Grammar Welcome! In your notes please answer the following questions, in complete sentences: 1. What is the most difficult grammatical concept for highschool students? (Commas? Spelling? Apostrophes?) 2. Why do think this is so? Today’s Objective: Define and give examples of a noun, pronoun, verb, and adjective. Noun: a person, place, thing or idea. The lion in the cage growled at the zookeeper. Proper nouns get capitalized, common nouns are not. Singular nouns are just one, plural nouns are more than one. Examples Playing Xbox is a great way to relieve stress and have fun. We are all so excited to be back in school! Mr. Hauser is always going to Subway for lunch. I am jealous! Pronouns: a word used in place of a noun When the battery wears down, we recharge it. The pronoun “it” refers to the word “battery” The word a pronoun replaces is called its antecedent. Examples of pronouns/antecedents I love your positive attitude! I can’t get enough of it! What is the pronoun and what is its antecedent (the noun it replaces?) 1. Almonds are so delicious! That’s why I am always eating them. 2. Jeremaiah was so excited that he jumped for joy. 3. The students start getting squirmy when they don’t get a stretch break. Verbs: words that usually express action or being The horses exercise every day. The family eats dinner every day. I have a headache. She was so bored. Verb conjugations Base form: Past Tense: add “ed” or change irregulars Past participle: Present participle: add Usually I (walk, ride, etc). Yesterday I (walked, rode). I have (walked, ridden) before. I am (walking, riding) now. “ing” -s form Usually he/she/it (walks, rides). Adjectives: modify or describe a noun or pronoun The frisky horse knocked off the experienced rider. The stale Takis hurt my rotten teeth. The unpopular decision made the crowd very unhappy. The, a, and an also qualify as adjectives: The evidence will prove the man is guilty. Adjective examples Use adjectives in four different sentences. Underline the adjective and CIRCLE the noun it modifies. EX: This book is incredible! EXIT TICKET On a small piece of paper, write one sentence that contains all four parts of speech discussed in class: a noun, a pronoun, a verb, and an adjective. Welcome! Please ask your neighbor “What is a pronoun? What is an antecedent?” Then, take out a piece of paper, write your name and number it from 1-5. Next to each number write “P__________ A ____________.” Your paper should look like this: Name 1. P 2. P 3. P 4. P 5. P A A A A A Pronoun/Antecedent Quiz For each sentence, write down the pronoun and the antecedent on your piece of paper. 1. He was so excited to leave that Frank forgot his coat. 2. The excited bunny quickly ate his dinner. 3. Sometimes the students do so well that Mr. Hauser gives them positive BTS points. 4. Nancy and I cooked dinner, then we watched a movie. 5. My homework is so easy that it is hilarious. Objective Title a new heading in your notes “Parts of a Sentence.” Most go subject-verb-object. So what makes a sentence? Every sentence needs a subject (the person or thing doing the action) and a verb (the action itself). We also call sentences (with subjects and verbs) independent clauses or simple sentences because they make sense independent of any other phrase. The predicate is another name for any part of the sentence that is NOT the subject. Subjects The subject names who or what the sentence is about Simple Subject: always one and only one noun or pronoun. Complete Subject: Simple subject plus any modifiers (descriptors) The Complete Subject Complete Subjects contain adjectives and extra nouns, too! Floods are dangerous. The devastating effects of floods can last for years. Sometimes, books are made into movies. Exciting books with popular appeal are made into movies. Give it a shot Write TWO sentences about a happy memory. For each one, underline the subject (who is doing the action). When I was younger, my whole family would drive to Lake Havasu in Arizona. Complete We would hang out on the water, cook on the grill, and watch lots of movies. Simple Now write whether each subject is simple or complete. Objects Objects receive the action of a sentence. The boy kicked the ball. The dog chased the boy. The hungry cat clawed the bag of dry food. Give it a Shot! Write three sentences following the examples below. Circle the subject (the one doing the action) and underline the object (the one receiving the action). We did our homework together. Dana kicked off her shoes as soon as she got home. They never leave their house. Prepositions Preposition – a word that describes relationships between other words in a sentence (EX: at, by, for, from, in, of, to, or with) These parts of speech always begin prepositional phrases. JUST LIKE ADJECTIVES these phrases modify nouns or verbs. Prepositional Phrases The hut had walls of mud. James walked his dog on a leash. In time, you will adjust to the school year. During a mudslide, the terrain can change rapidly. Review: Copy the sentence into your notes. Identify as many parts of speech as you can. Also, identify the subject, verb, preposition, and prepositional phrase. You will learn to recognize sentence structure over time. Welcome! Please label the following sentence with the terms we’ve been discussing this week in class: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, preposition, subject, predicate, object, and prepositional phrase. Sitting on the bed, the sleepy puppy drank from the large water bowl. Welcome! In your notes, title a new heading Parallelism and copy down the following sentence: Doris bought a sweet hoodie, a new hat, and an awesome necklace. Use your knowledge of parts of speech to identify each word in that sentence (Hint: “a” is an article) Parts of Speech 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Doris bought a sweet hoodie, a new hat, and an awesome necklace. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. noun verb article adjective noun article adjective noun conjuction article adjective noun Parallelism That sentence follows parallelism: the repetition of the same syntactical structures (phrases, words, sentences) in a series Check this non parallel nonsense! Doris bought a sweet hoodie, a new hat, and she found an awesome necklace. Extra pronoun, extra verb, EXTRA CONFUSING It throws off the established structure Parallelism Which patterns in terms of parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives) are repeated in Doris’ next adventure? Doris survived a huge tornado, crash-landed a jumbo jet, travelled a vast countryside, and defeated an evil witch. Verb (past), article, adjective, noun Each item follows this blue, red, green pattern Parallelism: Fix it! Step 1 – Find each part of speech Step 2 – Change words so the items match 1. Bradley is only interested in eating McDonald’s and his motorcycle. Parallelism: Fix it! Step 1 – Find each part of speech Step 2 – Change words so the items match 1. She hates to study and going to work. 2. At work, Thelma wore a new dress, hat, and her favorite briefcase. Homophones 1. Its – possessive form of pronoun “it”: The dog scratched its head. 2. It’s – contraction of it is. 3. They’re – contraction of they are. 4. Their – possessive form of pronoun “they”: They ate their dinner. 5. There – a place 8. too – also, in excess of: I want to go too. There is too much! 9.effect – noun, the result of some action: The effects of it were great! 10. affect – verb, to have an impact on something: The movie will affect you. Homophones 11. your – possessive form of pronoun you 12. you’re – contraction of you are 15. farther – requiring more physical distance 16. further – requiring more time or volume 17. lie – to rest yourself : I must lie down. 18. lay – to put down an object: I must lay the book down. Today’s Objective Understand subject- verb agreement and give examples. S-V Agreement In English (and most languages) the number and person (1st, 2nd, 3rd) determines how we change the verb. That’s why I sing (1st person) is different from He sings (3rd person). When the subject (who the sentence is about) correctly matches the verb (sing vs. sings) we say they agree. S-V Agreement I am early. You were so tired. S-V Agreement They have a cool house. I be late. You was sleepy. They has a nice car. S-V do NOT Agree Subject-Verb Agreement Some Practice Conjugate (change) these verbs to fit in the following blanks: eat, ride, sleep, drive First Person Second Person Third Person Singular I _____. You _____. He/She/It _____. Plural We _____. You (guys) _____. They _____. S-V Agreement - Quirks If more than one singular subjects are joined with and treat them as plural. Jan and Julie often run together. You and I are friends Treat indefinite pronouns (words that do not refer to specific people) as singular, words like anybody, someone, something, everyone. Everyone on the team supports the other. Nobody in the room cares about the heat. Welcome! Please ask your neighbor all about coordinating conjunctions and compound sentences. Then take out a half sheet of paper and number it from 1-4 Compound Sentence Quiz 1. What is an independent clause? 2. What is a coordinating conjunction? 3. Give as many examples of a coordinating conjunction as possible (there are only seven!). 4. Where does the comma go in a compound sentence? Welcome! Lists Please copy the following rule into a new section of your notes titled “Lists”. Separate three or more items in a list with commas and the word and before the final item. She read books , , , novels plays and song lyrics. Write your own list sentence following this example. A Note: The “Oxford” Comma A Note: The “Oxford” Comma “This book is dedicated to my parents, Ayn Rand & God.” The Rule: ALWAYS put the comma before and. Lists No comma is needed for two things in a list, just the word and. EX: I like soda and pizza. (no comma) The Colon Use a colon (:) before a formal list of items, especially after expressions like as follows or the following. EX: I love steak for the following reasons: it’s tasty, it’s tender, and it’s thrilling. NOTE: Of course, three or more items in a list must be separated by a comma. Lists with a colon “the following” “as follows” The reasons music is great are as follows: it soothes, it excites, and it rocks. BREAK TIME The Semicolon Colons and Semicolons have very different functions. semicolons (;) separate independent clauses (full ideas, simple sentences, subject/verb) when they are closely related in content. EX: When we went to Denver I wanted to see the ball park ; my brother wanted to go to Elitch Gardens. Both of these sentences are about the same idea. Therefore, we can tell the reader that by joining them with a semicolon. Notes on the semicolon When we went to Denver I wanted to see the ball park; my brother wanted to go to Elitch Gardens. A period and a capital letter would break this in two. That’s OK and technically correct, but the semicolon lets the reader know those two ideas are closely related. Give it a shot! Tell me what you and a family member both ordered at a restaurant, separating the two clauses (complete sentences) with a semicolon. EX: At Root Down in the Highlands, I ordered the lamb sliders; my wife ordered the pesto risotto Semicolon examples At BWW I ordered the mango habanero wings; my cousin ordered the hot wings. At El Chino I ordered the smothered burrito; my sister ordered some shrimp tacos. At the Italian restaurant in New York, I ordered the veal; my mom ordered a salad. Coordinating Conjunctions Linking words like: For And Nor But Or Yet So Compound Sentences EX:You shouldn’t try to pet rabid dogs, nor should you stick your face in a campfire. EX:You can try to pass your classes, or you can bribe your teachers… Mr. Hauser really likes chocolate. EX: I was really sleepy, so I washed up and went to bed. Coordinating Conjunctions and Compound Sentences Classwork/Homework four more examples of closely related independent clauses linked by a semicolon. four examples of compound sentences using the FANBOYS as coordinating conjunctions. four examples of a colon before a list, especially using the expressions as follows or the following. TWELVE sentences total APOSTRO PHES Welcome! First: Please take your seat, title a heading in your notes “Apostrophes.” Next: Describe what an apostrophe is. Last: List every circumstance you can think of when one would use an apostrophe. APOSTROPHES: CONTRACTIONS contraction – The combination of two or more words The apostrophe will take the place of the letters that get left out when the words combine. 1. 2. 3. Subtract the space subtract letters (usually a vowel a,e,I,o,u) add the apostrophe do not – space – o +apostrophe = don’t did not – space – o + apostrophe = didn’t was not – space – o + apostrophe = wasn’t Now you try! were not – would not – does not – could not What about “Who is”? who’s where is – how is – we are – where vs. were vs. we’re Removing more than one letter: I have – we have – you have – you had – they had - Possession We also use apostrophes to show who or what owns or possesses something else To show what a SINGULAR NOUN possesses, add ’s EXAMPLE: The bag belonging to Gemma is Gemma’s bag. The class that Ms. Bloom owns is Ms. Bloom’s class. The nose on the monkey is the monkey’s nose. To show what a PLURAL NOUN possesses, add ‘ after the s (s’) The football belonging to the boys is the boys’ football. The bags belonging to the ladies are the ladies’ bags Welcome! Please have out your notes on apostrophes and be ready to listen when the bell rings Apostrophes and POSSESSION Apostrophes are also used to show that something belongs to somebody or something. We call this possession. Contractions all the time, right? NOPE! Casual and informal. OK on most assignments. But, they do not belong in any formal written composition (essays, formal letters, college writing) Welcome! Please turn in your homophone packets to the spinny chair and format a half-sheet of paper titled “Apostrophe Quiz” numbered from 1-10. Apostrophe Quiz 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. boy’s cat’s brothers’ lady’s chimps’ child’s Jenny’s mother’s Mr. Happy’s ladies’ men’s Wrapping up Contractions – Two words smushed together. Apostrophe substituted for missing words: doesn’t, I’ve, etc. Singular possession: ‘s: Mr. Hauser’s dog, the book’s cover Plural possession: s’: The students’ books, the pencils’ erasers CAPITALIZATION Capitalization Making the BIGGER version of a letter. a –A c-C q–Q Write as many situations you can thank of in which you use a capital letter instead of a lowercase. Sentence Starters Every sentence must begin with a capital letter. After every period there MUST be a capital letter. Paragraphs must begin with capital letters. Proper Nouns proper noun: a type of noun that refers to a specific person, place, or thing. NAMES Common nouns refer to classes of things (cat, trash, stone, etc.), not specific ones. Common vs. Proper Nouns Common Noun a canyon a city a river a planet a language Proper Noun The Grand Canyon Aurora Platte River Earth Spanish Book and Movie Titles Books and movies must be underlined and capitalized. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone The Fault in Our Stars Twilight The Hunger Games Mockingjay Exit Ticket: Name On a scrap of paper, give three situations in which you would need to write a capital letter. QUOTATION MARKS Future Novelists Welcome! Please have your homework ([semi]colon and compound sentences) out where I can check it. Discuss the following issue in your table groups, please have one person write down what you decide is correct. List every rule you can think of for using “quotation marks.” What are they? When do you need them? How do you use them? What other punctuation is needed? Quotation Mark Rules When citing something. EX: online materials Used for dialogue, beginning and end Sarcasm, when meant to be the opposite Some sort of punctuation before, usually a comma First word in a quotation is capitalized Quotation Mark Rules Use them to enclose a direct quotation- a person’s exact words 2. Begin a direct quotation with a capital letter 1. 2. Quotation marks in the air need punctuation on the ground, especially commas to offset from the rest of the sentence. 3. 2. 3. 4. When a quote is interrupted with he said or James interrupted the second part begins with a small letter He said, “What’s happening?” “I just finished the book,” he replied. New paragraph for every new speaker Memoir Memoir procedure 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 6 words Explain why it’s important “One Step at a Time” Plot Setting Grammar explanation Putting it all together Six Word Memoirs Please write a SIX word sentence on… who you are as a student and 2. as a son/daughter/ grandchild 1. EX: (SIX words each) Over-involved math whiz and historian 2. Quiet son in a bonkers family 1. Six Word Memoirs – Who are you? 3. Country allegiance? 4. Age – What is special about your age? 5. Life Goals – Dream job? Future? 6. Spirituality and Religion 7. Social Groups – Athlete? D&D? Music? “One Step at a Time” What did you notice? Tone of determination first person POV, narrator was the one who experienced it narrator’s perspective, “I” “me” Voice, idea of author’s personality “really trying” “the problem” Diction, word choice of a teenager FANBOYS Capitalized proper nouns descriptive language – Imagery Parallelism Active voice Remember… The memoir from yesterday, about the child with speech impediment, write as many details that you can remember related to the various settings. Ms. Polly’s classroom/office/room decorations, inspirational and colorful posters, “forgotten corner” Classroom teacher, other kids, needed to read, instead he st- st- stuttered. Debate competition judge wrote a note Welcome! setting (n) – the time, place, and social environment that frame the characters in a story Show, Don’t Tell Telling involves listing adjectives to describe something. Showing uses nouns and verbs to paint a more vivid picture. Shelly was five years old and scared of dogs. Adjectives Shelly reached up and grabbed her mother’s hand. She trembled as the dog galloped in her direction. "Mommy?" she whimpered. Nouns and verbs Show, Don’t Tell - Setting It was hot. The fan blew the heavy air as the sweat dripped down my face. The office was dull. The faded posters hung listlessly on the wall and the dreary wallpaper was peeling at the corners. Show, Don’t Tell - Setting Choose ONE setting that pertains to the memory you’ll be exploring. Where did things happen? Name some things in the room/area that you remember. Try to name PARTICULAR or SMALL things that should only be in THAT setting. Things that are particular to those kinds of places. EX: clock projector speaker keyboard Setting Add verbs (action words) to these different nouns Nouns with verbs: the clock ticks the projector whirs the speaker hisses the keyboard clickety-clacks On a CLEAN sheet of paper… Please think back to the 6-Word Memoir you’ve been working on. Explain why this is an important part of who you are. Why does it matter? Does this look different in other people? What makes this special for you? How do you feel about this part of your personality? EX: When people turn on the radio, they usually just hear the guitar as part of the song as a whole, or maybe not at all. When I listen to the radio, the guitar is all I can hear. I’ve been playing for twenty years. I’ve played in all different kinds of bands all across the country. This instrument has become a big part of my life. Put it all together Halfway down that SAME piece of paper, in the margin, write the word BEGINNING On the other side of the paper, at the top, write MIDDLE Halfway down this side, write ENDING The Grammar Stuff The memoir we’ve been working on is also an opportunity to showcase the grammatical knowledge we’ve acquired. THAT MEANS the finished product must show your own examples of: Parts of speech Parts of a sentence Parallelism Lists of items introduced with a colon Knowledge of homophones Proper use of apostrophes Peer Editing You must read, annotate, and respond to TWO of your classmates’ papers. As you read: Circle proper nouns Circle semicolons Circle colons Circle there/their Underline compound sentence Underline parallel items Underline usages of quotation marks When finished reading, please write: 1. 2. 3. 4. Something he/she did well One suggestion for improvement The phrase “Your next draft will be awesome!” Your name Memoir Components Relates the thoughts and feelings of author First person perspective, telling his own story, autobiographical True story with some embellishments, fictionalized starts in an interesting place, en medias res Dialogue, speech, talking conflict, obstacle to be overcome change for better or worse revelation – new understanding Memoirs – Putting it all together… Here’s my “end,” paired with my setting Now, I sit, a high school teacher with his own classroom. The clock ticks on the wall, the speakers hiss, and my keyboard clickety-clacks away as I type. It’s bizarre to think how little experiences shape our lives in such a big way. That one day as a substitute changed my life. It pointed me towards a career that I can feel good about, and there’s nothing more important. Homework: Develop settings for the other parts of your “story” using the same method we did in class: List nouns Pair up verbs Put them into sentences Welcome! Please grab a rubric off my desk, take your seat, and have your first draft out. Today: Draft Check Rubric Peer Edits Revisions Final drafts due TOMORROW Welcome! Please staple the following: CLEAN RUBRIC on top with your NAME FINAL DRAFT next FIRST DRAFT/peer letters on the bottom …and place on the front chair Once you have done this, write a few sentences in response to the following questions. 1. What part of the vacation-writing process was the easiest? 1. 2. brainstorming? outlining? drafting? revising? What part of the process was the most difficult? Welcome! Please staple your rubric on top of your final draft and turn it in to the spinny chair here! FreeWrite Please take 5 minutes to write on the following topic: Look back at the rubric elements below: Conflict Settings Dialogue Plot Personal revelation/realization Mechanics personal thoughts/feelings Which element do you feel you will score the highest on? Why? Which element do you feel needs more work? Why? When you finish, tell me about your plans for the weekend Reading Logs and Silent Reading Active vs Passive Voice In a sentence using active voice, the subject of the sentence performs the action expressed in the verb. The dog bit the boy. Scientists have conducted experiments to test their hypothesis. Watching the world through a windshield reminds me of watching TV. Passive Voice The action is performed on the subject rather than the object(the colors are backwards!) The test was failed by the student. The brakes were slammed on by her. Your bicycle has been stolen by someone. Give it a shot! Create some sentences in passive voice, then fix them into active voice. EX: The boat was sailed by the deck-hand. (passive) The deck-hand sailed the boat. (active) EX: The solo was played by the guitar player. (passive) The guitar player played the solo. (active) Active vs. Passive Voice The mile was ran by Ussain Bolt. (P) (A) Ussain Bolt ran the mile. The lesson was taught by the teacher. The teacher taught the lesson The boy scored a goal (A). A goal was scored by the boy (P). The stranger’s candy was taken by Zach (P). Zach took the stranger’s candy (A). The dog was chased by the inhabitants of Mars (P). The inhabitants of Mars chased the dog (A). My mom woke me up (A). I was awoken by my mom (P). Memoir Components Thoughts and feelings of the author Dialogue, speech, talking First person perspective, autobiographical, fictionalized Author shows goals, obstacle in author’s way needs to be overcome Revelation, new understanding that changes the author Focused on one aspect of the author’s life Welcome! Please grab ONE laptop per group Sign in Open Word or another word processor Begin the digital draft of the rough draft you turned in yesterday. This must be emailed to whauser@lotusschool.orgTODAY by midnight! Send it in an email to yourself if you don’t finish in class Memoirs – Putting it all together… Plot: Beginning (how I was) Middle (what happened?) End (how I changed or how I am now) Setting Showing not telling, using nouns and verbs to show In one, full paragraph, try to combine your beginning, middle, and/or end with one of the settings you described yesterday.