg leaked
what became known as the “Pentagon Papers.”
• This 7,000 page document revealed drawn up plans for entering
the war even as President LBJ promised he would not send
American troops to Vietnam. The papers showed that there was
never any plan to end the war as long as the North persisted.
• For many Americans, these papers confirmed
their belief that the government had not been
honest about its war intentions.
America’s Longest War Ends
• In March of 1972, the North Vietnamese launched their
largest attack since the TET offensive in 1968.
• President Nixon responded by ordering a massive bombing
campaign against the Northern cities.
• He also ordered that mines be laid in Haiphong harbor—the North’s
largest harbor.
• The bombing halted the North’s attack, but the guerilla stalemate
continued.
• It was after this the Nixon administration took steps to finally end
America’s involvement in Vietnam.
“Peace is at Hand”
• As the 1972 election neared, Nixon announced progress in the
peace talks—but a snag arose.
• In order to reach an agreement, Kissinger and Nixon had to drop
their insistence that North Vietnam withdraw troops from the
South before the complete withdraw of American troops.
The Final Push
• Nixon won re-election, but the promised peace proved to be
elusive.
• Talks broke off on December 16th. Two days later, the President
unleashed ferocious bombing campaign against Hanoi and
Haiphong.
• In what became known as the “Christmas Bombings” U.S. planes
dropped 100,000 bombs over the course of 8 straight days.
The Final Push
• The warring parties grew weary and decided to return to the
peace table.
• On January 27th 1973, the U.S. signed an “Agreement on Ending
the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam”.
• Under this agreement, North Vietnamese troops would remain in
South Vietnam. However, Nixon promised to respond “with full
force” to any violation of the peace agreement.
• On March 29th, 1973 the last U.S. combat troop left for home.
• For America, the Vietnam War was Over
The Fall of Saigon
• The war itself, however, raged on.
• Within months of the ceasefire agreement btw North and South,
Vietnam collapsed.
• In march of 1975, the North launched a full scale invasion against the
South.
• Theiu appealed to the U.S. for help. American provided economic
support, but refused to send troops.
The War Leaves a Painful
Legacy
• The Vietnam War exacted a terrible price for its participants.
• In all, 58,000 Americans were killed and 303,000 were wounded.
• North and South Vietnamese deaths topped 2 million.
• In the end, the war left Americans more cautious of foreign
affairs.
American Veterans Cope Back at
Home
• The nation as a whole extended a cold hand to its returning
Vietnam Veterans.
• There was no brass bands or victory parades for their return.
• Instead, many Vets were met with hostility or indifference.
• Many Vets readjusted successfully.
• However, about 15% of the 3 million soldiers developed PTSD.
Further Turmoil in Southeast
Asia
• In unifying Vietnam, the victorious communist imprisoned
400,000 South Vietnamese and imposed their rule throughout
the land.
• 1.5 million people fled Vietnam in fear for their lives.
Further Turmoil in Southeast
Asia
• The people of Cambodia also suffered greatly after the war.
• A communist group known as the Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot
seized power in 1975.
• In an effort to transform the country into a peasant society, the
Rouge executed professionals and anyone with an education on
foreign ties.
• During it’s reign of terror it is believed they killed 1 million
Cambodians.
The Legacy of Vietnam
• The war resulted in several major U.S. policy changes.
• 1st, the government abolished the draft.
• 2nd, The country took steps to curb the president’s war-making
powers.
• In November of 1973, Congress passed the War Powers Act,
which stipulated that a president must inform Congress within 48
hours of sending forces into a hostile area without a declaration
of war.
• In addition, the troops, may remain there no longer than 90 days
unless Congress approves the President’s action or declares war.
Discovering Education
• America in the Vietnam War
• http://app.discoveryeducation.com/search?Ntt=Vietnam+War