21 April 2010

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Rapid growth of new industrial cities
 lack of sufficient infrastructure
Creation of the institutional work day
 Mill whistle and the factory clock
Replacement of the artisan with the unskilled worker
Division of Labor, rise of class consciousness
Child Labor
 In 1835 40% of mill workers were under the age of 18

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Industrialization created not only factory owners and management, but also created increased need for lawyers, bankers, accountants, and merchants
These individuals began to intermarry with the struggling landed gentry, accumulating capital and credibility
As a dominant source of progress, this class demands more political power in Britain

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The acquisition of wealth, and the desire which it naturally creates for a continued increase, have introduced a fondness for essentially injurious luxuries among a numerous class of individuals who formerly never thought of them, and they have also generated a disposition which strongly impels its possessors to sacrifice the best feelings of human nature to this love of accumulation. To succeed in this career, the industry of the lower orders, from whose labour this wealth is now drawn, has been carried by new competitors striving against those of longer standing, to a point of real oppression, reducing them by successive changes, as the spirit of competition increased and the ease of acquiring wealth diminished, to a state more wretched than can be imagined by those who have not attentively observed the changes as they have gradually occurred. In consequence, they are at present in a situation infinitely more degraded and miserable than they were before the introduction of these manufactories, upon the success of which their bare subsistence now depends.

 I now therefore, in the name of the millions of the neglected poor and ignorant, whose habits and sentiments have been hitherto formed to render them wretched, call upon the British Government and the British Nation to unite their efforts to arrange a system to train and instruct those who, for any good or useful purpose, are now untrained and uninstructed; and to arrest by a clear, easy, and practical system of prevention, the ignorance and consequent poverty, vice, and misery, which are rapidly increasing throughout the empire; for, "Train up a child in the way he should go, and when he is old he will not depart from it.”

 After the 1832 Reform Bill, the newly enfranchised take a paternalistic attitude to the new “working class”
 Increased state focus on the condition of the workers
 Living conditions
 Working conditions
 Sanitary conditions: cities with over
50,000 people had twice the death rates of the countryside

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1834: New Poor Law
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 Poor Law introduced during Renaissance
 outdoor relief
Difficult to get help conditions of workhouses
Workhouses built in every parish

 Socialism
 Economic planning
 greater economic equality
 state regulation of property
 Utopianism: burden falls on middle class to help the poor
 Marxism: middle class and working class interests opposed to each other

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 Before the mid-19 th Century, there were few national unions.
 Most labor movements sought higher wages and better working conditions.
 Chartism in Great Britain called for universal male suffrage in 1838

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Marx’s theory says that
 social hierarchy is based upon work
 how that work is done is called the mode of production.
 The mode of production shapes all other aspects of social life
Dialectical materialism
 Hegel’s idea that each age is characterized by a set of ideas, which produces opposing ideas that will result in a new synthesis
 Marx’s theory proclaimed that economic relationships were the driving force of historical change

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History as class struggle
The bourgeoisie vs. the proletariat
Class consciousness
Violent overthrow of the bourgeois, capitalist system
Abolition of capitalist property
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The dictatorship of the proletariat
Withering away of the state
Communism
 collective ownership of property
 organization of labor for the common advantage of all members

 “The laborer becomes poorer the more wealth he produces, indeed, the more powerful and wideranging his production becomes. Labor does not only produce commodities, it produces itself and the laborer as a commodity, and in relation to the level at which it produces commodities. The product of labor is labor, which fixes itself in the object, it becomes a thing, it is the objectification of labor.”

Manifesto, 1848:
 The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary re-constitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes. In the earlier epochs of history, we find almost everywhere a complicated arrangement of society into various orders, a manifold gradation of social rank. In ancient Rome we have patricians, equites, plebeians, slaves; in the Middle Ages, lords, vassals, guild-masters, journeymen, apprentices, serfs; in almost all of these classes, again, subordinate gradations.

Masses of laborers, crowded into the factory, are organized like soldiers. As privates of the industrial army they are placed under the command of a perfect hierarchy of officers and sergeants. Not only are they slaves of the bourgeois class, and of the bourgeois State; they are daily and hourly enslaved by the machine, by the foreman, and, above all, by the individual bourgeois manufacturer himself. The more openly this despotism proclaims gain to be its end and aim, the more petty, the more hateful and the more embittering it is.
From The Communist Manifesto, 1848

Differences of age and sex have no longer any distinctive social validity for the working class. All are instruments of labor, more or less expensive to use, according to their age and sex....The growing competition among the bourgeoisie, and the resulting commercial crises, make the wages of the workers ever more fluctuating. The unceasing improvement of machinery, ever more rapidly developing, makes their livelihood more and more precarious...The modern laborer, instead of rising with the progress of industry, sinks deeper and deeper below the conditions of existence of his own class. He becomes a pauper, and pauperism develops more rapidly than population and wealth....
The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win.
WORKERS OF THE WORLD: UNITE!!
From The Communist Manifesto, 1848

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Significant points that transformed scientific thought: biological species are in a constant state of evolution all life takes the form of a struggle to exist -- to exist and produce the greatest number of offspring
The struggle for existence eliminates organisms less well adapted and allows those better adapted to flourish -- a process called Natural Selection natural selection, development, and evolution requires long periods of time genetic variations that produce increased survivability are random and not caused by God or by the organism's own striving for perfection.

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The Organic Analogy
Both society and organism grow during most of their existence; baby to adult, town to city.
As they grow, they become increasingly complex.

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The Nature of Social Evolution
Societies move from simple structures to various levels of compound structures.
 Simple: consists of separate families.
 Compound: consists of families organized into clans.
 Doubly Compound: Clans are organized into tribes.
 Trebly Compound: Tribes are further organized into nations.
An increase in size of the society results in increase in structure, which in turn produces differences in power and roles of the members. Different members or groups of members also start to play different, specialized roles.

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There is a movement from a military to an industrial society.
At the beginning, society is characterized by the compulsory cooperation of its members -- the military society.
The industrial society is characterized by the voluntary cooperation of its members.
The highest order is called the Ethical State, where common resources may be used to perfect the human character.

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Each group will assign a leader. The leader will decide which group members will read which document. Remember, the Chamberlain and the
Ahlwardt should be read as separate documents.
Each person will read one of the documents and report his or her findings to the rest of the group.
A group “secretary” will write out brief summaries of each report.
Together, the group should answer the following in complete sentences/paragraphs (the role of secretary should be shared, but all answers should appear on one assignement to be turned in)

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Questions:
 How does Renan define “the nation”? What model is he applying (inclusive or exclusive)? How does it correspond to other forms of nationalism?
 How does Charles Darwin’s research impact ideas of science and society?
 What are the connections between Darwin, Spencer, and
Comte? How are Spencer and Comte similar? How are they different?
 How are nationalism and social Darwinism connected?
What are examples of similarities (using quotes from the documents)?
 How do these documents discuss race? How are race and nationalism connected (using quotes from the documents)?

 Finally, the group will collaborate on how to bring all of the articles together under one thesis statement. Think about:
 Chronology
 What connects them
 What effects these ideas and theories had on society

Challenging European Identities

 In the face of imperial and industrial expansion, people begin investigating human nature
 Havelock Ellis (1859-1939) and human sexuality
 New woman
 Homosexuality
 Oscar Wilde

 “I am here as a soldier who has temporarily left the field of battle in order to explain--it seems strange it should have to be explained--what civil war is like when civil war is waged by women. I am not only here as a solider temporarily absent from the field of battle; I am here-- and that, I think, is the strangest part of my coming--I am here as a person who. according to the law courts of my country, it has been decided, is of no value to the community at all; and I am adjudged because of my life to be a dangerous person, under sentence of penal servitude in a convict prison” –
Emmeline Pankhurst

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Max Nordau blames overstimulation
 Fear of a general downturn in society, particularly among the “better” classes
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) and psychoanalysis

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Interested in the human mind
Seeks to understand the human personality
 To understand the nature of the individual in a disintegrating society
 To plumb the “depths” of the human condition
Marks a radical shift by emphasizing the irrational nature of human beings in a rational, scientific way

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Freud claims to discover that “we are not in control of our own minds.”
Argues that “emotions buried in the unconscious surface in disguised form during dreaming.”
Wish-fulfillment, repressed desire, anxiety

Dreams are not comparable to the spontaneous sounds made by a musical instrument struck rather by some external force than by the hand of a performer; they are not meaningless, not absurd, they do not imply that one portion of our stockpile of ideas sleeps while another begins to awaken.
They are a completely valid psychological phenomenon, specifically the fulfillment of wishes; they can be classified in the continuity of comprehensible waking mental states; they are constructed through highly complicated intellectual activity.

But as soon as we delight in this discovery, a flood of questions assails us. If, according to dream analysis, the dream represents a fulfilled wish, what creates the astonishing and strange form in which this wish-fulfillment is expressed? What transformation have the dream thoughts undergone to shape the manifest dream which we remember when awake? Through what means has this transformation taken place? What is the source of the material which has been reworked into the dream? Where do the many peculiarities which we notice in dream thoughts come from, for instance that they may be mutually contradictory? Can a dream tell us something new about our inner psychological processes? Can its content correct the opinions that we have held during our waking hours?

 Paul Cézanne and Pablo Picasso transform art

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Isadora Duncan and Russian ballet change traditional dance
Schoenberg and Strauss eliminate the musical aesthetic ideal
What are the moderns responding to? How do they transform art and ideas?