The Colonial Era
1763-1830
A New Colony
 By 1763 England had completely driven
France out of North America.
 Isle St. Jean or St. John’s Island under
the English was drawing quite a bit of
attention by discharged military officers.
 It was rumored to be a land of fertile soil
and ready to move in farms that were left
by the French.
Lord Egmont
 England, like France, would find colonization an
expensive venture and looked for ideas to lower
the cost of growing the population in their new
territory.
 Sir John Percival, the Earl of Egmont,
proposed to the British government that the
Island be divided into large estates and appoint a
Lord of each estate who would be responsible for
building a castle and raising 100 soldiers for the
defense of the territory.
 Egmont’s plan was laughed at and turned down
by the British government without really having
been looked at.
Samuel Holland
 Samuel Holland was a
Dutch-born army officer who
had fought at Louisbourg
and Quebec. He suggested a
survey of all the new
territory be taken and a plan
to encourage immigration.
 The King would appoint
Holland Surveyor General
for the northern half of North
America. This included
Virginia all the way up to
St. John’s Island.
Sam’s Plan
 Holland would arrive in 1764 and would make
his base at Rocky Point. Using Micmac and
Acadian guides he completed the survey of the
Island in one year.
 The Island when surveyed was cut into 67 lots,
grouped into 14 parishes, and 3 counties.
 He named the counties and laid our county
capitals at Princetown, Charlottetown, and
Georgetown, with the capital of the Island
being Charlottetown for the reasons of defense
and access to the interior of the Island.
St. John’s Island
Lotto 67
 The Colonial office in England decided that the
Island lots were to be raffled off to rich and
powerful Englishmen who would be responsible
for colonizing the Island.
 Lot 66 was kept for Crown Land and on July
23, 1767 all the lots were placed in a big drum
and a lottery was held.
 The recipients of the lots were all members of
parliament , army officers, wealthy merchants,
and high-ranking government officials.
The Proprietors
 The new landholders on the Island were
known as “proprietors” and they were
given three conditions to meet.
– Bring over 100 settlers within 10 years.
– Settlers had to be Protestant-and non-British.
– The proprietors had to pay quit-rents to the
government based on the quality of land.
Any conditions not met, meant the land would
be returned and given to another proprietor.
Early Government
 In 1763 the Island was officially annexed to
Nova Scotia and the Colonial office asked Gov.
Franklin to report on the status of the Island.
 He would assume the Island would stay under
Nova Scotia’s control and would build wharves,
barracks, lay out the capital, and appointed
officials.
 This angered the British government and the new
proprietors and the Island was separated from
Nova Scotia in 1769.
Walter Patterson
 The Island was now
officially a colony of the
English empire and would
need a Governor. The
Proprietor of Lot 19,
Walter Patterson was
granted the job.
 He arrived in 1770 to find
the Island was nothing
more than a floating forest
and that Charlottetown
was a few log houses on
the edge of the woods.
Walter Patterson
 When he realized just what he had gotten
himself into he wrote his Lieutenant
Governor, Thomas DeBrisay, to stay in
England. DeBrisay would not show up for
nine years.
Questions
1. __________ Year England officially controlled all
of North America.
2. __________ Groups of people interested in the
Island.
3. __________ The English were finding that
colonization was very ________.
4. __________ Earl of Egmont.
5. __________ British Government office
responsible for colonies.
6. __________ Governor of Nova Scotia in 1763.
7. __________ Year St. Johns Island was freed from
Nova Scotia.
8. __________ First Island Governor.
Questions
9. __________ Surveyor General of northern
North America.
10. __________ Island was divided into this many
lots.
11. __________ Number of parishes.
12. __________ Capitals of the counties.
13. __________This was held on July 23, 1767.
14. __________ Capital of the Island.
15. __________ Lieutenant Gov. of the Island.
16. __________ Year Patterson arrived on the
Island.
Early Government
 In July of 1773 the Island
held its first elections and
18 men were elected to
government.
 There was no legislative
building however and the
assembly was forced to
meet in a tavern.
 The sergeant-at-arms was
reported to have called it a
“damned queer
parliament!”
Early Government
 The government salaries were to be paid from the
quit rents collected from the proprietors. The
problem was the proprietors were not paying
them.
 John Duport and his daughter starved to death
by 1775 as a result of not being paid.
 Walter Patterson would leave for England to try
and find some answers as to where the money
was and would not return for 5 years.
American Revolutionary War
1775-1783
 After the Seven Year War (1756-1763) England’s
debt had gone from 14 million pounds to 130
million pounds.
 As a result the British government levied taxes on
not only the American colonies but all its people.
 The Americans however did not appreciate being
taxed without representation in the British
parliament. The slogan “no taxation without
representation” would become one of the rallying
cries of the revolution.
Charlottetown Raided
 While Patterson was in England Charlottetown
was raided by American Privateers in
November of 1775.
 Phillips Callbeck, Thomas Wright, and David
Higgins were captured and presented to George
Washington at Cambrigde Massachusetts.
 Washington disapproved of the action and
allowed the three men to sail back to Halifax
aboard a fishing boat bound for the area.
The Defence of Charlottetown
 Phillips Callbeck upon returning to
Charlottetown began to arm the settlement as it
was defenseless.
 A seven gun battery was established, troops were
sent from Halifax and a 100 man militia was
formed.
 In July of 1778 four provincial companies
arrived from New York under the command of
Colonel Hierlihy for who barracks were
constructed in Charlottetown.
Patterson Returns to The Island
 In 1780 Patterson returned to the Island with a
3,000 pound grant, an annual subsidy of 300
pounds, and the power of distraint.
 Distraint was the taking of undeveloped lots and
returning them to the crown for the purpose of
granting them to someone else.
 Patterson would also attempt to change the name
of the Island to “New Ireland” due to the fact
that Islanders were losing mail to St. John’s
Newfoundland and St. John N.B. The change
was quickly reverted by the British Government.
Early Settlement
 Some of the proprietors ignored the Island while
some actually made attempts at colonization and
others landed here by accident.
 1770 Annabella- Robert Stewart settled 200
Scottish Highlanders
 1770 Falmouth- James Montgomery settled 50
Scottish Highlanders
 1771 Edinburgh- Robert Stewart settled another 70
Scottish Highlanders.
 1772 Alexander- John MacDonald settled 200
Highlanders
 1775 Elizabeth- Robert Clark settled 200 English
and Irish.
Pioneer Life
 The life for pioneers during
the colonial time was
extremely difficult. Nothing
had been left from the French
occupation.
 It took 2-5 years to clear
enough land to feed a small
family.
 The English would bring the
potato to the Island as many
family would spend the whole
winter eating them to survive.
Pioneer Life
 The first homes were log cabins
which were temporary housing
until a proper farmhouse could
be built.
 Most of the settlers came from
England which had mild
winters and were not use to –20
degrees Celsius or worse.
 Large amounts of snow were
uncommon to the pioneers as
well as the bears which roamed
the woods.
The Land Grab
 By 1781 Patterson was ready to act on the
“deadbeat landlords” as they had been given a six
month period to pay their quit rents.
 In November of 1781 eight lots and six half lots
were to be auctioned off as under the conditions
of distraint.
 The auction was held at a local tavern with only
government officials present. The only lot that
was seriously desired was lot 35 which went to
Phillips Callbeck. 8.5 lot went to Patterson by
default, a total of 170,000 acres.
Questions
1. __________ Year of the Island’s first elections.
2. __________ Number of people elected in the
election.
3. __________ Meeting place of the assembly.
4. __________ Money to be collected from the
landlords to pay government salaries.
5. __________ Island landlords.
6. __________ This man would starve to death in
1775.
7. __________ War that broke out in 1775.
8. __________ Patterson came back from England
with this power.
9. __________ Patterson would change the name
of the island to this.
10. __________ Year John MacDonald arrived on
the island.
11. __________ What ship did John MacDonald
arrive on?
12. __________ Which lot did John MacDonald
own?
13. __________ This crop would be brought to the
island by the English.
14. __________ Year Patterson started distraint
proceedings against the landlords.
15. __________ After the land auction Patterson
would end up with this much land. (Lots &
Acres)
Patterson’s Mistakes
 Patterson in his eagerness to resolve the
problem of the “deadbeat landlords”
made two mistakes.
1. At the end of the Auction he ended up with
8.5 lots equaling 170,000 acres.
2. He focused on the landlords that owned good
lots there were plenty of other lots that were
undeveloped but he did nothing about.
Patterson’s Opponents
 Capt. John MacDonald was proprietor of Lot 36.
He had worked hard at establishing settlements
but had gone to fight in the Revolutionary War.
When he found out he was going to lose his land
he returned to England and became Patterson’s
main opponent.
 Jack Stewart or “Hellfire Jack” was Patterson’s
main opponent on St. John’s Island. Patterson
had taken away a pasture lot in Charlottetown
from him and Phillips Callbeck had outbid him
for Lot 35. What made him really angry with
Patterson was the fact that Patterson was sleeping
with his mother.
Capt. John Goes to England
 Capt. John’s argument for not paying quit rents
was that he was away at war and could not
possibly be expected to pay quit rents. He rallied
the other landlords who had deep political ties.
 In 1783 the Colonial Secretary, Lord North
issued a letter to Patterson voiding all sales from
the auction. It did state however that the
proprietors must pay all arrears they owed to the
government and that quit rents could now be
paid in England as well as on the Island.
“Hellfire Jack”
 In 1784 the Stewarts with their new ally
Thomas Debrisay won the 1784 election
with old “Hellfire” being elected speaker
of the house.
 The assembly was now in the hands of the
Stewarts and they were ready to void the
sales of 1781 which meant that Patterson
would lose his newly gained land.
The Loyalists
 In 1783 the British
surrender to the
Americans and the 13
Colonies were full of
“Loyalists”, or people
who remained loyal to
England.
 Many of these Loyalists
would head north to seek
land in British controlled
North America. Around
30-40,000 would settle in
the Maritime colonies.
The Loyalists to the Rescue
 Walter Patterson needed allies as he was
about to lose his land. He would find allies
in the Loyalists wishing to settle in the
Maritimes.
 Patterson would settle Loyalists on his new
lots and have them run in a new election
defeating the DeBrisay-Stewart coalition.
Edmund Fanning
 On November 4, 1786 Colonel
Edmund Fanning arrived on
the Island to assume the post of
Lieutenant Governor as
Patterson was to return to
England as the Colonial office
had received complaints about
Patterson’s corrupt behavior.
 Patterson however would not
leave stating that he must stay
and finish out the year and gain
evidence to disprove the
allegations against him.
Patterson vs. Fanning
 Patterson would remain on and pass legislation
restoring the lots purchased in 1781 to their
original owners. Phillips Callbeck and Peter
Stewart however would refuse to surrender titles
to Lots 31 and 35. The Loyalists were given the
land they had settled and the proprietors were to
compensate the purchasers of their Lots.
 Patterson however after it was all over would not
give up his position as Lieutenant Governor.
Patterson vs. Fanning
 Patterson would remain on the Island as he knew
if he left for England he would not return.
 Fanning growing tired of the situation would
issue a proclamation on April 10th 1787
publicizing his appointment as Governor of the
Island.
 Patterson would issue his own proclamation on
the following day stating that Fanning was only
to govern in his absence and any order given by
him was illegal and not to be carried out.
 Patterson would eventually be forced to leave as
he was no longer just being recalled he was
officially fired as Lord Sydney would inform
him, “His Majesty has no further occasion for
your services as Lieutenant Governor.”
The End of Patterson
 Patterson would return to
England a ruined and
humiliated man and would
face trial. He would be
found guilty and
reprimanded. He would
spend time in Newgate
Prison as he would not be
able to pay his debts and
would later die in 1798 a
poor man.
Questions
1. __________ Appointed to replace Patterson.
2. __________ Year the American Revolution
ended.
3. __________ Americans who remained loyal to
the British Crown.
4. __________ “Hellfire Jack”
5. __________ Colonial Secretary in 1783
6. __________ Colonial Secretary who would
have Patterson removed as Governor.
Edmund Fanning
 A New Yorker by birth
Edmund Fanning was a well
educated man having studied
law at Yale. He went on to be
a judge in North Carolina.
 After serving in the American
Revolutionary War he was
granted the Lieut.
Governorship of Nova Scotia
and then in 1787 became the
Lieut. Governor of St. John’s
Island.
The Fanning Years
 Although Walter Patterson had been fired he
still had supporters on the Island trying to keep
their land and their positions.
 In July of 1787 Fanning called an election and
the supporters of Patterson won. Fanning who
was not in favor of this disallowed the election
and called another.
 Fanning would disallow this election and change
the electoral ridings to suit his friends…but they
still lost.
 It would not be until 1790 that Fannings
supporters would get elected. Fanning would not
call another election for 12 years.
Edmund Fanning
 Edmund would begin to buy land and would
become a land-agent for absentee landlords
living in England.
 Land-Agents were responsible for collecting the
quit-rents, watching the tenants, and keeping out
squatters.
 There was good money to be made in working as
a land-agent especially if you skimmed off the
top, which most, including Fanning, did.
Tenants Vs. Proprietors
 There were a number of Loyalist families now
living on the Island. Some had been brought here
by Patterson and then some of Fanning's friends
from the 13 Colonies.
 These Loyalist tenants began to call for an
escheat of the land. Escheat was the taking of
the land from the proprietors and giving it to the
tenants…for free.
 Fanning who was now a landowner and a landagent was not impressed with his Loyalist
friends.
“Lots” Investigated
 The Assembly investigated the Land Question in
1797 to see how the landlords were doing in
regards to settlement.
 Of the 67 lots 23 were totally empty and another
12 lots had an average for 3 families each. Only
26 were well settled but still did not meet the
original conditions.
 The assembly called for a Court of Escheat to
go after the 35 worst cases and redistribute the
land to tenants.
The Colonial Office Investigates
 In 1803 the colonial Office finally got around to
its own investigation of the Lots on the Island.
 The investigation showed that the arrears of the
Lots totaled 60,000 pounds. Some Lots had
arrears more than the Lot was worth.
 The Colonial Secretary, Lord Hobart decided to
forgive the arrears on a sliding scale based on
how much effort was put in by the proprietors.
 In total the arrears were cut 40,430 pounds.
The End of Fanning
 In terms of quit rents the new office of Receiver
General was created and given to Jack Stewart.
He was now responsible for making sure the
arrears were paid.
 As for Escheat, Lord Hobart told Fanning to
proceed with it if things did not improve.
 Fanning would instead decide to retire in 1804
and would live in Charlottetown until 1813.
Questions
1. __________ Governor after Patterson.
2. __________ People responsible for collecting
quit-rents.
3. __________ People who illegally settled on lots.
4. __________ Taking land from Proprietors and
giving it to the tenants.
5. __________ In 1797 The Island Assembly called
for this.
6. __________ Amount of arrears in 1805.
7. __________ New position created to make sure
quit-rents were paid.
8. __________ Colonial Secretary in 1803.
Questions
9. __________ The new Receiver General.
10. __________ Year Fanning retired.
11. __________ Number of Lots found totally
empty in 1797.
12. __________ Edmund Fanning was educated
here.
13. __________ Place where Edmund Fanning was
born.
14. __________ Edmund Fanning was Governor
here before coming to the Island.
Stalled Immigration
 The American War of Independence was a
disaster for the Island. Many people actually left
the Island during this time to fight in the war.
 A few Loyalists arrived under Patterson along
with some Scottish Highlanders.
 By the 1790’s most families were producing their
own food but there was no real economy on the
Island people bartered as hardly anyone had cash.
 The Island was looked at as a destination for the
poorest people who couldn’t afford to go
elsewhere.
Lord Selkirk
 Thomas Douglas, the Earl of
Selkirk was an energetic and
ambitious new landlord and wanted
to help Scotland’s poor
Highlanders.
 The Island was not on the top of his
list for a new settlement but he was
forced to settle here when his land
deal in Ontario fell through.
 He sailed from the Isle of Skye in
1803. One of his ships was
attacked by pirates but was saved
by his quick thinking captain who
told the pirates everyone was dying
of ships fever.
The Highlanders
 All together Lord Selkirk had 800 people aboard
three ships, the Polly, Oughton, and Dykes.
 They would settle in the Belfast area together as
a large group in order to preserve their way of
life and culture.
 They would build log cabins and clear land and
plant potatoes around the stumps.
 Highland games were held with traditional
events such as the Caber Toss, Hammer Throw,
and Piping Competition.
The Highlanders
 Education was very important to the
Highlanders as they built their school
before the church.
 Two schools were located in Orwell and
Kinross.
 They had first rate teachers and many of
their children would go on to university.
The Forgotten People
 While the proprietors were fighting with
government and the tenants with the landlords the
original inhabitants of the island were overlooked.
 Lennox Island was not assigned to any lot when
Holland did his survey which was a nice
coincidence as this was the Micmac winter home.
Eventually when Lennox Island was attached to
Lot 12, James Montgomery agreed to let the
Micmac stay.
 At first the Micmac would continue to wander
the Island in search of food but as the lots filled
up this became more difficult and they would
eventually settle on Lennox Island.
 The British and Island Governments would
continue their policy of ignoring the Micmac.
Finding A Home
 Many of the Acadians who were deported to
Louisiana would return to their homes.
 They started arriving around 1770 and settled in
Rustico Bay, Fortune Bay, and Malpeque.
 Most of the Acadians wanted to be left alone and
when approached by land-agents simply moved
to another lot.
 Eventually some would leave the Island
altogether for Cape Breton. Others would decide
to pay their rent and would become tenant
farmers on land they use to own.
J.F.W. DesBarres
 J.F.W. DesBarres was 84 years old when
appointed Governor of Prince Edward Island.
 He arrived in 1805 to investigate and clean up the
mess surrounding the escheat movement on the
Island.
 Desbarres had been a Swiss soldier of fortune, an
internationally known map maker, a landlord in
Nova Scotia, and former Governor of Cape
Breton.
Desbarres & The Stewarts
 Desbarres was on the outside looking in when he
arrived on the Island he was not welcomed by the
Island’s elite circle.
 When Jack Stewart had the line between he and
John MacDonald’s lot resurveyed and it showed
Stewart actually owned several hundered acres of
MacDonalad’s land DesBarres investigated.
 DesBarres would find the survey false and would
make an instant enemy of the Stewarts.
DesBarres & Palmer
 James B. Palmer was a lawyer who
recently arrived from Ireland. He would
become DesBarres main advisor and would
form the Loyal Electors.
 The Loyal Electors were a
fraternal/political group who were trying to
escheat the land and let Catholics vote.
DesBarres & Palmer
 James Palmer would turn out to be crooked as
he was caught stealing timber on absentee
landlords land.
 This would get him disbarred and he would be
finished politically.
 J.F.W. DesBarres was fired in 1812 thanks to
the Stewarts influence in England. He would
move back to Nova Scotia and live to be 102.
Drama At Abells Cape
1. How big were the lots on St. John’s
Island?
2. Who owned Lot 56?
3. What special thing had the owner of Lot
56 done in 1759?
4. Who would the Lot pass to?
5. Who was the Land Agent for this Lot?
6. What kind of a man was this Land Agent?
7. What kind of woman was Susannah
Abell?
8. What was the rent on the land in Lot 56?
9. What made it difficult to pay the rents?
10.Why did Abell demand Pearce pay the
rent?
11.What happened when he couldn’t pay?
12.What happened to Pearce?
13.Why didn’t the other tenants turn him in?
The Dictator
 The new governor was C.D.Smith, the
most controversial governor in Island
history.
 He was a discharged army officer who was
granted the job because his brother was a
good friend of the Colonial Secretary.
 He was an undiplomatic, paranoid, quick
tempered, control freak.
C.D. Smith
 Being a semi-retired army officer and getting
paid a lowly governor’s salary made C.D. Smith
a very poor man.
 He was not crooked so could not become
independently wealthy like the governor’s before
him.
 He lived in the army barracks in Charlottetown
because he was too cheap to rent a home.
 C.D. Smith’s view of the Island was very simple:
The Island was full of scum.
C.D. Smith Vs. The Island
 Smith saw the population of the Island who
were mainly Irish, American, Scottish, and
Catholics as “undesirable elements”.
 He would decide to rule with an Iron fist
and stamp out any and all opposition.
 His first move was to outlaw the Loyal
Electors after all they were all Irish
Catholics and could not be trusted.
C.D. Smith Vs. The Island
 Smith’s second fight was with the militia.
Militia are basically a citizen army of
shopkeepers and farmers who do weekend
military service.
 With the outbreak of war with the U.S.A. in 1812
Smith feared invasion and began whipping the
militia into shape. He worked them so hard they
refused to obey his orders. He had the regular
army surround them and ordered them to open
fire.
 When they would not fire, Smith had his son-inlaw who was the sherriff to arrest the
commanders.
C.D. Smith Vs. The Island
 Smith chose his next target…the Assembly.
They were questioning some of his decisions so
he forbade them to meet.
 The assembly however controlled the purse
strings on the Island and could not give Smith
any more money to run the Island if they did not
meet.
 Smith was cheap however and ran the Island
government on the bit of money he had.
 When a new election was called he did not like
the new crew either. They however would not
leave. Smith would have the windows smashed
out of the assembly in January…they went home.
C.D. Smith Vs. The Island
 Round four with Smith was against the
proprietors. He was not out for personal gain
and he did not care about the tenants, he just did
not like the fact they were getting away with
something.
 His other son-in-law was now Receiver General
and when some of the quit rents were not paid
Smith Escheated lot 15 and 55.
C.D. Smith Saves the Day
 In 1816 there was a volcanic eruption in
Indonesia. A huge cloud of ash blocked out the
sun that summer and crops everywhere failed.
 The Island still managed to grow enough food to
feed itself. The worry was that farmers looking
to make money would sell their crops and the
Island would be short of food.
 Smith went ahead and forbade all food exports
making sure Islanders did not go hungry.
C.D. Smith Vs. The Island
 In 1823 Smith entered round five and picked
another fight against the proprietors.
 He started escheat proceedings on Lot 36 and Lot
37. His final mistake.
 Donald MacDonald (son of Capt. John) and Jack
Stewart were not happy to say the least.
 Stewart had meetings of the secret kind and
Smith found out and ordered Stewart arrested.
 Stewart who was 70, was chased through the
streets of Charlottetown but escaped in Mount
Stewart.
Questions
1. __________ The new Island governor in 1812.
2. __________ His former career.
3. __________ He thought the Island was full of
___.
4. __________ The new governors first target.
5. __________ War that broke out in 1812.
6. __________ Private citizens who provide
military service.
7. __________ Going against a commanding
officers orders.
8. __________ The new governor forbade this
group to “assemble.”
Questions
9. __________ The first two lots escheated by the
new governor.
10. __________ A volcano erupted here in 1816.
11. __________ These two lots were escheated and
the new governor was in trouble.
12. __________ The two proprietors that eventually
would get the new governor fired.
John Ready
 In 1824 Jack Stewart came back from England
with a brand new governor, John Ready.
 John Ready was very popular he built roads,
introduced agricultural reforms and traveled
across the Island.
 He turned the Island farming into an industry in
where for the first time people were exporting
food.
 Ready came up with a solution to the quit
rents…get rid of them and change the system
over to property taxes.
 In 1830 Catholics were given the right to vote. It
was considered a bold new experiment which
England had done a few years before.
Review
1. __________ By this year England had driven
France out of North America.
2. __________ England found empire building
very _____.
3. __________St. John’s Island was rumored to
have this.
4. __________ St. John’s Island was destined to
become…
5. __________ He wrote a 60 page memorial
describing his vision for the Island.
6. __________ St. John’s Island was to be this for
the rest of North America according to Egmont.
Review
7. __________ Dutch born army officer.
8. __________ He had fought at these two battles.
9. __________ The Island was divided into this
many lots.
10. __________ Title given to the surveyor of St.
John’s Island.
11. __________ Year the surveyor arrived on the
Island.
12. __________ Two type of guides used when
surveying the Island.
13. __________ Date of the Island Lottery.
Review
14. __________ Landlords on the Island.
15. __________ Rent paid by the landlords.
16. __________ Asked to report on the Island.
17. __________ The Island had been annexed to
this Colony in 1763.
18. __________ The Island’s first English
Governor.
19. __________ Capital of the Island.
20. __________ First elections were held on this
date.
21. __________ The first assembly met here.
22. __________ War that broke out in 1775.
Review
23. __________ Attorney General taken captive by
privateers.
24. __________ Patterson received this subsidy for
the Island government.
25. __________ The taking of a Lot and giving it to
another proprietor.
26. __________ For a brief time the Island’s name
was changed to this.
27. __________ He wanted to recreate the clan
system in North America.
28. __________ Crop introduced by the British
colonists.
Review
29. __________ In 1779 this man granted
Charlottetown pasture lots to friends & family.
30. __________ Year Patterson began distraint
auctions.
31. __________ Number of acres Patterson ended
up with after the auction.
32. __________ Proprietor of Lot 36 who fought in
the American Revolution.
33. __________ Patterson’s three main enemies. (3)
34. __________ Colonial Secretary in 1783 that
issued a letter voiding all auction sales.
Review
35. __________ Jack Stewart’s nickname.
36. __________ Americans who remained loyal to
England.
37. __________ Colonial Secretary that fired
Patterson.
38. __________ Prison that Patterson would spend
time in due to owing debts.
39. __________ Governor that would replace
Walter Patterson.
40. __________ People who collected quit-rents for
absentee landlords.
Review
41. __________ Take land and give it to the tenants
for free.
42. __________ Total amount of arrears of quitrents in 1803.
43. __________ The Island had its name changed to
this in 1799.
44. __________ Thomas Douglas.
45. __________ Three ships that Brought over
settlers from the Isle of Skye.
46. __________ Area settled by Scottish
Highlanders in 1803.
Review
47. _________ French Protestants.
48. _________ Pranks played on newlyweds.
49. _________ England was cut of from this source
of wood in the 1800’s.
50. _________ England was at war with this nation
in 1805.
51. _________ This group of people were neglected
by the Island and British Government.
52. _________ These people began to resettle on
the Island as early as 1770.
Review
53. _________ New governor appointed in 1805 at
the age of 84.
54. _________ Irish Lawyer who became the new
governor’s chief advisor.
55. _________ Political/fraternal group that tried to
escheat land and give Catholics the right to
vote.
56. _________ Political group led by Jack
Stewart’s brother Charles.
57. _________ In 1812 This governor would arrive
on the Island.
58. _________ War that broke out in 1812.
Review
59. __________ James Palmer was debarred for
stealing this.
60. __________ C.D. Smith thought the Island was
full of this.
61. __________ A volcano would erupt here in
1816 causing a food shortage.
62. __________ Smith would escheat these two lots
in 1816.
63. __________ Son of Capt. John MacDonald.
64. __________ Governor that replaced C.D.
Smith.
Review
65. __________ Land agent for Lord Townsend
that was stabbed to death.
66. __________ French school teacher in Lot 15
that taught in Rustico.
67. __________ Ready would turn this into the
Island’s number one industry.
68. __________ Quit rents were replaced by this.
69. __________ In 1830 voting rights were
extended to this group of people.
70. __________ Ship John MacDonald brought his
200 Highlanders to the Island on.
Review
71. How did the American Revolutionary War slow
immigration on the Island?
72. What is the difference between distraint and
escheat?
73. What were Pattersons crucial mistakes?
74. What lesson did Ready learn about the landlords
that the other Governors did not?
75. Why did the Island at one point have two
governors?
76. How could being a land-agent, landowner, and
governor all at the same time be a conflict of
interest?
77. Why was the Colonial office so reluctant to
punish the landlords?
78. What was the opinion of the Island and British
governments toward the Micmac?
79. What two things were important to the Scottish
Highlanders?
80. Why would the Acadians return to the Island?
81. What was Palmer’s real reason for forming the
Loyal Electors?
82. Why do you think C.D. Smith held the Island
in such low esteem?
83. How did John Ready manage to stay popular
on the Island?
84. Why would the Protestants on the Island not
want the Catholics to be able to vote?
Essay Ideas for the Weak
Minded
 C.D. Smith and his fight against the Island.
 Walter Patterson and the land auction.
 Lord Selkirk and his new plan.
 Egmont and Holland’s plan for the Island.