AP Psych: Review for Semester Test
1.
Treatment of Abnormal Behavior
a. Goals
b. Types
i. Alternative/Holistic/Self Help
ii. Psychoanalysis
iii. Humanistic
iv. Behavioral
v. Cognitive
vi. Group &/or Family
vii. Biomedical
1) Antipsychotics-Antianxiety Meds-Antidepressants-Mood-Stablizers
c. Criticisms
2.
Abnormal Psychology
a. Deviant-Distressful-Dysfunctional
b. Medical Model
c. Biopsychosocial Approach
d. Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)
e. Anxiety Disorders
i. GAD-Panic Disorder-Phobias-OCD-Stress-PTSD
f. Mood Disorders
i. Major Depressive Disorder-Bipolar Disorder
g. Schizophrenia
i. Delusions-Paranoia-Hallucinations-Catatonia
h. Personality Disorders
i. Dissociative Identity Disorder
3.
Motivation
a. Needs v. Drives
i.
Hunger Drive
ii.
Stimulation
iii.
Achievement
1) Extrinsic v. Intrinsic Rewards
iv.
Affiliation
v.
Sex
vi.
Belonging
b. Theories
i.
Instinct
ii.
Drive-Reduction
iii.
Humanistic
iv.
Drive-Reduction
4.
Emotions
a. Happiness v. Anger v. Fear
b. Facial Expressions
c. Theories
i.
Opponent-Process Theory
ii.
James-Lange Theory
iii.
Cannon-Bard Theory
iv.
Cognitive Appraisal
AP Psych: Review for Semester Test
5.
Social Psychology
a. Attribution Theory
i.
Dispositional v. Situational Attribution
ii.
Fundamental Attribution Error
b. Attitudes & Actions
i.
Food-in-the-Door Phenomenon
ii.
Cognitive Dissonance
c. Conformity & Obedience
i.
Asch’s Conformity Experiment & Group Pressure
ii.
Milgram’s Obedience Experiment
iii.
The Hawthorne Effect
d. Group Influence
i.
Social Facilitation
ii.
Social Loafing
iii.
Deindividuation
iv.
Group Polarization
v.
Groupthink
e. Prejudice-Stereotypes-Discrimination
f. Aggression
g. Attraction
h. Altruism
6.
Personality
a. Freud & Psychoanalysis
i.
Exploring the Unconscious: Id-Ego-Superego
ii.
Psychosexual Stages of Development
iii.
Defense Mechanisms
iv.
Neo-Freudians
a. Maslow, Rogers & Humanistic Perspective
i.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
ii.
Rogers’ Person-Centeredness
b. Trait Perspective
i.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
1) Extrovert v. Introvert (E v. I)
2) Sensing v. Intuition (S v. N)
3) Feeling v. Thinking (F v. T)
4) Judging v. Perceiving (J v. P)
ii.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
iii.
Big Five
1) Conscientiousness-Agreeableness-Neuroticism-OpennessExtraversion
c. Social-Cognitive Perspective
i.
Personal Control
1) Internal v. External Locus of Control
2) Learned Helplessness v. Personal Control
3) Optimism v. Pessimism
7.
Human Growth & Development
a. Conception & Prenatal
b. New Born & Infancy
c. Childhood
d. Adolescence
e. Adulthood (early-middle-late)
f. Theories
i.
Piaget’s Cognitive Development
ii.
Harlow’s Attachment Theory
iii.
Kohlberg’s Moral Development
iv.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development
v.
Kubler-Ross’ Stages of Death & Dying
AP Psych: Review for Semester Test
8.
Intelligence
a. Def: the ability to learn from experience, solving problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
b. General (g) v. Multiple Intelligence (Triarchic Theory)
i. Primary Mental Abilities
ii. Savants
c. Testing
i. Aptitude v. Achievement
ii. Stanford-Binet & IQ
1. Normal Distribution: retardation-genius
2. Flynn Effect
iii. WAIS & WISC
iv. Validity v. Reliability
3. Bias & Stereotyping
d. Nature v. Nurture
i. Biology & Twin Studies
ii. Education
iii. Ethnicity & Gender
9.
Cognition
a. Memory
i. Encoding
1. Visual-Acoustic-Semantic
2. Rehearsal
3. Chunking
4. Hierarchies
ii. Storage
1. Sensory Memory
a. Iconic v. Echoic
2. Short-term / Working
b. 30 seconds
c. Magic 7 Theory
d. Central Executive
3. Long-term
e. Serotonin & Long-term Potentiation
f. Implicit v. Explicit
g. Flashbulb
iii. Retrieval
1. Cues-Context-Mood
iv. Forgetting
1. Encoding-Decay-Interference-Motivation
b.
Thinking
i. Prototypes-Algorithms-Heuristics-Insight
ii. Problems
1) Confirmation Bias-Fixation-Overconfidence-Framing
10. Learning
a. Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)
i. US v. CS
ii. UR v. CR
iii. Acquisition
iv. Extinction & Spontaneous Recovery
v. Generalization v. Discrimination
b. Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
i. Shaping
ii. Reinforcers
1. Schedules
a. Continuous v. Partial
b. Fixed v. Variable
c. Ratio v. Interval
2. Positive v. Negative
3. Punishment
c. Other
i. Latent Learning
ii. Intrinsic v. Extrinsic Motivation
iii. Observational Learning & Modeling
iv. Taste-aversion (Garcia effect)
AP Psych: Review for Semester Test
11. States of Consciousness
a. Facets & Levels of Consciousness (Freud)
b. Sleep & Dreams
i. Circadian & Homestatic
ii. Cycles & Stages
1) 1-4; REM; Alpha-Beta-Theta-Delta
iii. Latent v. Manifest Dreams (Freud)
iv. Disorders: Insomnia, Sleep Apnea, Narcolepsy, Nightmares/Terrors, Parasomnia (sleep walking)
c. Drugs
i. Depressants-Hullucinogens-Stimulants
ii. Tolerance-Dependence-Addiction-Withdrawal
d. Other States of Consciousness
i. Hypnosis-Near Death Experiences-Mediation
12. Sensation & Perception
a. Perception
i. Absolute Threshold
ii. JND
b. Big Two: Vision & Audition
i. Parts of the Eye: Cornea, Iris, Pupil, Lens, Retina (Rods & Cones)-Optic Nerve
1) Problems: Nearsighted, Farsighted, Blindness
i. Parts of the Ear: Pinnea-Auditory Canal-Tympanic Membrane-Ossticles-Choclea-Auditory Nerve
1) Problems: Conductive & Sensorineural Deafness
c. Other Three: Olfaction, Gustation, Tactition
i. Gate Control Theory
d. Perception
i. Gestalt Psychologists
ii. Cocktail Party Effect
iii. Monocular & Binocular Cues
iv. Depth Perception
v. ESP-Precognition-Telepathy-Clairvoyance
13. Biology of Psych
a. Nature v. Nurture
b. Neuron
i. Parts & Functions: Dendrite, Cell Body, Axon, Action Potential, Myelin, Terminals, Synapse, Neurotransmitters
c. Brain
i. Hemispheres: Right v. Left
ii. Lobes of the Brain & Functions: Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, & Occipital
1) Broca’s & Wernicke’s Areas
iii. Limbic System: emotional behavior
1) Hypothalamus (aggression, appetite, body temp)
2) Cerebellum (coordination & movement)
3) Medulla (heart, breathing & digestion)
iv. Methods to Study
1) Accidents & Lesions – lobotomy
2) EEG (exterior) & EBS (interior)
3) Scans (SD, HD, 3D): CAT, MRI, PET
d. Nervous System
i. Central v. Peripheral
1) Auto v. Somatic
2) Sympathetic v. Para
3) Efferent v. Afferent
e. Endocrine System
i. Glands: Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal, Testes, Ovaries
ii. Hormones: Oxytocin, Thyroxin, Adrenialine & Noradrenaline, Testosterone, Estrogen & Progestorene
AP Psych: Review for Semester Test
14. Research Methods/Ethics/Stats
a. Types of Studies
i. Qualitative v. Quantitative
ii. Descriptive v. Inferential (Goal - Observe, Describe, Explain, & Predict Behavior)
1) Survey
2) Naturalistic
3) Case
4) Correlation
iii. Experiments (Goal - Control Behavior)
b. Ethics: gains of science should not outweigh the harm done to subjects
c. Stats
i. Population-Sample (Randomization)
ii. Mean-Median-Mode
iii. Standard Deviation
15. Theories & Famous Psychologists
a. Old School
i. Greeks (Plato, Socrates, Aristotle)
ii. Enlightened (Descartes, Bacon, Locke)
iii. Structuralism (Wundt)
iv. Functionalism (James-textbook)
v. Psychoanalysis (Freud)
vi. Behaviorism (Watson and Little Albert & Skinner and the “Skinner Box”)
vii. Humanistic (Maslow)
b. New School
i. Neuroscience/Cognitive/Biological
ii. Behaviorism/Learning
iii. Sociocultural
c. Approaches to Psych
i. Basic v. Applied
1) Experimental
ii. Psychiatry
iii. Clinical v. Counseling
iv. School v. Educational
v. Developmental v. Personality v. Social
vi. Environmental v. Consumer v. Industrial/Organizational