The Microbial World
and YOU
Chapter 1
With the person sitting next to you,
make a list of all the microorganisms
that have either helped or harmed you
in your life.
MICROORGANISMS
• Tiny organisms usually too small to be
seen with the naked eye
• Diseases and illnesses
– AIDS, infections, food poisoning
• Commercial applications
– Vitamins, enzymes, drugs
• Important to Ecosystem
– Bottom of food chain, decomposers,
photosynthesizers
• Food Industry
– Vinegar, pickles, cheese, yogurt and bread
BACTERIA
Prokaryotes
Unicellular
Peptidoglycan in cell walls
Binary fission
Several shapes
Flagella
Microbes
E. coli 10000x magnification
FUNGI
Eukaryotes
Crenarchaeota, ammonia oxidizing
Unicellular or multi
ARCHAEA
Sexual or asexual
Prokaryotic
Decomposers
Cell walls lack peptidoglycan
Hyphae and
mycelia
Extreme environments
Entoloma hochstetteri New Zealand
PROTOZOA
Eukaryotes
Unicellular
Variety of shapes and
sizes
Sexual or asexual
ALGAE
Eukaryotes
Photosynthetic
Cell walls of cellulose
Uni or multicellular
VIRUSES
HELMINTHS
Not alive
Flat and round worms
Nucleic acid and protein
Microscopic at some point of life cycle
Reproduce only with host
machinery
Parasitic
HIV
Review of Nomenclature
• Carolus Linneus
• Two name
• Genus (capitalized) species (not
capitalized)
– Examples: Homo sapiens, Bos taurus
• After mentioned, abbreviated with the
initial of the genus and the full species
name.
– Examples: H. sapiens, B. taurus
• Except when it is as the beginning of the
sentence
BRIEF HISTORY
HOOKE(1665): observed first
cell
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LEEUWENHOEK
(1676): 1st live microorganism
Hobbie collecting microscopes
(400+)
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MORE HISTORY
Spontaneous Generation Debate
(1861)
REDI: maggots on meat
NEEDHAM/SPALLANZANI:
boiled broth “vital force”
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PASTEUR: curved flask, orgs are
present in nonliving matter
•
•
Fermentation (conversion of
sugar to alcohol)
Pasteurization (high heat for short
amount of time to kill bacteria
that causes spoilage)
Louis Pasteur
• Redi’s Experiment
Pasteur’s S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in
Microbes got caught in the curve
Concluded: microbes are present in nonliving matter-air,
liquids, solids
HISTORY CONT….
PASTEUR: Germ theory of disease: 1
microorganisms causes 1 disease (after work done
by Semmelweis)
QuickTime™ and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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– 1865: silkworm disease caused by protozoan
LISTER (1860s): applied germ theory to medical
procedures
– Used disinfectants (phenol solution)
KOCH (1876): discovered Bacillus anthracis
(bacteria that was destroying cattle)
– Koch’s postulates
– Est. sequence for directly relating microbe to
disease
JENNER(1796): smallpox vaccination
(vacca = cow)
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Koch
HISTORY CONT….
Ehrlich (1910):chemotherapy
revolution
– Found “magic bullet”
– something to hunt down and
destroy pathogen without
harming host
– Salvarsan (arsenic derivative
against syphilis)
– Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs)
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Fleming (1928): 1st antibiotic
Penicillium notatum
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HUMAN WELFARE
• Microbial Ecology
– recycle elements of soil and atmosphere
• Sewage Treatment
– Bacteria convert organics into CO2, NH3, CH4, etc
• Bioremediation
– Remove toxins from wells, chemical spills, toxic waste sites
and oil spills
– Pseudomanas and Bacillus
• Insect pest Control
– Bacillus thuringiensis - alfalfa caterpillars, corn borers,
cabbageworms, etc.
• Biotechnology
– Recombinant DNA
– Gene therapy
HUMAN DISEASE
• Normal microbiota (flora)
– WHY?
• Biofilms: complex aggregation of microbes
– Tongue (pictured below)
• Infectious diseases
• Movie: Emerging Diseases
Question for you…..
• Advertisements tell
you that bacteria and
viruses are all over
your home and that
you need to buy
antibacterial cleaning
products. Should you?
Works Cited
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http://news.softpedia.com/images/news2/Ammonia-Loving-Archaea-Win-Landslide-Majority-2.jpg]
http://img2.scoop.co.nz/stories/images/0705/d40ac49a6df120748719.jpeg
http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/techniques/hoffmangallery/stentor.html
http://cleantechnica.com/files/2008/07/106253991_ebf50013a0_m.jpg
http://www.scumdoctor.com/images/Pictures-Of-Human-Worm-Parasites.jpg
http://www.bgpa.wa.gov.au/c/bgpa/pub/stories/events/images/autumn_workshops/thumbnails/linneaus.jpg