http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8WJ2KENlK0

3-1: Why is Carbon So Important in
Biological Molecules?
3-2: How are Organic Molecules
Synthesized?
3-3: What are Carbohydrates?
3-4: What are Lipids?
3-5: What are Proteins?
3.6: What are Nucleotides and Nucleic
Acids?

CSI: Puzzling Proteins
1. What are proteins? How do they differ from DNA and RNA?
2. How can a protein with no hereditary material infect another organism, increase in number, and produce a fatal disease?
3. Is vCJD still a threat? http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=vcjd%20scrapie&qs=n&form=QBVR&pq=vcjd%20scrapie&sc=0-7&sp=-
1&sk=#view=detail&mid=5411AB07933554CD52F55411AB07933554CD52F5

- carbon backbone bonded to
H atoms ________________
- can be very complex
- more organic cmpds than inorganic
- common in living
__________________
- ______ carbon (H
2
O
/ NaCl) or hydrogen atoms (CO
2
)
- ________ complex
- ________ diverse

3.1: Why is Carbon So Important ..?
 unique _________ properties of carbon are key to the complexity of organic molecules
1. _______

__valence
(outer) electrons
(room for 8)
 can form up to 4 bonds with _____________________
 capable of making _____________________________

Figure 31: Carbon’s Versatility in Bonding patterns
H hydrogen
C C C C carbon
N
N N nitrogen oxygen
O O

2. can assume complex shapes (________________ chains, ___________, __________, and __________)

3. can attach to ___________ groups - determine characteristics and reactivity of molecule
 functional groups –_______________& more likely to reacte with others phosphate carboxyl amine

3.2: How Are Organic Molecules _________________?

______________________ = large polymers
Ex.carbohydrates
lipids, proteins nucleotides/nucleic acids


Biomolecules are _______________ through a) ________________________(condensation reaction)
- joins monomers together (site where H & OH are removed ) by ___________________________molecule


Biomolecules are _________________through b) __________________________
- breaks apart polymers by _____________
(H & OH between the monomers )

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis

3.3: What Are Carbohydrates?

A. Carbohydrate Structure

______________atoms in the ratio of 1:2:1
 most small carbs are water soluble
(
= water loving) due to OH functional group (i.e sugar cube in
H
2
0) hydrogen bond water
Figure 3-4 Sugar dissolving in water hydroxyl group

B. Function of Carbohydrates
1. provide ___________ to cells a. cellular respiration
2.
____________ energy
3.
___________ plant, fungi, bacteria cell walls
4.
_________ armor (chitin) in insects, crabs etc

Types of Carbohydrates
1. ______________________________ C
6
H
12
O
6
 1 simple _____________ (1:2:1 ratio of C,H,O)
 most end in “____” and named by # of Carbons

(CH
2
O) n is the general formula (n = 3-7 C)
Examples: * = isomers
1) * _____________ (6-C)-most common in organisms
2) * ______________ - fruit sugar (corn syrup, honey)
3) * _________________ - milk sugar found in lactose
4) ______________ (5-C)/ deoxyribose (RNA and DNA)

3.1: Why is Carbon So Important ..?

_______ –molecules w/ same number of atoms but different arrangement (____________________ formula with a _________________________formula)
C
6
H
12
O
6

These will become important!
C
6'
5'
C O
4'
C C
1'
C
3'
C
2'


_ monosaccharides bonded via ____________synthesis
 general formula is ________________________
 used for short-term energy storage
 broken into monosaccharides by ________ for energy
Examples:
1) __________ (table sugar) =glucose+fructose
2) ___________ (malt sugar)=glucose+glucose
3) __________(milk sugar)=galactose+glucose

_________________

___________
(monomer )
___________
(monome r)
_____________________
(disaccharide )
_______________ synthesis
H
2
O

3. ______________________________
 chains of monosaccharides (_____________________)
 costs little to build; easily reversible = _____________
Examples:
1)_____________: plant energy-storage
2) _________________: animal energy-storage
3)__________: most imp.
structural polysaccharide
(cell walls of plants)
4) _______________: armour of crabs, spiders, fungi

• Molecular structure determines function in starch in cellulose

starch easy to digest enzyme cellulose hard to digest enzyme only bacteria can digest

Cellulose=____________ roughage
• most abundant organic cmpd on Earth
• ___________ have evolved a mechanism to digest cellulose
• most ___________have not
• that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients
But it tastes like hay!
Who can live on this stuff?!

Cows digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars
Gorillas can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet

How can herbivores digest cellulose so well?
– helpful _________________ live in their digestive systems & help digest cellulose-rich
(grass) meals

Breakdown of Polysaccharides
_____________________  __________________
Polysaccharide + H
2
O

Disaccharide/Monosaccharides hydrolysi s
Starch + H
2
O  Glucose + Glucose + Glucose + Glucose

Ch. 3.4

3.4: What Are Lipids?
AStructure of a ________________

_____________ ratio of H to C atoms
 contain large chains of non-polar hydrocarbons (hydrophobic/H
2
O insoluble)
B. Functions of Lipids
1. _____________________(btwn C-H bonds)
2. _________________ coverings on plant/animal bodies
3. primary component in _______________________
4. help make ________________________
5. _________ & aid in ____________in multicellular org

3.4: What Are Lipids?

Types of Lipids
1. Oils, fats, and lipids
 only contain C, H, & O
 each contain 1 or more ______________ ( long chain of C & H with a ___________ group on 1 end hydrophillic hydrophobic

Formation of Lipids via Dehydration Synthesis
3
H
2
O

Tri glyceride

all __________bonds btwn C-atoms
- ________ fats (solid ) at least __________bond btwn C-atoms
- _________ oils (liquid )
_ double bond
________ than 1 double bond

Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Functions of fats and Oils
- used primarily as energy-storage molecules
- contain _________________as many calories/gram than carbohydrates & proteins

Good Fats vs. Bad Fats?
Fats (____________)
(butter/lard)
-produced by animals
- ______________ FA
- ___________ of H
Oils (______________) corn/canola oil
-found in seeds of plants
- _______________ FA
- ____________ H

_________________________ and Trans Fats?
 commercial process where some double bonds in unsaturated FA are broken and
______________________ to the carbons
- converts liquid oils to solid fats (_______________) http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=hydrogenation+process&FORM=HDRSC3#vie w=detail&mid=A40B1F51A242B07BE871A40B1F51A242B07BE871

saturated fats (red meat/whole milk), obesity, smoking & trans fats – ________________ production of more __________ unsaturated fats (fish, nuts, veg oil) –help
_______________ heart ________________

Types of Lipids
2. ___________
 chemically similar to fats
(1 _________+ 1 long __________)
 humans & most animals lack appropriate enzymes to break them down
 highly saturated (solid @ room temp.)

Waterproofing coating
Structural component
Waterproofing for exoskeletons & furs

Types of Lipids
3. ___________________________
 chemically similar to oil (1 ___________, 2 fatty acids + 1 ________________________ group)
 crucial _________ component of cell membranes

Phospholipid structure
Glycerol Phosphate
Fatty acids

3 . ____________________

__ carbon ____________ (nonpolar)

_____________ – saturated fatty acids that synthesize estrogen & testosterone
 animal _________________
 ________human brain
(insulate/nerve cells)
 too much of the wrong form=bad news

Good Cholesterol vs. Bad Cholesterol?
 nonpolar_
 transported in blood by carrier molecules made-up of phospholipids & proteins(_ __________=lipid+protein)
1. HDL (high density lipoproteins) =______________
& and ___________
________________
2. LDL (low density
lipoproteins) = more cholesterol & and
_________________

Good Cholesterol vs. Bad Cholesterol?
 ______ – transports excess cholesterol from cells  liver to be metabolized or produce steroid hormones
 _____ - carried from liver  cells for storage or to produce cell membranes; excess builds in artery walls

3.5: What Are Proteins?

A. ___________________ Structure
 consist of C, H, O, ____
 chains of amino acids bonded by
__________ bonds via dehydration synthesis
B. Protein Function
 act as ____________ to promote rxns

_________(keratin) to form hair, nails, scales & feathers

 structural (silk proteins) in cocoons & webs

____________ (albumin in eggs & casein in milk)

______________protein transports oxygen

_________(actin & myosin are contractile proteins)

Protein Functions
 some are _________________ (insulin & GH)
 some are_____________that fight infection
 few are _____ (snake venom )

Amino Acids Build Proteins

can make disulfide bonds
What makes them different ?
tryptophan

How Are Amino Acids Joined?
______________________  _______________ dehydration synthesis

Formation of Proteins / Polypeptides?
1a.a. + 1 a.a. + 1 a.a. + 1 a.a =
Dehydration synthesis
= _____________________________

Levels of Protein Organization
 interactions btwn the ____ groups of A.A. cause twists, folds, and interconnections that give proteins ___structure
Primary Structure
Secondary Structure
Tertiary Structure
Quaternary Structure

1. Primary Structure – sequence of amino acids depends on 1) _______, 2) ___________ and
3) _______________________of amino acids

2. Seconday Structure – simple repeating units a) _______________ or b) _______________
 maintained by ____-bonds btwn polar portion of A.A.
Silk Keratin (hair)
Hemoglobin subunits
(blood)
H-bonds

3.
Tertiary Structure - 2 o structure folds on itself forming Hbonds w/ H2O & ___________________w/ cysteine A.A.
 include enzymes and antibodies
 disruption of 2 o and 3 o bonds =
________________________(loss of function)

4. Quaternary Structure – when multiple proteins are linked together

____________-4 protein chains of 150 amino acids
 some enzymes

Primary structure:
The sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Secondary structure:
Usually maintained by hydrogen bonds, which shape this helix heme group hydrogen bond
Tertiary structure:
Folding of the helix results from hydrogen bonds with surrounding water molecules and disulfide bridges between cysteine amino acids
Quaternary structure:
Individual polypeptides are linked to one another by hydrogen bonds or disulfide bridges

Protein Function Related to Structure
 _________________ – mutation in hemoglobin
 egg frying – denaturation in albumin
 perms – denaturation of keratin in hair
 bacteria and viruses killed by denaturing their proteins http://on.aol.com/video/learn-about-protein-denaturation-83227098

What Makes Hair Curl?

Hydrogen bonds give keratin its __________, spring-like 2 O structure.
 when hair is stretched or wet

H- bonds break & hair __________________________
 bonds reform when tension releases or hair dries

What Makes Hair Curl?

Keratin- lots of cysteine A. A. (form covalent disulfide bonds w/ other cysteines)

________ of cysteines (depends on genes) determines curly or straight hair
Curling hair:
- hair is wet (bonds break)
- wrap wet hair around rollers
- H-bonds form different places
- rain/humidity break new bonds & goes back to straight

Case Study: Puzzling Proteins

Infectious _______________ – mis-folded versions of a normal protein found in body

2 O structure of normal prion is primarily helical
 infectious prions fold into ____________________
 very stable and can’t be destroyed – very difficult to sterilize equipment contaminated by prions
 accumulate destructively in brain http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=misfolded+prions&FORM=HDRSC3#view
=detail&mid=DE9021C70AF6628DB96CDE9021C70AF6628DB96C

3.6: What Are Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids?

Nucleotides
A. Structure

___________________

_____________________________
 nitrogen-containing ________________
 adenine
 guanine
 cytosine
 thymine
 uracil

Nucleotides: Deoxyribose and Ribose
1. ______________________________ (A, G, C, ____)
2. ________________________ (A, G, C, _____)

Nucleotides: Deoxyribose and Ribose

________________________molecules
 subunits of polymers called nucleic acids
 intracellular _________________ molecules

Nucleotides Act as Energy Carriers

____– adenosine triphosphate
 ribose ___________________

____ phosphate groups
 stores _______ in bonds btwn phosphate groups
 energy released when last _______________________
 available energy is then used to drive other rxns
(linking amino acids)

How is ATP made and broken down?
1. ________ + Energy + _____________ -----> ____
(stores energy) dehydration synthesis
2. _______ ------> ADP + ___________ + _________
(releases energy) hydrolysis

Nucleotides Act as Intracellular Messengers

________________ – ribose nucleotide cyclic adenosine monophosphate
 messenger molecule in cells
 hormones stimulate cAMP to form within cells where it initiates biochemical reactions

_________________– electron carriers
 transport energy in form of high-
FAD energy electrons
 used in ATP synthesis
NAD

Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA the Molecules of Heredity
___________: polymers containing nulceotides (monomers)
- linked together via dehydrations synthesis found in
___________________ in cells

Case Study: Puzzling Proteins

______ cells use ________ as a blueprint for making more cells; Viruses use DNA or RNA

Before discovery of prions – no infectious agent had been discovered that completely lacked genetic material made of nucleic acids.
 Scientists didn’t believe proteins could
“reproduce themselves” until repeated studies found _____ trace of genetic material in prions.

Case Study: Puzzling Proteins
 Stanley Prusiner discovered the prion as the culprit in scrapie, BSE, and vCJD.
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=bse+adn+proteins&FORM=HDRSC3#view=detail&mid=01BFFA6720
61BDDA27DE01BFFA672061BDDA27DE
 infectious prions get normal helical prion proteins to transform into pleated sheet of infectious form
 continues until enough proteins have transformed to cause disease symptoms (sometimes 10 yrs)
 actions taken to prevent new infections were successful – no surviving vCJD victims and no new confirmed cases since mid 2012.

Making and Breaking Down Macromolecules
Polymer or Monomer
Macromolecule (Building Blocks)
______________________________________ monosaccharides
___________________________________
Lipids(triglycerides)
______________________________________ amino acids
______________________________________
Nucleic Acids
______________________________________

Dehydration Synthesis / Condensation Reaction
Monomer ---------------> Polymer/ or + H
2
O
Macromolecule
_______________________________________ monosaccharides
____________________________________ triglycerides
_______________________________________ amino acids
_______________________________________
DNA or RNA
_______________________________________

POLYMER + H
2
O -----------> MONOMER
___________________________________
Polysaccharide glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Polypeptide nucleotides

 Ch. 3 Vocab notecards or Key Terms (pg. 51)
 Read summary of key concepts (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5,
3.6)(pg 51)
 Read learning outcomes LO1 – LO7 (pg. 51)
 Be able to answer all the Check Your Learning questions and check answers (pg. 932)
 Complete Thinking through the Concepts and Applying the Concepts
 Go to MasteringBiology for practice, quizzes, activities, etc.