Chapter 8
Human Resources Management
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What is HRM?
Human resources management (also known as
staffing) consists of planning, attracting,
developing, and retaining employees.
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HR for the L.A. Dodgers
Irene Tanji was with the HR department of the Los
Angeles Dodgers from 1958 to 1998. She started as a
secretary and worked her way up through the ranks to
become Director of Human Resources.
Tanji believes that pro sports HR people face a variety
of challenges in the present business environment.
Issues include educating young players regarding their
benefits and providing services for ethnically diverse
players.
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The Legal Environment
Irene Tanji believes the main challenge that HR
departments face is keeping up with legal issues.
She includes updating benefits; monitoring new medical
insurance regulations, and administering the Dodgers’
401k retirement plan as complex issues with serious legal
implications.
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Hiring Process
Here are two rules of thumb: (1) Every question
you ask should be job-related. When developing
questions, make sure you have a purpose for
using the information. Only ask legal questions
you plan to use in your selection process.
(2) General questions should be asked of all
candidates.
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Bona Fide Occupational
Qualification
A bona fide occupational qualification allows
organizations to base their hiring decisions on otherwise
discriminatory attributes where it is reasonably necessary
to the normal operation of a particular organization.
Is age a BFOQ in pro sports? Do you believe salary cap
management practices discriminate against older
players?
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The HR Department
HR recruits employees for
line managers to select from
as they hire new people.
HR conducts orientation
sessions for new hires and
trains many of them to do
their jobs.
HR keeps employment
records.
HR is often involved with
legal matters.
HR develops the performance
appraisal system and forms.
HR determines compensation
guidelines.
HR develops employee health
and safety programs, works on
labor relations, and assists in
the termination of employees.
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Strategic HR Planning
Strategic human resources planning is the process of
staffing the organization to meet its objectives.
The Director of Player Development for the Dallas
Cowboys typically spends his time finding replacements
for injured players, working on problems with the
coaching staff, and preparing for contract negotiations.
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HR at Olympics, World Cup
HR consultant Priscilla
Florence has served as
the HR person for two
international sporting
events: The 1984 Los
Angeles Olympics and
the World Cup USA
1994.
Florence’s responsibilities
involve recruiting, hiring,
training, and organizing
paid employees and
volunteers.
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Job Analysis
Job analysis is the
process of determining
what the position entails
and the qualifications
needed to staff the
position.
Job description identifies
the tasks and
responsibilities of a
position. In other words, it
identifies what employees
do to earn their pay.
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Job Specifications
Job specifications
identify the qualifications
needed to staff a
position.
The job specifications
thus identify the types of
people needed.
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Recruiting
Recruiting is the process of attracting qualified
candidates to apply for job openings.
Professors with sport management doctorates are in
short supply and in high demand as numerous colleges
add new sport management programs to their offerings.
Administrators will have to use all types of recruitment
methods to attract qualified sport professors.
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Recruiting Sources
Walk-Ins
Promotions from within
Employee referrals
Educational Institutions
Internal
Sources
External
Sources
Advertising
Previous applicants
Agencies
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Interview and Question Types
Questions
Close-Ended
Open-Ended
Hypothetical
Probing
Interviews
Structured
Unstructured
Semistructured
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Interview Preparation Steps
1. Review the job
description and
specifications.
2. Plan your
realistic job
preview.
3. Plan the type 5. Develop a form.
of interview.
4. Develop
questions for all
candidates.
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6. Develop
questions for each
candidate.
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Interview Steps
Open the interview
Give your realistic job preview
Ask your questions
Introduce top candidates to coworkers
Close the interview
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Training Method
Definition
Skill Developed
Written material
Manuals, books, and so on.
Technical
Lecture
Spoken word, class lectures.
Technical
Video
Television, class videos.
Technical
Question and answer
After other methods, the trainer and trainees ask questions about
what they read, heard, and watched.
Technical
Discussion
A topic is presented and discussed.
Technical
Programmed learning
A computer or book is used to present material, followed by a
question or problem. Trainees select a response, then are given
feedback on their answers. Depending on the material presented,
programmed learning may possibly develop people skills and
conceptual skills.
Technical
Demonstration
Trainers show trainees how to perform the task. This is step 2 in
JIT. Demonstrations can also be used to develop people skills and
decision-making skills.
Technical
Job rotation
Employees learn to perform multiple jobs.
Technical and conceptual
Projects
Special assignments, such as developing a new product or a new
team. Projects that require working with people and other
departments also develop people skills and conceptual skills.
Technical
Role playing
Trainees act out a possible job situation, such as handling a
customer complaint, to develop skill at handling similar situations on
the job.
People and communication
Behavior modeling
(1) Trainees observe how to perform the task correctly. This may be
done via a live demonstration or a videotape. (2) Trainees role-play
a situation using the observed skills. (3) Trainees receive feedback
on how well they performed. (4) Trainees develop plans for using
the new skills on the job. (Behavior modeling is a feature of this
book.)
People and communication
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Training Methods, Continued
Method
Definition
Skill Developed
Cases
Trainees are presented with a situation and asked to
diagnose and solve the problems involved. They are
usually asked to answer questions. (Cases are
included at the end of each chapter of this book.)
Conceptual and decision
making
In-basket exercise
Trainees are given actual or simulated letters,
memos, reports, telephone messages, etc. typically
found in the in-basket of a person holding the job
they’re being trained for. Trainees are asked what, if
any, action they would take for each item, and to
assign priorities to the material.
Conceptual and decision
making
Management
games
Trainees manage a simulated company. They make
decisions in small teams and get the results back,
usually on a quarterly basis, over a period of several
game “years.” Teams are in an “industry” with
several competitors.
Conceptual and decision
making
Interactive video
Trainees sit at a computer and respond as directed.
Any of the skills
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Labor Relations
Labor relations are the interactions between
management and unionized employees
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Baseball Players in the Union
Conflicts between
baseball players and
owners date back to the
1880s. Fans have
endured five strikes
since 1966 and the
owners have locked
players out three times
(1973, 1976, and 1990).
Salary caps are the
maximum amount of
money a team can spend
on players.
In the 1880s MLB owners
established the first salary
cap in pro sports—their
$2,000 salary cap was not
peanuts, although it
seems paltry today.
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Free Agency – Curt Flood
In 1969, St. Louis Cardinals star player, Curt
Flood, asked for a substantial salary increase
but instead found himself promptly traded to the
Philadelphia Phillies. He sued to stay in St.
Louis. This case also went all the way to the
Supreme Court, which ruled against Flood, citing
the Federal Base Ball decision of 1915.
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Free Agency – Catfish Hunter
A successful challenge to the reserve clause didn’t
occur until the 1970s. The first case came when
Charles Finley, owner of the Oakland Athletics, withheld
part of Catfish Hunter’s $100,000 salary. Hunter’s
contract stipulated that half of his salary go toward
purchasing an annuity in an insurance fund. Finley
didn’t pay because of a tax question, so he had not
fulfilled the contract, and this allowed Hunter to become
a free agent.
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Free Agency – Andy Messersmith
Rather than sit out the 1975 season, Andy
Messersmith of the Los Angeles Dodgers played
under the standard contract that was renewed by
the Dodgers, but he never signed it.
Courts later ruled that when Messersmith chose
to play at the Dodgers’ option, but without
signing the new contract, he became a free
agent.
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Collusion
The 1976 baseball season started without a contract, so
owners locked players out of spring training that year.
Owners were subsequently found guilty in court of
collusion three times (1987, 1988, and 1990).
Collusion meant the owners were guilty of working
together to organize how they would bid or not bid for
free agent ballplayers.
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Baseball Strike of 1994-1995
The 1994–1995 baseball season ended in a strike, and
the World Series was cancelled.
Even the 2002 season was played under the shadow of
labor tensions and threats of a strike. Fortunately, both
sides were able to negotiate a last-minute settlement, and
the 2002 season was completed as scheduled.
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Collective Bargaining
Collective bargaining is the process of unions
and management negotiating a contract that
covers employment conditions at the
organization.
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Mediation and Arbitration
Mediators are neutral parties
who help management and
labor settle disagreements.
In cases where the two
parties are unwilling to
compromise but still want to
avoid a strike or lockout, they
may choose to call in an
arbitrator.
Arbitrators differ from
mediators in that arbitrators’
decisions are binding (must
be followed).
Arbitrators more typically
work to settle grievances;
mediators deal with
impasses in collective
bargaining.
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Termination
In 1998 Nike laid off about 1,600 people
worldwide due to unexpected high levels of
inventories.
Nike’s CEO Philip Knight observed, “The job
reductions were difficult to undertake, but
necessary to make the company competitive.”
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Outplacement Services
When companies undergo layoffs, they
sometimes offer outplacement services, the
purpose of which is to help employees find new
jobs.
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