2012 Student Reviews
Colonial Era Review
Sam Arnold (Terms) and DJ (No Essay Outline)
Terms
Bacon’s Rebellion- 1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at
Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the
western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated
the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly
when Bacon died of an illness.
Salutary Neglect- Prime Minister Robert Walpole’s policy in dealing with the American colonies.
He was primarily concerned with British affairs and believed that unrestricted trade in the colonies
would be more profitable for England than would taxation of the colonies.
Triangular Trade- The backbone of New England’s economy during the colonial period. Ships from
New England sailed first to Africa, exchanging New England rum for slaves. The slaves were
shipped from Africa to the Caribbean (this was known as the Middle Passage, when many slaves
died on the ships). In the Caribbean, the slaves were traded for sugar and molasses. Then the ships
returned to New England, where the molasses were used to make rum.
Headright System- Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given
to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia
Company to attract more colonists.
Mayflower Compact- 1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by
the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony. It was the first sign
of a formal agreement for a representative and central government.
Restoration Colonies- English settlement of North America was seriously curtailed by the conflict
between king and Parliament that led to the English Civil War and the rule of Oliver Cromwell
(1649–60). Once the monarchy was restored under Charles II, however, colonization resumed. The
Restoration Colonies were all proprietorships granted by Charles to men who had helped him
reclaim the throne.
Lord Baltimore- Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian
colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a
minority in the colony.
Maryland Act of Toleration- 1649 - Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made
governor of Maryland at the demand of the colony's large Protestant population. The act
guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians.
Navigation Act of 1660- British regulations designed to protect British shipping from competition.
Said that British colonies could only import goods if they were shipped on British-owned vessels
and at least 3/4 of the crew of the ship were British.
Quakers- a member of the Religious Society of Friends, a Christian sect founded by the English
religious leader George Fox (1624-91) about 1650, whose central belief is the doctrine of the Inner
Light. Quakers reject sacraments, ritual, and formal ministry, hold meetings at which any member
may speak, and have promoted many causes for social reform.
Separatists- in religion, those bodies of Christians who withdrew from the Church of England. They
desired freedom from church and civil authority, control of each congregation by its membership,
and changes in ritual. In the 16th century, they were a group of early separatists were known as
Brownists after their leader, Robert Browne. The name Independents came into use in the 17th
cent. Among other separatist groups were the Pilgrims, the Quakers, and the Baptists.
Puritans- non-separatists who wished to adopt reforms to purify the Church of England. They
received a right to settle in the Massachusetts Bay area from the King of England. They wanted to
“purify” the Church of England by eliminating traces of its origins in the Roman Catholic Church. In
addition, they urged a strict moral code and placed a high value on hard work (see work ethic).
After the execution of King Charles I in 1649, they controlled the new government, the
Commonwealth. Oliver Cromwell, who became leader of the Commonwealth, is the best-known
Puritan.
House of Burgesses- 1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in
colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses.
Cotton Mather- A scholar and religious leader of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth
centuries. Mather, a prominent Massachusetts Puritan, urged the suppression of witchcraft and
supported the Salem witch trials.
City Upon a Hill- In 1630, aboard the Arbella before the ship's departure for the New World,
Winthrop recited a sermon to his fellow travelers. Drawing upon Matthew 5:14–15, Winthrop
articulated his vision of the prospective Puritan colony in New England as "a city upon a hill": an
example to England and the world of a truly godly society. According to historian Perry Miller,
Winthrop believed that this religious utopia would be acclaimed and imitated across the Old World,
precipitating the Puritans' glorious return to England
Great Migration- 1630s, about 70,000 refugees left England for America. Most of them were
attracted to the warm and fertile West Indies, especially the sugar-rich island of Barbados.
Halfway Covenant- The Half-way Covenant applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who
were the children of church members, but who hadn’t achieved grace themselves. The covenant
allowed them to participate in some church affairs.
John Winthrop- 1629 - He became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony, and served
in that capacity from 1630 through 1649. A Puritan with strong religious beliefs. He opposed total
democracy, believing the colony was best governed by a small group of skillful leaders. He helped
organize the New England Confederation in 1643 and served as its first president.
Roger Williams- 1635 - He left the Massachusetts colony and purchased the land from a
neighboring Indian tribe to found the colony of Rhode Island. Rhode Island was the only colony at
that time to offer complete religious freedom.
Anne Hutchison- Antinomianism
she preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church
elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded
the colony of New Hampshire in 1639.
John Singleton Copley- American painter who did portraits of Paul Revere and John Hancock
before fleeing to England to avoid the American Revolution (1738-1815)
Salem Witch Trials- Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem,
Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as
witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a
terrible mistake.
American Revolution Era
Adan Shah and Evangelina Oveido
Identify and provide one important fact or example, as appropriate
A. Articles of Confederation- 1st U.S. Government; established a form of weak government in which
the states held most of the power. Replaced by the U.S. constitution in 1887.
B. Writs of Assistance- General search warrant used by the British in the American colonies. The
warrants authorized customhouse officers, with the assistance of a sheriff, to search any house or
ship for smuggled goods, without requiring them to specify the place or the goods. The legality of
the writs was challenged by the colonists in the 1760s, and they became a major grievance in the
years leading up to the American Revolution.
C. John Peter Zenger-German-born U.S. printer and journalist. In 1733 he began publishing the New
York Weekly Journal. Arrested for libel in 1734 for his attacks on the policies of the colonial
governor, he was acquitted on the grounds that his charges were based on fact (a key consideration
in libel cases since that time). It was the first important victory for freedom of the press in Britain's
North American colonies
D. Sons of Liberty- Organization of American colonists formed in 1765 to oppose the Stamp Act. The
name was taken from a speech by Isaac Barr in the British Parliament that referred to American
colonials who opposed unjust British measures as sons of liberty. The group agitated for colonial
resistance and helped prevent enforcement of the Stamp Act. After the act's repeal, the
organization continued to oppose British measures against the colonists.
E. Battle of Yorktown- A revolutionary War battle at Yorktown, Virginia starting in August, 1781, when
British troops under Gen. Charles Cornwallis were attacked by American land forces. The Americans
were later joined by forces approaching by sea and in early October began a formal siege. On
October 17th Cornwallis surrendered along with his 8, 000 men. It was a turning point in the war
since Cornwallis's army was the only British force that was surplus to garrison requirements in North
America and British popular opinion began to suspect that there were not adequate resources
available to win the war.
F. Coercive, Repressive, or Intolerable Acts- (1774) four punitive measures enacted by the British
Parliament against the American colonies. Boston's harbor was closed until restitution was made for
the tea destroyed in the Boston Tea Party; the Massachusetts colony's charter was annulled and a
military governor installed; British officials charged with capital offenses could go to England for
trial; and arrangement for housing British troops in American houses was revived. The Quebec
Act added to these oppressive measures. The acts, called intolerable by the colonists, led to a
convening of the Continental Congress.
G. Declaratory Act- (1766) Declaration by the British Parliament that accompanied repeal of the Stamp
Act. It stated that Parliament's authority was the same in America as in Britain and asserted
Parliament's authority to make laws binding on the American colonies.
H. The “Continental” in the Continental Army- the Continental Army was formed after the outbreak of
the American Revolutionary War by the colonies that became the United States of America.
Established by a resolution of the Continental Congress on June 14, 1775, it was created to
coordinate the military efforts of the Thirteen Colonies in their revolt against the rule of Great
Britain. The Continental Army was supplemented by local militias and other troops that remained
under control of the individual states. General George Washington was the Commander-in-Chief of
the army throughout the war.
I.
Treaty of Paris of 1783- The Treaty of Paris, signed on September 3, 1783, ended the American
Revolutionary War between Great Britain on one side and the United States of America and its allies
on the other. The other combatant nations, France, Spain and the Dutch Republic had separate
agreements; for details of these, and the negotiations which produced all four treaties, see Peace of
Paris (1783). It is most famous for being "exceedingly generous" to the United States in terms of
enlarged boundaries.
J.
Treaty of Paris of 1763- Treaty concluding the Seven Years' War (including the French and Indian
War). It was signed by Britain and Hanover on one side and France and Spain on the other. France
renounced to Britain the mainland of North America east of the Mississippi, its conquests in India
since 1749, and four West Indian islands. Britain restored to France four other West Indian islands
and the West African colony of Gore (Senegal). In return for recovering Havana and Manila, Spain
ceded Florida to Britain and received Louisiana from the French.
K. Proclamation Line of 1763- The British crown's attempt to separate white settlement from Indian
country after the French and Indian War (1754-63). Drawn at the crest of the Appalachians, the Line
was a failure as colonial squatters swarmed into the Ohio Valley.
L. Second Continental Congress- The Second Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from
the Thirteen Colonies that started meeting on May 10, 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, soon
after warfare in the American Revolutionary War had begun. It succeeded the First Continental
Congress, which met between September 5, 1774 and October 26, 1774, also in Philadelphia. The
second Congress managed the colonial war effort, and moved incrementally towards independence,
adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. By raising armies, directing
strategy, appointing diplomats, and making formal treaties, the Congress acted as the de
facto national government of what became the United States.[1] With the ratification of the Articles
of Confederation, the Congress became known as the Congress of the Confederation.
M. “Common Sense”- A pamphlet written in America by Englishman Thomas Paine, published on
January 10, 1776. It called for American independence and a union of the American colonies, and as
propaganda, it influenced colonists to pursue both in the Revolutionary War. Paine's “Crisis” papers,
issued from 1776 to 1783, were each signed “Common Sense.”
N. Battle of Saratoga- Engagements in the American Revolution. British troops under John
Burgoyne marched from Canada to join with other British troops, and, after camping at Saratoga,
N.Y., engaged the Continental Army under Horatio Gates at the First Battle of Saratoga (September
19), also known as the Battle of Freeman's Farm. Failing to break the American lines, the British
faced a counterattack led by Benedict Arnold at the Second Battle of Saratoga (October 7), or the
Battle of Bemis Heights. With his forces reduced to 5,000 men, Burgoyne began to retreat, but
Gates, with 20,000 men, surrounded the British at Saratoga and forced their surrender (October 17).
The American victory induced the French to offer open recognition and military aid.
O. Virtual Representation- In the early stages of the American Revolution, colonists in the Thirteen
Colonies rejected legislation imposed upon them by the British Parliament because the colonies
were not represented. According to the British constitution, colonists argued, taxes could only be
levied on British subjects with their consent. Because the colonists were represented only in their
provincial assemblies, they said, only those legislatures could levy taxes in the colonies. This concept
was famously expressed as "No taxation without representation."
P. Tea Act- British legislation giving a tea monopoly in the American colonies to the British East India
Co. It adjusted the duty regulations to allow the failing company to sell its large tea surplus below
the prices charged by colonial competitors. The act was opposed by colonists as another example of
taxation without representation. Resistance to the act resulted in the Boston Tea Party.
Q. Suffolk Resolves- Endorsed by the delegates early in the proceedings of the First Continental
Congress, the Suffolk Resolves were adopted earlier by Massachusetts’ Suffolk County (hence the
name). These resolutions denounced the Coercive Acts as unconstitutional, urged the people to
prepare militarily, and called for an immediate end of trade with the British Empire.
R. Townshend Acts- British parliamentary measures to tax the American colonists. The series of four
acts imposed duties on imports of lead, paint, glass, paper, and tea and established a board of
customs commissioners to enforce collection. Colonial quartering of British troops was also revived.
The colonists protested the new measures as taxation without representation and resisted
compliance. Non-importation agreements among colonial merchants cut British imports in half by
1769. In 1770 all the duties except the tax on tea were repealed.
Essay Questions
S. Assess the importance of the Colonists and British experience in the French and Indian War and the
Treaty of Paris 1763 in leading to the American Revolution.
The French and Indian War was practically the first time that Colonists
interacted with the British. Most of the British officers and soldiers looked
down on the Colonial men while these, for the most part, didn’t even wish to
fight in the war. Consequently, their opinions of each other were not good.
Fighting together in that war, instead of uniting them, actually drove them
further apart, helping to create the bad relations that led to the American
Revolution. In addition , the Treaty of Paris that ended the war gave Britain
control of land west of the Appalachians, namely the Ohio River Valley, which
colonists felt should be open for settlement, especially since they had helped win
the war. But with the Proclamation of 1763, Parliament closed this land to the
colonists in order to avoid further confrontations with the Native Americans. It
was, however, ignored by the colonist who felt the measure unfair.
T. “The American Revolution was not a revolution at all; it was a conservative rebellion with
reactionary intent.” Assess the validity of this statement.
Until shortly before the Revolution, the colonies, for the most part, had been
left to develop on their own (benign neglect). They thus developed systems of
self-government based on English customs, but more democratic and
widespread, and, in addition, they were not subjected to the heavy taxes that
British citizens paid in the mother country. After the French and Indian War,
however, things began to change. Britain began to tax the colonists in order to
pay for a war that for the most part benefited Americans and, when these
rebelled, upped their presence to maintain their authority in the colonies. As a
result, Americans rebelled against the British– to conserve their traditional
way of life.
U. “Even with better will and more compromises on both sides, it would have been difficult to have
prevented the American War of Independence. It was, in short, inevitable.” Assess the validity of
this statement.
There were a number of issues that together lead to the American
Revolution …Once events had begun, there was probably no way that it
could be stopped as shown in that worksheet that we did at the beginning of
the year and that no one could answer (What Would _____ _______do?).
V. Assess the extent to which the American Revolution, on balance, was good or bad for five of the
following groups:
1. Northern Farmers 2. Virginia slave owners-Bad: now that the government didn’t condone slavery, tensions with
the North slowly began to build.
3. Slaves-Bad: When Americans gained independence from Britain they gained the right to
trade with any country they wished because they were not under the mercantilist system
anymore. Then as America expanded and increased their trade, the slavery became a
greater part of American life.
4. Native Americans- Although settlers had been intruding west before the Revolution, the
Manifest Destiny of the American government was worse and evicted them from their
land faster.
5. Loyalists- REALLY BAD, I don’t know how it could be otherwise. Labeled as traitors to their
new nation, there really wasn’t much opportunity for them and many ended up moving
back to the motherland.
6. Urban artisans and shopkeepers- Good: It was good for their businesses. Before the
revolution, many things needed in the colonies were required to be made in England, and,
afterwards, they could make and sell anything they wanted to.
7. Frontier women-
Jeffersonian Era Review
Christian Witherspoon and Alissa Tigner
I.
Identify and provide one important fact or example, as appropriate
A. Louisiana Purchase:
i. 1803- Jefferson purchases the land from the Mississippi River to the
Rockies from Napoleon.
ii. The new territory had slavery.
iii. Unconstitutional? No protocol for acquiring territory
B. Midnight Appointments
i. John Adams appointed everyone he could to federal positions from his party
(Federalist) during his lame duck period.
ii. Plans to overwhelm the new party in power, the Democratic-Republicans under
Jefferson
C. Marbury v. Madison
i.
Case over the legitimacy of the midnight appointments
ii.
Established judicial review
iii. Marbury received his commission
D. Burr v. Hamilton
i. Duel – built up antagonism exploded over position of New York governor
ii. Old republican party v federalist party
iii. Hamilton is fatally shot
E. Burr Conspiracy
i. Wanted to bring and establish American farmers in the Southwest, which was
under Spanish control.
ii. Eventually wanted to lead his farmers in a revolt against Spanish rule and
instate himself in a position of authority
iii. Tried for treason as a result.
F. Embargo Act 1807
i. Signed by Jefferson
ii. Stopped all trade between America and any other country
iii. The goal was to get Great Britain and France, who were fighting one another, to
stop restricting American trade
iv. Ended 1809
v. Failed and made the American people suffer
G. HMS Leopard v. USS Chesapeake
i. a naval engagement that occurred off the coast of Norfolk, Virginia, on June 22,
1807
ii. between the British warship HMS Leopard and American frigate
USS Chesapeake
iii. when the crew of the Leopard pursued, attacked and boarded the American
frigate looking for deserters from the British Navy
1. Four crew members were removed from the American vessel and were
tried for desertion, one of whom was subsequently hanged
iv. One cause of the War of 1812
H. Non intercourse act
i. replaced the Embargo Act of 1807
ii. lifted all embargoes on American shipping except for those bound for British or
French ports
iii. intent was to damage the economies of the United Kingdom and France
iv. unenforceable, hurt American economy; a cause of the War of 1812
I. War Hawks
i. consisted of Democratic-Republicans and were primarily from southern and
western states
ii. the War Hawks advocated going to war against Britain for reasons related to the
interference of the Royal Navy in American shipping
J. Tecumseh
i. was a Native American leader of the Shawnee and a large tribal confederacyknown as Tecumseh's Confederacy- which opposed the United States during
Tecumseh's War and the War of 1812
ii. During the War of 1812, Tecumseh's confederacy allied with the British in
Canada and helped in the capture of Fort Detroit.
K. Battle of Tippecanoe
i. was fought on November 7, 1811
ii. between United States forces led by Governor William Henry Harrison of the
Indiana Territory and Native American warriors associated with the Shawnee
leader Tecumseh
iii. Harrison held for over two hours; the Indians munitions dwindled
iv. Harrison burned the town
v. Americans blamed the tension on British interference
L. William Henry Harrison
i. a scion of the Virginia planter aristocracy
ii. whig
iii. fought Indians in the West (Tippecanoe ect); then led in the War of 1812
iv. elected as president in 1840
v. 1st president to die in office
M. Treaty of Ghent
i. December 24, 1814- ended War of 1812
ii. Great Britain agreed to relinquish claims to the Northwest Territory, and both
countries pledged to work toward ending the slave trade
iii. America gained influence as a foreign power
N. Jackson and Florida
i. Jackson went into Florida to capture runaway slaves
ii. Attacked Indians
iii. captured Spanish forts at St. Marks and Pensacola
iv. Led to the Adams-Onis treaty
O. Adams-Onis Treaty
i. agreement was signed by John Quincy Adams and Luis de Onis
ii. 1819- America receives Florida from Spain
iii. nullified the $5,000,000 debt Spain owed to the United States
P. Era of Good Feelings
i. reflected a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity among Americans;
political cooperation stemming from one-party politics, and because of
America’s high morale after the War of 1812
ii. associated with Monroe’s presidency
iii. internal improvements but no direct federal involvement
iv. raised protective tariffs to spur American manufacturing.
Q. Harford Convention
i. Federalists met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812
and the political problems arising from the domination of the Federal
Government by Presidents from Virginia
ii. Victory at the Battle of New Orleans made them look silly
iii. Death of the federalist party
II.
Essay questions
A. The Federalists began as loose constructionists of the Constitution and the
Jeffersonian Republicans began as strict constructionists of the Constitution.
How and in what ways did the two parties reverse themselves during the
presidencies of Jefferson? How and in what ways did they stay true to their origin.
I. Reversing Roles
1. Louisiana Purchase
a. Jefferson- a strict interpreter of the constitution went through with the
purchase, however there was nothing stated in the Constitution that
allowed that
b. The Federalist were against the purchase because it benefitted the
other party, even though it loosely interpreted the Constitution
2. Excise Tax
a. Jefferson instated an excise tax for revenue, something that the
federalist had wanted
3. Jefferson continued the bank system set up by Hamilton
4. He kept the appointed federalist in their positions
II. Maintaining Roles
1. Democratic-Republicans
a. Decreased the size in military
b. Repealed whiskey tax
c. Favored French
2. Federalists
a. Favored British
b. Pushed for direct tax and a elimination of the national debt
B. Describe the causes and consequences of the War of 1812.
I.
II.
Causes
a. The Royal Navy & Impressment
b. The Chesapeake-Leopard Affair
c. American desire for Canada
d. Belief that British involvement had encouraged Indian resistance
Effects
a. America was seen as a world power
b. Great Britain agreed to relinquish claims to the Northwest Territory
c. Both countries pledged to work toward ending the slave trade
d. Great Britain and American tension became relaxed
e. Death to the Federalist Party
f. America became more experienced for future wars
Bobby Price
Sophie Mullen
Jacksonian Era Review
Terms:
Tariff of 1832 – Reduced the tariff of 1828 in response to the Nullification Crisis
Osceola – Seminole resistance leader in the Second Seminole War
Compromise of 1833 – Resolution to the nullification crisis
Age of the Common Man – alluding to Jackson’s rise as a populist president and the era of populist
democracy that followed
Webster-Hayne Debate, 1830 – Protectionist tariff debate
Worcester v. Ga., Cherokee Nation v. Ga. – U.S. has no jurisdiction in Indian lands
South Carolina Exposition and Protest – Protest by V.P. Calhoun against the Tariff of Abominations
Spoils Systems – Patronage by victorious political parties
Roger B. Taney, Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge – landmark case that established protection for
modern corporate rights
John C. Calhoun – Extremely influential speaker of the house
Henry Clay’s American System – tariffs to protect business, high exports, unifying debt, and universal
education
“Log Cabin and Hard Cider” Campaign – rise of the populist Jacksonian roughneck presidential campaign
Webster-Ash Burton Treaty – 49th parallel as the U.S. northern border and shared usage of the Great
Lakes.
Indian Removal Act – gruesome push west by Jackson’s moving of Indians along the Trial of Tears
Nativists – Xenophobes that resented the “New Immigrants”
Nicholas Biddle – Mastermind of the notoriously corrupt “Biddle’s Bank” national banking system
Pet Banks – Banks in which federal funds were stored after the abolishment of the National Bank
Speculative Boom of 1837 – Speculative Boom due to the rapid buying and selling of unsettled western
land, easy credit, and lax currency
Anti-Masonic Party – against the secretive Mason society; introduced nominations and the part platform
Specie Circular, 1836 – Curbed speculation in unsettled lands in the west by requiring the payment of
hard money for land transfers
Second Party System – rise of polarized parties with opposite opinions of relative issues
Nominating Conventions – Established by the Anti-Masonic Party
“Monster Bank” – corrupt national band known; also known as “Biddle’s Bank”
Kind Andrew 1 – Criticism of Andrew’s vast populist power and unchecked policy
Eaton Malaria – Discovery of Malaria and how it was spread
Essay Questions
1. Is it correct to describe the 1830s as the Age of Democracy?
Yes. The rise of populism and “King Andrew” was both a victory and a danger to democracy as
envisioned by the founding fathers. The government seemed to be proven, but the restriction of
popularity to avoid “mobocracy” was in danger. To preserve the democracy, Jackson had to protect the
rights of minorities and relinquish influence at the end of his terms. “Log Cabins and Hard Cider” avoided
plutocracy but put the country in danger of becoming a “mobocracy”.
2. Discuss how political, economic, and constitutional issues combined to lead to the death of
the Bank of the United States.
The political failures of the National Bank are obvious. The leaders of the bank failed to hide their
corruption from the people they were taking money from, underestimating the influence that eventually
gave rise to Jacksonian populism. Economically, the bank tied the country together, but the lack of
regulation of the money in the bank bred corruption and plutocratic policies (foreclosure, etc.). The
constitutional dubiousness of the National Bank lay in the policymaking and intervention of the
government into economic freedoms.
3. Analyze the extent to which Jacksonian Economic Policy and Westward Movement
influenced the U.S.
Jacksonian economic policy stemmed from curbing the corrupt and speculative economic policies of
previous administrations. Land speculation in the west coupled with corrupt government favoritism in
the private sector set the stage for the populist reactionary Jackson to right the wrongs of a plutocratic
government. Jackson’s push westward includes the infamous Trail of Tears and other brutal
expansionary attempts. Jackson’s genocidal expansionism mars an otherwise illustrious and historic
presidency.
4.
Jacksonian Democrats viewed themselves as the guardians of the United States Constitution,
political democracy, individual liberty, and equality of economic opportunity. To what
extent do you agree with the Jacksonians’ view of themselves?
The Jacksonians were dangerously mobocratic in principle, but in action were a boon to the U.S.
Jackson’s ousting of corruption and populist championship of the poor were in-line with the ideals of the
constitution. The only counterargument seems to be in the blatant persecution of Native American
Indians and their forced removal on the Trail of Tears.
Age of Perfection Review
Kaitlin Winkleman, Maria Rodriguez, Yasmin Melendez
I. Identify and give one important fact or example, as appropriate
A. Declaration of Sentiments, Seneca Falls Convention, 1848-launching of Women’s Rights
Movement, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
B. Charles G. Finney-Second Great Awakening preacher, head of Oberlin College, accepted
African Americans and women, made it a center of abolition.
C. Elizabeth Cady Stanton- was an American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of
the early woman's movement. Her Declaration of Sentiments, presented at the first
women's rights convention held in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, is often credited with
initiating the first organized woman's rights and woman's suffrage movements in the United
States.
D. Horace Mann- Arguing that universal public education was the best way to turn the nation's
unruly children into disciplined, judicious republican citizens; Mann won widespread
approval from modernizers, especially in his Whig Party, for building public schools. Most
states adopted one version or another of the system he established in Massachusetts,
especially the program for "normal schools" to train professional teachers. Mann has been
credited by educational historians as the "Father of the Common School Movement".
E. Dorothea Dix- was an American activist on behalf of the indigent insane who, through a
vigorous program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the
first generation of American mental asylums.
F. Frederick Douglas- was an American social reformer, orator, writer and statesman. After
escaping from slavery, he became a leader of the abolitionist movement, gaining note for
his dazzling oratory and incisive antislavery writing. He stood as a living counter-example to
slaveholders' arguments that slaves did not have the intellectual capacity to function as
independent American citizens.
G. American Colonization Movement- trying to send Africans to Africa, Liberia, a colony.
H. William Lloyd Garrison- was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, and social
reformer. He is best known as the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, and
was one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, he promoted "immediate
emancipation" of slaves in the United States. Garrison was also a prominent voice for the
women's suffrage movement. Southerners’ linked Nat Turner’s Rebellion with the publishing
of The Liberator.
I. Harriet Beecher Stowe- was an American abolitionist and author. Her novel Uncle Tom's
Cabin (1852) was a depiction of life for African-Americans under slavery; it reached millions
as a novel and play, and became influential in the United States and United Kingdom. It
energized anti-slavery forces in the American North, while provoking widespread anger in
the South. It also influenced the United Kingdom in becoming not involved in the American
Civil War.
J. Transcendentalism- is a philosophical movement that developed in the 1830s and 1840s in
the New England region of the United States as a protest to the general state of culture and
society, and in particular, the state of intellectualism at Harvard University and the doctrine
of the Unitarian church taught at Harvard Divinity School. Among the transcendentalists'
core beliefs was the inherent goodness of both man and nature. Transcendentalists believed
that society and its institutions - particularly organized religion and political parties -
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
ultimately corrupted the purity of the individual. They had faith that man is at his best when
truly "self-reliant" and independent. It is only from such real individuals that true
community could be formed.
Henry David Thoreau- was an American author, poet, philosopher, abolitionist, naturalist,
tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, and leading transcendentalist.[1] He is
best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and
his essay Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance to civil government in
moral opposition to an unjust state.
Ralph Waldo Emerson- was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet, who led the
Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of
individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society, and he
disseminated his thoughts through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public
lectures across the United States.
Unitarians- is a Christian theological movement, named for its understanding of God as one
person, in direct contrast to Trinitarianism which defines God as three persons coexisting
consubstantially as one in being. Thus, Unitarians adhere to strict monotheism, and
maintain that Jesus was a great man and a prophet of God, but not God himself.
Second Great Awakening- was a Christian revival movement during the early 19th century
in the United States. The movement began around 1800, had begun to gain momentum by
1820, and was in decline by 1870. The Second Great Awakening expressed Arminian
theology, by which every person could be saved through revivals. It enrolled millions of new
members, and led to the formation of new denominations. Many converts believed that the
Awakening heralded a new millennial age. The Second Great Awakening stimulated the
establishment of many reform movements designed to remedy the evils of society before
the Second Coming of Jesus Christ.
Utopian Socialism- socialism based on a belief that social ownership of the means of
production can be achieved by voluntary and peaceful surrender of their holdings by
propertied groups. New Harmony, Brooke Farm, and the Oneida Society were all
experiments of this doctrine.
P. Shakers- are a religious sect originally thought to be a development of the Religious
Society of Friends.[1] Founded upon the teachings of Ann Lee, Shakers today are
mostly known for their cultural contributions (especially style of music and
furniture).However, the Shakers' enduring legacy includes their model of equality of
the sexes (or gender equality), which they institutionalized in their society in the
1780s.
Q. Revivalism-2nd Great Awakening
R. Gag Rule of 1836- originated in the mid-1830s when the U.S. House of Representatives
barred discussion or referral to committee of antislavery petitions.[1] Such rules are often
criticized because they abridge freedom of speech, which is normally given extremely high
value when exercised by members of legislative or decision-making bodies. On the other
hand, gag rules are typically defended on the ground that they help preserve consensus by
placing potentially divisive controversies "off the table" of debate.
S. American Temperance Union-get rid of alcohol, prohibition.
T. Lucretia Mott- was an American Quaker, abolitionist, women's rights activist, and a social
reformer.
U. Hudson River Valley School of Art- was a mid-19th century American art movement
embodied by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by
romanticism. The paintings for which the movement is named depict the Hudson River
Valley and the surrounding area, including the Catskill, Adirondack, and the White
Mountains; eventually works by the second generation of artists associated with the school
expanded to include other locales.
II. Essay Questions
A. Discuss how the social reform movement evolved out of the Second Great Awakening.
-temperance
-women’s rights
-abolition of slavery
-direct connection to Charles G. Finney/Oberlin College and Abolition Movement
-make world better place
B. Discuss why, of all the reform movement, did abolitionism prove to be the most divisive?
-South tied to slavery: economically, racial superiority, politically
-North: threat to workers, morally wrong, expansionist need to be stopped.
-Abolition made it black and white, no compromise.
Civil War Review
Tom Lowry and Ryan Hammonds
I. Identifies
A) Anaconda Plan: A Union plan that emphasized the blockade of the Southern ports, and called
for an advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two.
B) Trent Affair: Was an international diplomatic caused when a Union ship searched a British
vessel and found two Confederate diplomats. The envoys were bound for Great Britain and France to
press the Confederacy’s case for diplomatic recognition by Europe.
C) Morill Land Grant Act of 1862: Allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges.
D) Homestead Act of 1862: Is a law that gave an applicant ownership, at no cost, of
undeveloped federal land west of the Mississippi River. It was an expression of the Free Soil policy of
Northerners who wanted individual farmers to own and operate their own farms, as opposed to
slaveowners who would use gangs of slaves.
E) Battle of Gettysburg: The battle with the largest number of casualties in the American Civil
War, it is often described as the war's turning point. Union Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade's Army of
the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, ending
Lee's invasion of the North.
F) Battle of Vicksburg: Union Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of the Tennessee crossed
the Mississippi River and drove the Confederate army of Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton into the defensive
lines surrounding the fortress city of Vicksburg, Mississippi. This action yielded command of the
Mississippi River to the Union forces, who would hold it for the rest of the conflict.
G) Battle of Antietam: Was the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on
Union soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with about 23,000 casualties on
both sides. Resulted in Lincoln declaring the emancipation proclamation
H) C.S.S Virginia v. USS Monitor: First ever faceoff between two iron clad vessels. Resulted in a
stalemate.
I) Jefferson Davis: President of the Confederacy.
J) Copperheads: The Copperheads were a vocal group of Democrats located in the Northern
United States of the Union who opposed the American Civil War, wanting an immediate peace
settlement with the Confederates.
K) Army of Northern Virginia: Was the primary military force of the Confederate States of
America in the American Civil War. It was most often arrayed against the Union Army of the Potomac.
L) Army of the Potomac: Was the major Union Army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil
War.
M. Diplomacy: CSS Alabama, Florida, and Larid Rams: All were ships that were built in England for the
Confederacy that were either used to prevent trade or to break blockades. The English eventually
decided to prevent them from being sold to the south.
N. George B. McClellan: General given command of the army of the Poromac in 1861 by Lincoln. He was
later replaced by Burnside due to his caution in battle. In 1964, he was the democratic candidate who
ran against Lincoln.
O. Bull Run: July 21, 1861. Va. People watched battle. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson: Confederate
general, held his ground. Union retreated. Confederate victory. Showed that both sides needed training
and war would be long and bloody.
P. William T. Sherman: Union general entrusted with the conquest of Georgia. Captured Atlanta in
September 1864 and burned the city in November. His success was attested by increasing numbers of
Confederate desertions and pioneer practitioner of total war.
Q. Appomattox: Northern troops captured Richmond and Lee at this place in Virginia. Grant met with
Lee here to discuss terms of surrender.
R. Robert E. Lee: Leader of the Confederate army who started the Seven Days' Battle, forcing the Union
army to abandon the Peninsula Campaign.
S. Stonewall Jackson: Confederate general whose men stopped Union assault during the Battle of Bull
Run led to victory, he led the Shenandoah Valley campaign and fought with Lee in the Seven Days Battle,
killed by friendly fire at Chancellorsville.
T. U.S. Grant: an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He
achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War who defeated Lee.
U. Emancipation Proclamation: After victory of Antietam Lincoln announces on the first of 1863 all
slaves in the rebelling states would be free.
V. Wade-Davis Bill: Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction. Required 50%
voters of a state to take a loyalty oath: permitted only non-Confederates to vote for a new state
constitution. Lincoln refused to sign this bill.
W. Lincoln’s 10% plan: A state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of the 1860 vote
count from that state had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation.
II. Essay Questions
A) The north had a vast array of strategies due to the number of commanding generals they
went through. At the beginning of the war their strategy included a rash aggressive strategy. This was
immediately beaten back. Licking off their wounds the North, after repelling several Confederate
offensives, used their superior navy to completely blockade the South. After effectively limiting the
supplies the confederates had the union executed their “Anaconda Plan”, which included the blockade
as well as an invasion down the Mississippi to split the Confederacy in two. At the time Grant took over
and took the toughest stance against the Lee, hardly letting his army breath. This was followed by
Sherman’s legendary total war tactics that left the south in ruin, and ultimately caused their surrender.
Throughout the war, save two exceptions, the south played a defensive game, for they needed not to
expand their territory, they just needed to outlast the union long enough by making the war too costly
for them.
B) The north had the obvious advantage when it came to man power, industrial might, and navy.
However the south had greater experience when it came to actual fighting, and their generals were
some of the best in the world.
C. Briefly describe the condition that led to Lincoln’s election victory in 1860.
The expansion of slavery was a key issue in the election of 1860. This issue led to the splitting of the
Democratic party into Southern and Northern Democrats. Northern Democrats generally opposed
slavery's expansion while many Southern Democrats believed that slavery should exist across the United
States. Stephen Douglas ran for the Northern Democrats, and John C. Breckinridge for the South. This
temporary condition of the Democrat party largely contributed to a Republican victory for Lincoln.
D. “The South never had a chance to win the Civil war.” To what extent and why do you agree OR
disagree with this statement?
The south never had a chance to truly win the war in long run, only to drag it out longer.
The obvious differences of the population of the two sides along with the lack of industrial resources in
the South contriubuted to this. A vast majority of industrial production lied in the north, and with no
help from European powers, the South had little hope at keeping up. The larger problem, however, was
South’s lack in population. The Union had a population of 22 million, while the Confederacy had a mere
popultion of 9 million. The difference in man power was too much for the Confederacy to overcome,
and the South had little to no chance at winning the war.
Reconstruction Era Review (1865-1877)
Samuel Pixley and Vincent Atalig
Tenure of Office Act- a federal law (in force from 1867 to 1887) that was intended to restrict the power
of the President of the United States to remove certain office-holders without the approval of the Senate.
The law was enacted on March 3, 1867, over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. It purported to deny
the president the power to remove any executive officer who had been appointed by a past president,
without the advice and consent of the Senate, unless the Senate approved the removal during the next
full session of Congress.
Samuel Jones Tilden (February 9, 1814 – August 4, 1886) was the Democratic candidate for
the U.S. presidency in the disputed election of 1876, one of the most controversial American elections of
the 19th century. He was the 25th Governor of New York. A political reformer, he was a Bourbon
Democrat who worked closely with the New York City business community, led the fight against the
corruption of Tammany Hall, and fought to keep taxes low. Tilden was the first candidate for the
Presidency of the United States not to be elected despite receiving an absolute majority of the votes.
Archduke Maximilian I- After a distinguished career in the Austrian Navy, he was proclaimed Emperor of
Mexico on 10 April 1864, with the backing of Napoleon III of France and a group of
Mexican monarchists who sought to revive the Mexican monarchy. Many foreign governments, including
that of the United States, refused to recognize his administration. This was the first example of the US
enforcing the Monroe Doctrine.
Ten Percent Plan- During the American Civil War in December 1863, Abraham Lincoln offered a model
for reinstatement of Southern states called the 10 percent Reconstruction plan. It decreed that a state
could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of the 1860 vote count from that state had taken an oath
of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation. The next step in the process would be for
the states to formally elect a state government. Also, a state legislature could write a new constitution, but
it also had to abolish slavery forever. At that time, Lincoln would recognize the reconstructed government.
By 1864, Louisiana, Tennessee, and Arkansas had established fully functioning Unionist governments.
This policy was meant to shorten the war by offering a moderate peace plan. It was also intended to
further his emancipation policy by insisting that the new governments abolished slavery. Congress
reacted sharply to this proclamation of Lincoln's plan. Republicans feared that the planter aristocracy
would be restored and the blacks would be forced back into slavery. Lincoln's reconstructive policy toward
the South was lenient because he wanted to popularize his Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln feared
that compelling enforcement of the proclamation could lead to the defeat of the Republican Party in the
election of 1864, and that popular Democrats could overturn his proclamation. Some Republicans pushed
through Congress the Wade-Davis Bill in July 1864, which outlined more stringent requirements for readmission. This was pocket-vetoed by Lincoln after it passed.
Seward’s Folly- President Johnson’s Secretary of State, William H. Seward, was critcized for his part in
purchasing Alaska.
Freedman’s Bureau- was a U.S. federal government agency that aided distressed freedmen (freed
slaves) in 1865–1869, during the Reconstruction era of the United States. The Freedmen's Bureau Bill,
which created the Freedmen's Bureau, was initiated by President Abraham Lincoln and was intended to
last for one year after the end of the Civil War. It was passed on March 3, 1865, by Congress to aid
former slaves through legal food and housing, oversight, education, health care, and employment
contracts with private landowners. It became a key agency during Reconstruction, assisting
freedmen (freed ex-slaves) in the South. The Bureau was part of the United States Department of War.
Headed by Union Army General Oliver O. Howard, the Bureau was operational from 1865 to 1871. It was
disbanded under President Ulysses S. Grant.
13th Amendment- Abolished Slavery
15th Amendment- Gave voting rights to all males, regardless of skin color.
Thaddeus Stevens- was a Republican leader and one of the most powerful members of the United
States House of Representatives. As chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, Stevens, a
witty, sarcastic speaker and flamboyant party leader, dominated the House from 1861 until his death and
wrote much of the financial legislation that paid for the American Civil War. Stevens and Senator Charles
Sumner were the prime leaders of the Radical Republicans during the American Civil
War and Reconstruction. A biographer characterizes him as, "The Great Commoner, savior of free public
education in Pennsylvania, national Republican leader in the struggles against slavery in the United
States and intrepid mainstay of the attempt to secure racial justice for the freedmen during
Reconstruction, the only member of the House of Representatives ever to have been known, as the
'dictator' of Congress."[1]
Crédit Mobilier scandal of 1872 involved the Union Pacific Railroad and the Crédit Mobilier of America
construction company in the building of the First Transcontinental Railroad. The distribution of Crédit
Mobilier shares of stock by Congressman Oakes Ames along with cash bribes to congressmen took place
during the Andrew Johnson presidency in 1868. The revelation of the congressmen who received cash
bribes or shares in Crédit Mobilier took place during the Ulysses S. Grant administration in 1872. The
scandal's origins date back to the Abraham Lincoln presidency with the formation of the Crédit Mobilier in
1864.
“Black Friday” Scandal- September 24, 1869 also known as the Fisk/Gould scandal, was caused by
two speculators’ efforts to corner the gold market on the New York Gold Exchange. It was one of several
scandals that rocked the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant. During the reconstruction era after the American
Civil War, the United States government issued a large amount of money that was backed by nothing but
credit. After the war ended, people commonly believed that the U.S. Government would buy back the
“greenbacks” with gold. In 1869, a group of speculators, headed by James Fisk and Jay Gould, sought to
profit off this by cornering the gold market. Gould and Fisk first recruited Grant’s brother-in-law, a financier
named Abel Corbin. They used Corbin to get close to Grant in social situations, where they would argue
against government sale of gold, and Corbin would support their arguments. Corbin convinced Grant to
appoint General Daniel Butterfield as assistant Treasurer of the United States. Butterfield agreed to tip
the men off when the government intended to sell gold.
“Bribing of Belknap”- tenure as Secretary of War was controversial having indirectly sold weapons to
France and for accepting illicit contract profits in exchange for making a tradership appointment.
“Waving the Bloody Shirt”- the practice of politicians referencing the blood of martyrs or heroes to
criticize opponents.
Carpetbaggers and Scaliwags- Scaliwags-a derogatory term (originally describing worthless
livestock) applied to native white Southerners who supported the federal reconstruction plan and
cooperated with the blacks in order to achieve their ends. Some of the scalawags were entirely
above board, having opposed the Confederacy in earlier times and later wanted a new South to
emerge from the rubble. Others cooperated with or served in the Republican governments in
order to avail themselves of money-making opportunities. Carpetbaggers -a term of derision, but
applied to Northerners who went South during Reconstruction, motivated by either profit or
idealism. The name referred to the cloth bags many of them used for transporting their
possessions, but today is applied to any recently arrived opportunist. Despite the negative
connotation of the name, many carpetbaggers were sincerely interested in aiding the freedom and
education of the former slaves.
40 acres and a Mule- a short-lived policy, during the last stages of the American Civil War during
1865, of providing arable land to black former slaves who had become free.
Compromise of 1877- refers to a purported informal, unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1876
U.S. Presidential election, regarded as the second "corrupt bargain", and ended Congressional
("Radical") Reconstruction.
Essay QuestionsA. Describe the provisions and explain why the 14th Amendment is considered the most important
of all the amendments.






State and federal citizenship for all persons regardless of race both born or
naturalized in the United States was reaffirmed.
No state would be allowed to abridge the "privileges and immunities" of citizens.
No person was allowed to be deprived of life, liberty, or property without "due
process of law."
No person could be denied "equal protection of the laws."
Compare to 13th and 14th Amendments
Freedmen’s Bureau
B. Describe the Radical Reconstruction with regard to:
1. Goals- Punish Confederate states for the Civil War, to maintain political and economic
control of the South
2. Methods- Drafted Freedmen’s Bureau Bill, 14th Amendment
3. Major Problems- President Johnson’s Veto, Compromise of 1877
4. Accomplishments- Passing of 14th Amendment, Punishment of Confederate States
C. How do you account for the failure of Reconstruction to bring social and economic equality of
opportunity to the former slaves?
 Compromise of 1877
 Sharecropping System
 The Black Codes and other laws restricting former slaves
 The Freedmen's Bureau was underfunded and cut short
D. Discuss the political, economic, and social reforms introduced to the South between 1863 and
1877. To what extent did these reforms survive the compromise of 1877?
What the compromise did-
 Removal of all federal troops from the southern states.
 Appointment of at least one southern Democrat into Hayes's Administration.
 Construction of a second transcontinental railroad in the South called the Texas and Pacific.
 Legislation enacted to help industrialize the South.
Survived



13th, 14th, and 15th amendments
Industrialization
40 acres and a mule
Freedmen’s Bureau idealism
Progressive Era Review
Kaitlin Winkleman, Maria Rodriguez, Yasmin Melendez
I.
Identify and give one important fact or example, as appropriate.
A. Muckrakers- is closely associated with reform-oriented journalists who wrote largely for
popular magazines, continued a tradition of investigative journalism reporting, and
emerged in the United States after 1900 and continued to be influential until World War
I, when through a combination of advertising boycotts, dirty tricks and patriotism, the
movement, associated with the Progressive Era in the United States, came to an end.
B. Election of 1912- was a rare four-way contest. Incumbent President William Howard
Taft was renominated by the Republican Party with the support of its conservative wing.
After former President Theodore Roosevelt failed to receive the Republican nomination,
he called his own convention and created the Progressive Party (nicknamed the "Bull
Moose Party"). It nominated Roosevelt and ran candidates for other offices in major
states. Democrat Woodrow Wilson was finally nominated on the 46th ballot of a
contentious convention, thanks to the support of William Jennings Bryan, the three-time
Democratic presidential candidate who still had a large and loyal following in 1912.
Eugene V. Debs was the nominee of the Socialist Party of America.
C. Bull Moose Party- The Progressive Party of 1912 was an American political party. It was
formed by former President Theodore Roosevelt, after a split in the Republican Party
between himself and President William Howard Taft.
D. Ballinger-Pinchot Affair- was a dispute between U.S. Forest Service Chief Gifford
Pinchot and U.S. Secretary of the Interior Richard Achilles Ballinger that contributed to
the split of the Republican Party before the 1912 Presidential Election and helped to
define the U.S. conservation movement in the early 20th century.
E. Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, Jacob Riis, Upton Sinclair-muckrakers, History of Standard
Oil, Shame of the Cities, How the Other Half Lives, The Jungle.
F. Trust busting- a term that referred to President Theodore Roosevelt's policy of
prosecuting monopolies, or "trusts," that violated federal antitrust law. Roosevelt's
"trust-busting" policy marked a major departure from previous administrations' policies,
which had generally failed to enforce the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, and added
momentum to the progressive reform movements of the early 1900s.
G. Niagara Movement- was a black civil rights organization founded in 1905 by a
group led by W. E. B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter. It was named for the
"mighty current" of change the group wanted to effect and Niagara Falls, the
Canadian side of which was where the first meeting took place in July 1905.[1]
The Niagara Movement was a call for opposition to racial segregation and
disenfranchisement, and it was opposed to policies of accommodation and
conciliation promoted by African American leaders such as Booker T.
Washington.
H. Mann-Elkins Act- was a 1910 United States federal law that was among the Progressive
era reforms. The Act extended the authority of the Interstate Commerce Commission
(ICC) to regulate the telecommunications industry, and designated telephone, telegraph
and wireless companies as common carriers. During William H. Taft's administration, the
federal government moved to strengthen its regulatory control over the railroad
industry by the passage of the Mann-Elkins Act.
I. T.R.s 3 c’s-Conservation, Control of corporations, Consumer protection.
J. Robert Lafollete- was an American Republican (and later a Progressive) politician. He
served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, was the Governor of
Wisconsin, and was also a U.S. Senator from Wisconsin (1906 to 1925). He ran for
President of the United States as the nominee of his own Progressive Party in 1924,
carrying Wisconsin and 17% of the national popular vote.
K. Clayton Antitrust Act- was enacted in the United States to add further substance to the
U.S. antitrust law regime by seeking to prevent anticompetitive practices in their
incipiency. That regime started with the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, the first Federal
law outlawing practices considered harmful to consumers (monopolies, cartels, and
trusts). The Clayton Act specified particular prohibited conduct, the three-level
enforcement scheme, the exemptions, and the remedial measures.
L. Federal Reserve Act- is an Act of Congress that created and set up the Federal Reserve
System, the central banking system of the United States of America, and granted it the
legal authority to issue Federal Reserve Notes (now commonly known as the U.S. Dollar)
and Federal Reserve Bank Notes as legal tender. The Act was signed into law by
President Woodrow Wilson.
M. Underwood Tariff- re-imposed the federal income tax following the ratification of the
Sixteenth Amendment and lowered basic tariff rates from 40% to 25%, well below the
Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909. It was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson
on October 3, 1913, and was sponsored by Alabama Representative Oscar Underwood.
N. 16th Amendment- allows the Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it
among the states or basing it on Census results. This amendment exempted income
taxes from the constitutional requirements regarding direct taxes, after income taxes on
rents, dividends, and interest were ruled to be direct taxes in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan &
Trust Co. (1895). It was ratified on February 3, 1913.
O. 17th Amendment- established direct election of United States Senators by popular vote.
The amendment supersedes Article I, § 3, Clauses 1 and 2 of the Constitution, under
which senators were elected by state legislatures. It also alters the procedure for filling
vacancies in the Senate, allowing for state legislatures to permit their governors to make
temporary appointments until a special election can be held.
P. 18th Amendment- established prohibition in the United States. The separate Volstead
Act set down methods of enforcing the Eighteenth Amendment, and defined which
"intoxicating liquors" were prohibited, and which were excluded from prohibition (e.g.,
for medical and religious purposes). The Amendment was unique in setting a time delay
before it would take effect following ratification, and in setting a time limit for its
ratification by the states. Its ratification was certified on January 16, 1919, with the law
taking effect on January 17, 1920.
Q. 19th Amendment- prohibits any United States citizen to be denied the right to vote
based on sex. It was ratified on August 18, 1920.
R. The Mexican Problem- A series of revolutions in Mexico, beginning in 1910, caused
concern because of United States business interests in that country. Relations became
especially strained after Victoriano Huerta seized power in 1913 and President Wilson
refused to recognize his government because he felt it was an oppressive regime.
S. New Nationalism- was Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive political philosophy during the
1912 election.
T. New Freedom- comprises the campaign speeches and promises of Woodrow Wilson in
the 1912 presidential campaign. They called for less government, but in practice as
president he added new controls such as the Federal Reserve System and the Clayton
Antitrust Act. More generally the "New Freedom" is associated with Wilson's first term
as president (1913-1917).
II.
Essay Questions
A. Describe the progressive movement with regard to:
1. Roots-The Social Gospel, social reform, influence of churches, muckrakers
2. Objectives- social reform, middle class movement
3. major leaders (state and national)-Robert Lafollete, William U’Ren, Louis
Brandeis, Samuel Gompers, Theodore Roosevelt
4. major accomplishments-Pure Food and Drug Act, 16th 17th 18th and 19th
amendments, FTC, Federal Reserve, Clayton Anti-Trust Act
B. Compare and contrast T. Roosevelt’s New Nationalism with Wilson’s New Freedom.
Include how Wilson’s program changed over time.
New Nationalism:
-regulate big businesses with the government
-program of regulation
-every progressive reform
New Freedom:
-big businesses weakened
-program of liberty
-every progressive reform
C. “The progressive movement of 1901 to 1917 was a triumph of conservatism rather than
a victory for liberalism.” Assess the validity of this statement.
A. Henry George, Progress and Poverty
B. Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward
C. William Graham Sumner, What Social Classes Owe to Each Other
Wilson Era/WWI Review
Terms only/ Essay??
Bailey Cole and ??
A. Arabic Pledge-A promise made by the German Empire during ww1 to limit unrestricted warfare.
Germany broke this pledge in 1916 when a U-boat torpedoed the Sussex.
B. “Zimmerman Papers”- A diplomatic proposal for the German empire to Mexico to make war against
the US.
The message came as a coded telegram that was dispatched by the German Empire.
C. “Clear and present Danger”- A doctrine to determine under what circumstances limits can be placed
on the first amendment freedom of speech, press or assembly.
Adopted by the supreme court of the US.
D. Peace W/out victory-Wilson preferred that all of the nation’s stop with no one side being the victor.
Speech made by Woodrow Wilson before ww1 ended.
E. Espionage Act of 1917- Prohibited any attempt to interfere with military operations, and to support
US enemies during wartime.
Was an us federal law passed on June 15th, 1917.
F. Sussex Pledge- A promise made by Germany to the US that Germany would change their naval
warfare policy.
Passenger ships would not be targeted
Merchant ships would not be sunk
G. George Creel- An investigation journalist, Politician
An Active member of the Democratic Party
Fervent anti-communist
H. John J. Pershing- A general officer of the US army. Highest rank ever held in the US army.
Holds first service number 1
I. Volstead Act- Act to prohibit intoxicating beverages, and to regulate the manufacturing, and
production of alcohol.
Named after Andrew Vol Stead
J. House-Grey Memorandum- Prepared by Woodrow Wilson. An invitation from the US to Germany to
participate in US-sponsored peace convention to end ww1.
K. The Red Scare- Denotes two distinct periods of strong anti-communism in the US.
First Red Scare 1919-1921
Second Red Scare 1947-1957
L. Palmer Raids- Attempts by the US gov. to arrest and deport radical leftists, especially anarchist from
the US.
The Raids and arrests occurred Nov.1919
M. J Edgar Hoover- The first director of the FBI.
Instrumental in the creation of the FBI.
N. “There’s no right to strike against the public safty by anybody, anywhere, anytime.”- Known as the
Boston police strike. I order to retrieve recognition for their trade union, and improvements in wages.
O. John L. Lewis- American leader of organized labor.
President of the VMW
P. Federal trade commission- A independent agency of the US gov.
Protection and regulation of monopoly
P. Fourteen Points- Speech given by Woodrow Wilson. Assured the country that the Great War was
being fought for a moral cause.
R. Race Riots of 1919- Most racial conflict that begun in Chicago.
Dozens died and hundreds were injured.
S. Treaty of Versailles- One of the peace treaties that ended WW1.Required that Germany except
responsibility for starting the war, and to disarm and make substantial territorial concessions.
T. Henry Cabot Lodge- American Republican senator. Best known for his positions on foreign policy.
He never joined the league of nations
U. Article X- provision in the League of Nations that the reservationists led by Henry Cabot Lodge
objected to which would have committed the U.S. to defend other nations.
The Roaring Twenties Review
Samantha Baker and Peyton Bloodgood
I.
Identify and give one important fact or example for each term, as appropriate.
A.
Dawes Plan- Created by Charles Dawes in 1824. It was an attempt to pay off the
damages from WWI. Also called the “merry-go-round.” The U.S. Gave money to Germany in
order for Germany to pay France and Britain for debts of the war. Allies then paid the U.S. Once
the Dpression it, the Dawes plan stopped. The results was that Finland was the only nation to pay
off their debts in 1976, and the U.S. never received the money it was owed.
B.
Andrew Mellon- secretary of the Treasury in the 1920s. He believed that high taxes
would force the rich to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in factories that provided
prosperous payrolls. Also the government should decrease taxes to increase economic activity.
C.
John L. Lewis- the leader of the United Mine Workers. He also formed the CIO
(Committee for Industrial Organization). He led a "sit-down" strike on General Motors at Flint,
Michigan in 1936. Unionists from the Republic Steel Co. wanted to join the CIO, and a fight
broke out in 1937.
D.
Scopes Trial- was a landmark American legal case in 1925 in which high school science
teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which made it unlawful to
teach evolution in any state-funded school.
E.
Margaret Sanger- birth control activist.
F.
Marcus Garvey- founder of the United Negro Improvement Association and inspiration
for the Nation of Islam.
G.
“Silent Cal, weaned on a pickle”- Coolidge became president when Harding died of
pneumonia. He was known for advocating a strong economy, in money and words, and acquired
the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true Republican and industrialist. He
believed in the government supporting big business, saying, “The business of America is
business.”
H.
Sacco and Vanzetti- who were convicted of a robbery and two murders in Massachusetts
in the early 1920s and sentenced to death.
I.
Lost Generation- writers of the 20s who came of age during or immediately following
World War I: viewed, as a result of their war experiences and the social upheaval of the time, as
cynical, disillusioned, and without cultural or emotional stability.
J.
H.L. Menken- was an American journalist and essayist of American life and culture, and
a scholar of American English.
K.
Harlem Renaissance- a renewal and flourishing of black literary and musical
culture during the years after World War I in the Harlem section of New York City.
L.
The Washington Naval Conference- More formally known as the International
Conference on Naval Limitation, the Washington Naval Conference was a disarmament effort
occasioned by the hugely expensive naval construction rivalry that existed among Britain, Japan
and the United States.
M.
Emergency Quota Act of 1921- restricted immigration into the United States.
N.
Immigration Act of 1924- limited the annual number of immigrants.
O.
Red Scare- Anti-Communism in America.
P.
A Mitchell Palmer- supported tariff reform, woman's suffrage, and legislation ending
child labor. During World War I he was appointed to oversee the US government's confiscation
of enemy property.
Q.
Kellog Briand Pact- It was provided that it would come into effect on July 24, 1929. By
that date, the following nations had deposited instruments of definitive adherence to the pact.
R.
Alfred E. Smith- he worked for improved housing, child welfare, and efficient
government. In 1928 he won the presidential nomination of Herbert Hoover.
S.
Teapot Dome and Elk Hills- A former U.S. Navy oil reserve in east-central Wyoming
north of Casper. Secretly leased to Harry F. Sinclair's oil company by Secretary of the Interior
Albert B. Fall in 1921, it became a symbol of the governmental scandals of the Harding
administration.
T.
New Klan- band against blacks.
U.
Henry Ford- was an American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor company, and
sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production.
V.
18th Amendment- banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol
W.
19th Amendment- women's suffrage
X.
Al Capone- was an American gangster who led Prohibition crimes.
Y.
Babe Ruth and Charles Lindbergh- Lindbergh was an American pilot who was the first
man to fly solo across the Atlantic. Babe Ruth was a baseball player.
II.
Essay Questions
A.
In what ways did the increasing popularity of the automobile contribute to economic
growth and social change in the United States during the 1920s.
1.
Automobiles made it easier to travel to cities. Many people moved to the country and
traveled into town using a car. The economy grew because of the increase in cars and mass
production.
B.
Describe the societal changes that took place during the twenties to include:
1.
Population
a.
there were more immigrants traveling to the U.S. To work in factories.
2.
Urbanization
a.
people were becoming more dependent on finding jobs in factories. Farming became the
old way of life.
3.
Standards of Living
a.
As the population to the cities increased, living space became limited. Many people were
over crowded in tenants.
4.
Progress of Blacks and other minorities
a.
They were treated unfairly till the 1960s.
C. Discuss the federal government’s attitude toward business in the 1920s. Who
were the leading proponents of close government-business relations?
1. It was mainly Lazzie- Faire where the government would have hands off
on
businesses.
B.
In that ways did economic conditions and developments in the arts and entertainment
help create the reputation of the 1920’s as the Roaring Twenties?
1.
New ideas caused many changes in the society of the 1920s.
The Thirties Review
Maggie Meroney and Ashley Graves
I.
Identify and give one important fact or example, as appropriate.
A. Black Thursday: October 24, 1929, the start of the Wall Street Crash of
1929 at the New York Stock Exchange. "Black Tuesday" was the following
week on October 29, 1929.
B. Hoovervilles: Shanty towns. They made the foundations of America
tremble.
C. Hawley-Smoot Tariff: Highest and most protective tariff in the 1930s and
in history. Goods were raised from 38.5% to almost 60%.
D. 20th Amendment: Presidential and congressional terms were shortened.
The “Lame Duck” period was shortened to ten weeks.
E. Bonus Army: (BEF) 20,000 veterans came to the capital demanding
immediate payment of their entire bonus. Hoover sent an army to
evacuate them which ended riots and led to more public hatred of
Hoover.
F. New Deal Program: Reform, Relief, Recovery. Franklin D. Roosevelt was
the creator.
G. F.D.R’s Brain Trust: A small group of reform minded intellectuals, youngish
college professors. Kind of like a kitchen cabinet that later authorized
much of the New Deal legislation.
H. New Deal Coalition: a diverse collection of groups of voters who
supported the United States Democratic Party from 1932 until
approximately 1964, and which made the Democratic Party the majority
party during that time. FDR was able to forge a coalition of labor unions,
liberals, African Americans, and southern whites.
I. Reconstruction Finance Corporation: RFC. The agency was a government
lending bank designed to provide indirect relief by assisting insurance
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
P.
Q.
R.
S.
T.
U.
V.
W.
X.
Y.
companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and state and local
governments.
Herbert Hoover: President during the Great Depression. Part of the
Republican Party.
TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority. A successful attempt at regional
planning, provisions for the environment, and recreational design.
Huey Long: “Share our Wealth” program and “Make every man a king.”
Every family was to receive $5,000 yearly.
Father Coughlin: A catholic priest in Michigan who started broad casting in
1930 with a slogan of “Social Deal”.
Dr. Francis Townsend: he proposed a plan whereby the Federal
government would provide every person over 60 a $200 monthly pension.
This would be financed by a Federal tax on commercial transactions.
National Industrial Recovery Act: Attempted to combat the Depression
through national economic planning by establishing and administering a
system of industrial codes, to control production, prices, labor relations,
and trade practices among leading businesses. Was ruled
unconstitutional.
Court Packing: an unsuccessful attempt by President Franklin D. Roosevelt
in 1937 to appoint up to six additional justices to the Supreme Court,
which had invalidated a number of his New Deal laws.
Civilian Conservation Corps: Young men between the ages of 18 and 25
volunteered to be placed in camps to work in the regional environmental
projects mainly west of the Mississippi. They received $30 a month of
which $25 was sent home. Disbanded during WWII.
Wagner Act: Greatly enhanced power of American labor by overseeing
collective bargaining. Continues today.
Agricultural Adjustment Act: Attempted to regulate agricultural
production through farm subsidies. Reworked after the Supreme Court
ruled its key regulatory provisions unconstitutional in 1936.
Social Security Act: Guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers
beginning at age 65. Set up federal state system of unemployment
insurance and care for single mothers, handicapped, and public help.
Remains today.
Works Progress Administration: Massive work relief program funded
projects ranging from construction to acting. Disbanded by FDR during
WWII.
Harry Hopkins v. Harold Ickes:
CIO: Congress of Industrial Organizations a federation of affiliated
industrial labor unions founded 1935 within the American Federation of
Labor but independent of it 1938–55.
Roosevelt Recession: A recession within a depression.
Good Neighbor Policy: foreign policy of the administration of United
States President Franklin Roosevelt toward the countries of Latin America.
Its main principle was that of non-intervention and non-interference in
the domestic affairs of Latin America.
II.
Essay Questions
A. Describe the effects of the Depression and New Deal on the following
groups:
-Blacks
-Women
A. The effects of the Depression and the New Deal
Women in the twenties had moved into jobs that had been pre-dominantly male jobs and many that
were comfortable in their jobs got fired and males moved into their positions. After the New Deal many
women held government jobs.
Blacks were already the last hired and when the depression came around they were the first fired.
Already they had not held much work in America and the depression did not much to help. Many left
homes and moved down south or got jobs as domestics. During the New Deal program some joined
labor unions and were able to hold important jobs.
Mexican Americans struggled almost as much as the blacks did during the depression. Many went back
to Mexico or were sent home by US forces. Like Africans Mexicans joined labor unions and were able to
attain important jobs in society during the New Deal.
B. Compare and contrast the respective approaches of Herbert Hoover and
Franklin Roosevelt to the issues and problems of the Great Depression.
B.Hoover did not do much to improve the economy believing that the economy would improve by itself.
He did however create the RFC which aided states with some relief but nothing federally done during his
presidency. He also supported public works as well. Roosevelt started out slow at first during the lame
duck period, but once in office he implemented the New Deal program and supported the people of
America federally. He gave small jobs to all of doing whatever but whatever they could to get money.
Mainly leaned on relief and recovery and aided the banks so that people would trust and put money
back in the banks.
C. Identify THREE of the following New Deal measures and analyze the ways
in which each of the three attempted to fashion a more stable economy
and a more equitable society.
Agricultural Adjustment Act
Exchange Commission
Wagner National Labor Relations Act
Social Security Act
C.AAA- supported the supply of seven basic crops; corn, wheat, cotton, rice, peanuts, tobacco, and milk.
Offered payments to farmers to take some land out of farming cutting production. Many farmers still
continued to grow more & more. Farmers were on committees and able to speak their minds. Remained
basic legislation for all farm programs the following seventy years.
Exchange Commission- bolstered confidence in capital markets by providing investors with reliable
information and by requiring that corporations and individuals deal with each other honestly. Regulated
the stock market, the companies whose securities traded on them and the brokers and dealers who
conducted the trading.
Social Security- set up pensions for elderly. Workers and payers had to pay into the pension fund. Each
state also had to work out a plan for unemployment insurance. Covered over thirty five million people
despite opposition from republicans.
D. Analyze the ways in which the Great Depression altered the American
social fabric in the 1930’s.
The Great Depression altered the social fabric of America by making them for a period of time feel lucky
for what they had. Be happy to work. The wanted to save all that they had, but gave a scare to the
curiosity of whether it could happen again.
E. How do you account for the onset of the Great Depression of the 1930’s?
The onset of the Depression came from too much optimism in the stock market. Over production of
materials an items as well as agricultural overproduction. People were spending all their money and
hoping to get much back. They wanted too much to get rich quick.
F. “The New Deal did not radically alter American business, but conserved
and protected it.” Assess the validity of this statement.
“The New Deal did not radically alter the American business, but conserved and protected it.” I believe
this is valid because business didn’t change especially not big business but rather business was regulated
by the government. The government watched and aided business to protect our economy and jobs.
WWII and the Cold War Era
Zach Morgan, Oak Pinratana, Garrett Williams
1. U.S.S. Reuben James- was the first United States Navy ship sunk by hostile action in World War II
and was named for Boatswain's Mate Reuben James , who distinguished himself fighting in
the Barbary Wars.
2. 1939 Neutrality Act-laws that were passed by the United States Congress in response to the
growing turmoil in Europe and Asia that eventually led to World War II
3. Destroyer Deal- art of a program known as Lend-Lease. It was a legal cover for the Americans to
aid the British against Germany without violating the Neutrality Act in return for a lease on the
Virgin Islands
4. Lend Lease Act- Formally titled An Act to Further Promote the Defense of the United States, the
Act effectively ended the United States' pretense of neutrality
5. Battle of the Atlantic- longest continuous military campaign in World War II, running from 1939 to
the defeat of Germany in 1945
6. Atlantic Charter- ppivotal policy statement first issued in August 1941 that early in World War II
defined the Allied goals for the post-war world. It was drafted by Britain and the United States,
and later agreed to by all the Allies
7. Teheran Conference- strategy meeting held between Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and
Winston Churchill from 28 November to 1 December...held in the Soviet Embassy in Tehran, Iran
and was the first of the World War II conferences held between all of the "Big Three"
8. Yalta Conference- was the wartime meeting of the heads of government the purpose was to
discuss Europe's post-war reorganization
9. Potsdam Conference- gathered to decide how to administer punishment to the defeated Nazi
Germany, which had agreed to unconditional surrender nine weeks earlier, on 8 May The goals of
the conference also included the establishment of post-war order, peace treaties issues, and
countering the effects of war
10. Enola Gay- first aircraft to drop an atomic bomb as a weapon of war
11. Korematsu v. U.S. - The exclusion order leading to Japanese American Internment was
constitutional.
12. Battle of Midway- Japan's shipbuilding and pilot training programs were unable to keep pace in
replacing their losses while the U.S. steadily increased its output in both areas
13. D-Day- largest amphibious invasion in world history and was executed by land, sea, and air
elements under direct British command with over 160,000v
14. Battle of Stalingrad- heavy losses inflicted on the German army
15. Manhattan Project- effort by the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada to develop the
first nuclear weapons for use during World War II
16. Rationing- controlled distribution of scarce resources, goods, or services
17. Rosie the Riveter- These women sometimes took entirely new jobs replacing the male workers
who were in the military
18. “Double V Campaign”- call upon the President and Congress to declare war on Japan and
against racial prejudice in our country
19. Ex. Order 8802- Fair Employment Act… promote equal opportunity and prohibit employment
discrimination in the United States
20. Ex. Order 9066- cleared the way for the relocation of Japanese Americans to internment camps
21. Tuskegee Airmen- first African-American military aviators in the United States armed forces…
were subjected to racial discrimination, both within and outside the army
22. Pearl Harbor- US openly joins the war
23. Battle of Coral Sea-stopped Japan from advancing to Australia
24. Iwo Jima- US now had place to constantly bomb Japan
25. Okinawa- amphibious assault in the Pacific War of World War II… planned to use Okinawa as
a base for air operations on the planned invasion of Japanese mainland
26. Hiroshima and Nagasaki- only use of nuclear weapons in war to date
27. GI Bill of Rights- provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans such as
schooling
28. Taft Hartley Act- monitors the activities and power of labor unions
29. White Flight- large-scale migration of whites from racially mixed urban regions to more racially
homogeneous suburban or exurban regions
30. Baby Boom- a lot of children were born b/c men that were in the military came back and wanted
to start a family
31. Dr. Benjamin Spock-first book about child care…written b/c of the baby boom
32. Berlin Airlift- carry supplies to the people in West Berlin
33. Truman Doctrine- policy set by Harry S. Truman stating that the U.S. would support Greece and
Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere of influence
34. George F. Kennan- his writings inspired the Truman Doctrine and the U.S. foreign policy of
"containing"
35. Marshall Plan- large-scale American program to aid Europe where the United States gave
monetary support to help rebuild European economies after the end of World War II in order to
prevent the spread of Soviet communism
36. NSC 68- largely shaped U.S. foreign policy in the Cold War for the next 20 years
37. NATO- organization constitutes a system of collective defense whereby its member states agree
to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party
38. MAD- instrument used to detect minute variations in the Earth's magnetic field
39. Point Four Program- technical assistance program for "developing countries
40. Fair Deal- most important proposals were aid to education, universal health insurance, FEPC
and repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act
41. Korean War- Korean Demilitarized Zone established; both sides gained little border territory at
the 38th parallel
42. 2nd Red Scare-confessions of spying for the Soviet Union given by several high-ranking U.S.
government officials
43. Ex Order 9835- designed to root out communist influence in the U.S. federal government
44. Hollywood Ten- each member of the Hollywood Ten made a short speech
denouncing McCarthyism and the Hollywood Blacklisting
45. Joseph McCarthy- was noted for making claims that there were large numbers of Communists
and Soviet spies and sympathizers inside the United States
Essay A: Foreign policy after WW1 and WW2
Intro-state the change of foreign policy between the time frames
-after WW1 = isolationist country
-after WW2 = activist intervention
After WW1Red Scare of 1919, talks about how America was willing to let Europe “boil
In their own water”
Paris peace conference 1919, - “peace without victory” but Europeans
Wanted revenge, talk about the isolationist mindset of America in this
situation.
After WW2Vietnam- it was not our war, but we entered anyway
Film industry in the 1950’s- the movie industry was controlled and
regulated in the 50’s by the CIA to send an attack on communism. Talk
about how America is becoming proactive against other country’s views.
Conclusion, - talk about how America was becoming for of a victim target to
foreign countries, and had to act and start being proactive in order to no
longer be a victim, and to actually become a world power, even if it meant
changing foreign policy
Essay B: “The United States decision to drop the Atomic bomb on Hiroshima was a diplomatic measure
calculated to intimidate the Soviet Union in the post WWII era rather than a strictly military measure
designed to force Japan’s unconditional surrender.” Evaluate this statement using the documents
provided and your knowledge of the military and diplomatic history of the years 1939-1947.




Mention Yalta, it’s decisions, conflicts, and aftermath
Discuss the necessity of the Atom bomb
Outline possible outcomes of the war if the bomb had not been dropped
Possibly mention conference at Potsdam
Essay C: “Harry S. Truman was a realistic, pragmatic President who skillfully led the American people
against the menace posed by the Soviet Union.” Assess the validity of this generalization for President
Truman’s foreign policy from 1945 to 1953.



Talk about the Truman doctrine, and how it helped countries out of the Soviet Sphere
Truman informing stalin of the manhattan project to scare soviets into not wanting to
go to war.
Postdam conference-truman tried to advance American ideals
Essay D: Analyze the influence of TWO of the following on American-Soviet relations in the decade
following the Second World War.
Yalta conference
Communist revolution in China
Korean War
McCarthyism
Yalta Conference:
-
Franklin/Truman’s disagreements with Stalin
o
Why they were influential and what the subject of conflict was
 The state of Germany
 Berlin
 Poland’s “Democratic Elections”
Communist Revolution in China:
-
The U.S. and USSR fight indirectly through the two Chinese factions
during the Communist Revolution
-
Created greater tensions during a time of great sensitivity
Korean War:
-
Result of a Post-WWII decision to split the country
North supported by People’s Republic of Chain and the USSR while the South was
supported by America
USSR protest the UN taking action in the conflict
McCarthyism:
-
Cause of great uproar in the U.S.
Created more of a scare than the previous red scare
Made Americans jumpy and out of character
People suspected the “Reds” to be around every corner
Essay E: Why and how did the United States go from entrenched isolationism to active participation in
WWII?
o
o
o
o
o
o
Started off very gradually
Lend-lease Act
Destroyer Deal
Financial Support of the Allies
Very cautious because they didn’t want to be fooled again
Determined not to enter the war, but minds change when Pearl Harbor is bombed
Eisenhower to the New Frontier Era
Corissa Decker and Jacob Hinojosa
I. Identify and One Fact
A. Dynamic Conservation- Eisenhower’s philosophy; “In all those things which deal with
people, be liberal, be human…people’s money, or their economy, or their form of
government, be conservative.”
B. Brown v. Board of Education- court case where segregation in public schools was
“inherently unequal”. Upset previous ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson.
C. Sputnik- first Soviet satellite in space, Oct. 4, 1957; began U.S. v. U.S.S.R. space race.
D. National Defense Education Act- authorized $887 mil to needy college students;
Grants to improve teachings of science and language.
E. Interstate Highway Act of 1956- major public works project costing $27 bil; created
forty-two thousand miles of sleek, fast motorways.
F. Rosa Parks- college-educated seamstress who was jailed for refusing to give up her bus
seat; her arrest led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
G. Martin Luther King, Jr. - Black equality movement leader who formed the Southern
Christian Leaders Conference.
H. Little Rock Crisis- event in which to integrate nine black students into Central High
School, Eisenhower had to use executive power to make state troopers escort the students
into the school.
I. John Foster Dulles- Eisenhower’s secretary of state who was most known for his policy
of massive retaliation.
J. Geneva Conference of 1955 (also Geneva Summit)- meeting at which Eisenhower tried
to negotiate with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, but was rejected for peace.
K. Suez Crisis- Britain, France, and Israel tried to take control of the Suez Canal, but were
stopped by the Soviets and Americans.
L. Eisenhower Doctrine- pledged U.S. military and economic aid to Middle Eastern
nations threatened by communism; issued 1957.
M. Missile Gap- the term used in U.S. for the perceived disparity between the number and
power of the weapons between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. during the Cold War.
N. U-2 Incident- the U.S. had a U-2 spy plane shot down over the heart of Russia, causing
a scheduled summit conference between Eisenhower and Khrushchev to be cancelled.
O. New Frontier- an issue challenged by Kennedy for the American people to sacrifice to
achieve their potential greatness.
P. Rachel Carson- mother of modern conservatism movement through the writing of her
book, Silent Spring.
Q. James Meredith- the first black student admitted to Ole Miss; later shot during a civil
rights march in 1966.
R. Birmingham- a town in Alabama where multiple civil rights marches were harshly put
down by federal forces.
S. Bay of Pigs- an attempt by Kennedy to invade Cuba and overthrow Fidel Castro using
the CIA and Cuban exiles.
T. Cuban Missile Crisis- a very tense period between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. of “nuclear
chicken”.
U. Strategic Hamlet Program Vietnam- a plan between the U.S. and S. Vietnam
governments during the Vietnam War to combat the Communist insurgency by means of
population transfer.
V. Elvis Presley- a singer born in Mississippi, 1935; fused black rhythm and blues with
bluegrass and country styles; “The King”.
II. Essays
A. In what ways did the administrations of Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson maintain
the policy of containment of communism developed during the Truman administration?
1. Eisenhower- end of Korean War; reduced capability to save money; CIA &
SAC; “rolling back communism”; Vietnam; Domino Theory; Eisenhower
Doctrine; Suez Canal & Middle East.
2. Kennedy- 5x nuclear spending; Peace Corps; Alliance for Progress; Missile
Crisis; Vietnam.
3. Johnson- escalation in Vietnam.
B. Describe American suburban life in the 1950s to include: class distinctions,
transportation, shopping, family, education.
1. Class distinctions- blacks in lower class; economic struggles for middle &
lower classes; rich getting richer.
2. Transportation- more families acquiring cars; commercial airlines beginning;
highways & interstates; not much use for trains.
3. Shopping- more money to spend (saved during WWII); mass production of
clothes and goods; expansion of consumerism.
4. Family- families became smaller; less children because of birth control
5. Education- beginning to integrate, public & private schools; more kids going to
college; scholarships & grants.
C. “Although the 1960s are usually considered the decade of greatest achievement for
black civil rights, the 1940s and 1950s were periods of equally important gains.” Assess
the validity of this statement.
1. 40s- NAACP fought against segregation and for voting rights through the
Supreme Court; Jackie Robinson in professional sports
2. 50s- Brown v. Board of Education; Little Rock Crisis; Montgomery Bus
Boycott
3. 60s- Civil Rights Acts; Malcolm X & MLK; race riots; Black Panthers
D. To what extent did the decade of the 1950s deserve its reputation as an age of political,
social, and cultural conformity?
1. Political- Eisenhower’s actions to improve old policies
2. Social- Baby boomers of post WWII and Korea
3. Cultural- Cult of domesticity mindset
Great Society and Vietnam
Matt Bhatty and Aubrey Caudle
A.
24th Amendment- Due to great controversy over the Vietnam War and its draft, the legal voting
age was changed from 21 to 18.
B.
Cultural Revolution- Mao Zedong, the Chairman for the Communist Party in China, announced
that all traces of capitalism would be removed to make room for Socialism.
C.
SNCC- Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee was an organization the consisted of mainly
blacks that participated in sit ins and freedom rides during the 1960s, but in 1969 it became militant and
focused on “black power” the name was changed to Student National Coordinating Committee.
D.
Yippies- The Youth International Party, the members were commonly called Yippies. They were
fairly young and considered anarchists to many people, they were countercultural to the free speech
and anti-war protests in the 1960s.
E.
The Warren Court- The court brought an end to racial segregation in the United State, and it also
officially ended the voluntary prayer in public schools.
F.
Students for a Democratic Society- was a student activist movement in the United States that
was one of the main representation of the country's New Left. The organization grew in population in
the mid-1960s before breaking up at its last convention in 1969. A faction of SDS formed the Weather
Underground, identified by the FBI as a "domestic terrorist group."
G.
Cesar Chavez- was a Mexican-American farm worker, labor leader, and civil rights activist who,
with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association, which later became the United
Farm Workers.
H.
Betty Friedan- her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique is often credited with sparking the
"second wave" of American feminism in the 20th century. In 1966, Friedan founded and was elected the
first president of the National Organization for Women, which aimed to bring women "into the
mainstream of American Society”.
I.
Civil Rights Act of 1964- Gave full American Rights to African-Americans and women.
Desegregated schools and allowed everyone over the age of 18 to vote.
J.
National Organization of Women- The six core issues that NOW addresses are abortion
rights/reproductive issues, violence against women, constitutional equality, promoting diversity/ending
racism, lesbian rights, and economic justice.
K.
War on Poverty- Was President Lyndon B. Johnson’s attempt to bring people out of poverty in
America. The Economic Opportunity Act was passed by congress.
L.
The Great Society Programs- Many programs were enacted to try to help people escape poverty
and racial injustice. A few of these programs were: The Voting Rights Act of 1965, The Immigration and
Nationality Service Act of 1965, and the Civil Rights Act of 1968.
M.
Medicare and Medicaid- Are programs enacted by the Great Society to help older people with
their medication and mobility.
N.
The Other America- was a book written by Michael Harrington, it told of America’s high poverty
rates even in economic prosperity. This book helped fuel the Great Society movement.
O.
Tonkin Gulf Resolution- Gave LBJ a blank check to go to war with North Vietnam.
P.
Tet Offensive- An all-out attack by the North Vietnamese and Vietcong armies on every South
Vietnamese city
Q.
NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization
R.
Greensboro Sit-in - The Greensboro sit-ins were a series of nonviolent protests which led to the
Woolworth's department store chain reversing its policy of racial segregation in the Southern United
States.
S.
Voting Rights Act of 1965- Took away the poll tax that restricted African Americans from voting
T.
1968 Democratic Convention- Was held between August 26th and the 28th in Chicago. It was
shorty after MLK and Robert Kennedy’s deaths so there were many riots in all major cities. But this
Convention was for LBJ and his announcement that he would NOT be running for a second term in
office.