INDUSTRIALIZATION
 Industrialization brought about many
 social and economic changes
 including where people lived as well as
how they lived.
 As a period, industrialization began at
different times for different countries all over
the world.
 Migration and immigration increased
dramatically as a result of a because of new
jobs that became available in the world's
developing industrial centers.
IMPORTANT
PEOPLE…
1. Adam Smith
2. Thomas Malthus
3. Karl Marx
4. Jethro Tull
5. James Watt
6. Edward Jenner
7. Henry Bessemer
ADAM SMITH
 Has been referred to as the father
of economics.
 His book An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of
the Wealth of Nations
described various aspects of the market economy.
 Smith believed in a free market economy,
arguing that only free market economies would lead to a
productive society.
He wanted to see a shift
from the older style of mercantilism to a more
laissez-faire
Laissze-faire (french for "let do") approach
in regards to economic activity.
WRITE A FEW WORDS…OF WHAT MARKET ECONOMY
MEANS
WHAT IS LAISSEZ- FAIR…. (KNOW THE DIFFERENCE)
THOMAS MALTHUS
 was an English political economist and demographer
 studied population growth.
 He focused on what caused populations to increase
faster than the supply of food could be produced.
 One of his writings, An Essay on the Principle of
Population,
 discussed population growth
and its negative effects on society,
namely the widespread poverty faced by citizens.
KARL MARX
1. A German
a. philosopher
b. theorist
c. sociologist
2. Marx is said to be the father of communism.
3. Marx was a firm believer in a classless society (socialism).
4. His teachings influenced many communist leaders such as
Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union.
5. The Communist Manifesto, an essential piece of work to
the socialist movement, was co-written by another German
philosopher, Friedrich Engels.
JETHRO TULL
1. was a wealthy farmer who lived in Great Britain
and experimented with ways to increase
agricultural production.
2. Tull invented the
a) seed drill,
b) a horse drawn machine
that planted seeds one by one in well-spaced
rows and at a good depth in the soil.
JAMES WATT
1. invented a steam engine in 1769 that
produced more power than anything had
before.
a. Steam allowed factories to be built
anywhere,
b. when they had previously needed to be
built by water sources to use water
power.
c. Steam was also the source for the
greatest transportation inventions of the
Industrial Revolution:
 The railroad locomotive and the
steamboat.
EDWARD JENNER
• A British doctor who developed the world's first
successful vaccine.
• In 1796, he created a vaccine to prevent
smallpox
• a disease that was quite deadly during this
time period.
• Jenner's vaccine was a significant medical
breakthrough that saved millions of lives.
HENRY BESSEMER
1. Invented a steelmaking process that greatly advanced
the steel industry.
A. This process, known as the Bessemer
Process,
made steel by blasting compressed air through
molten iron to burn out excess carbon and impurities.
INDUSTRIALIZATION IN DIFFERENT NATIONS
GREAT BRITAIN
1. Great Britain was the first nation to industrialize.
2. This process began in the 1700s with agricultural
reforms and developments in Great Britain's textile
industry.
3. The flying shuttle,
A. invented by John Kay in 1733,
4. The spinning jenny,
a. invented by James Hargreaves
in 1764
INDUSTRIALIZATION IN DIFFERENT NATIONS
GREAT BRITAIN CONTINUED….
1. Those were two inventions closely associated with increasing
productivity in the textile industry.
2. There were many factors that allowed the British to
industrialize before other nations,
a. including its stable government and its access
to wealth
a. Manpower
b. Raw materials needed for manufacturing.
c. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ib6zTD3nHmg
INDUSTRIALIZATION CONT…GREAT BRITAIN
3. This meant Great Britain had an advantage
a. Why…..? because it had the resources to fuel
industrialization at a time when most other
nations did not.
4. Therefore, the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain is normally
referred to as the "First
Industrial Revolution.
INDUSTRIALIZATION IN DIFFERENT NATIONS
….CONTINENTAL EUROPE
1. France and Germany both followed Britain's example and began
industrializing in the late 1700s and early 1800s.
2. Industrial growth in France grew slowly in the late 1700s, but the growth was
steady into 1800s.
3. Germany, however, grew explosively beginning in the mid-1800s and became
the leader of industrialization by the beginning of the 1900s.
4. One of the reasons for this was that Germany's access to the Ruhr Valley and
Saar Valley, river areas that were rich with coal and iron resources.
5. Both materials are used in many industrial products, and are particularly
important in the production of steel.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION UNITED STATES
•
The United States began to industrialize in the early 1800s.
• Due to the establishment of a stable, democratic government, the
economy of the U.S. grew explosively during the early to mid-1800s.
• Eli Whitney helped this process with the invention of interchangeable
parts,
• making production easier and cheaper
• as people could simply change a single part that needed to be
replaced instead of having to repair the entire machine or object
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION UNITED STATES….
• The United States also shifted from being an
agricultural society to an industrial society
• This is because increasing industrialization meant
that agriculture became more mechanized.
• As machines did more of the harvesting
• This led to a dramatic increase in urbanization as
people left rural areas and flocked to the cities
looking for jobs in factories.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN RUSSIA

The term "serf" refers to the status of
peasants under the feudal system.
Feudalism---- Peasants were held in a type of
modified slavery and forced to work farmland for
their landowning masters.
 In 1861, responding to many calls for reform,
Tsar Alexander II abolished serfdom.
 This helped the process of industrialization in
Russia as many newly-freed serfs traveled to
cities and worked in factories.
Russia would not fully industrialize until the
twentieth century under the Soviet Union.
CAPITALISM AND FREE ENTERPRISE
1.
Capitalism describes an economic system in
which the means of production are privately owned
and operated for profit and free laborers work for
wages.
2. Capitalism became the prominent economic system
for many countries during the Industrial Revolution
CAPITALISM AND FREE ENTERPRISE CONTINUED….
3. An important aspect of capitalist economies is the idea of a free
market.
A. A market economy is a system in which prices of goods and
services are set by competition and the rules of supply and
demand.
B. A true free market has very little government regulation of
production and distribution.
C. Market economies became more important as trade
increased.
 This is because the price of goods was set based on
competition in the market.
REACTIONS OF CAPITALISM
1. Opposed to capitalism is communism.
 Communism is a theoretical economic system based on the
principles of socialism.
 Socialism - It can be defined as a system in which the central
government plans and controls the economy and a single,
often authoritarian, party holds power.
 The goal -- of this system is progression toward a higher social order in which
all goods are equally shared by the people.
2.
Utopianism was another response to the social
inequalities of capitalism.
• How does it relate to Socialism---- Utopian ideas center on
making a society in which everyone has equal benefits.
SOCIAL DEMOCRACY…
Social democracy---People
who believe that the
government taking an
active role in the protection
of its citizens.
URBANIZATION
Urbanization was largely a result of increasing
industrialization and can be defined as the
development of rural areas into urban areas. As fewer
people were needed to work on farms, many flocked
to cities to find jobs. Growth in urban centers in
countries like England was directly influenced by the
industries that were found there. Manchester,
England, for example, developed because of its textile
industry.
FACTORY SYSTEM
The factory system is a method of manufacturing
that involves bringing workers and machines into
one building in order to make the production of
goods more efficient.
In the domestic system, people worked from home
or in small workshops using simple machines and
hand tools in order to produce goods.
The factory system grew in England in the beginning
stages of the Industrial Revolution.
RISE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS
The developments of the Industrial Revolution also resulted in the growth of the
middle class. Middle class occupations included jobs such as the foremen of a
factory or office clerks. Life for people in the middle class became better and as
they had more money, they also had more time for leisure. Many families found
they had more time to take a vacation or visit the beach, a development that was
also encouraged by better transportation technologies. The growth of the middle
class also coincided with more women being able to stay home. It was considered
a sign of status if a family could afford for a wife to stay at home. Poor families, on
the other hand, found that they had little to no leisure time and continued to rely
on two incomes.
WORKING CONDITIONS
By the late 1800s, many people worked in factories under terrible conditions.
Children from poor families skipped school to work in dangerous factories for very
little money. Women and children were both paid significantly less than men.
Factories also did not have safety requirements, and many injuries occurred on
the job. Those who sustained injuries were left to pay their medical bills without
any assistance from their company. Factories forced their employees to work
twelve, fourteen, and sixteen hour days or more for at least six days of the week.
Some factories employed the sweatshop technique for their workers. In
sweatshops, women and children worked long hours, but instead of being paid by
the hour, they were paid based on how much work they did.
GROWTH OF THE LABOR MOVEMENT
These working conditions slowly started to change as labor unions emerged in the
late 1800s. In the United States, groups like the Knights of Labor and the
American Federation of Labor formed to negotiate better working conditions like
higher wages and shorter hours. The American Federation of Labor was formed in
1886, and Samuel Gompers was the president of the organization. Gompers
became the leading spokesman during the American labor movement.
In many parts of Europe, poor working conditions led to labor movements that
attempted to reform their governments. Many reformers began to speak out
against capitalism as industrialization spread. These reformers, known as
socialists, wanted to end private ownership of businesses and industries in hopes
that government-owned businesses would treat workers better. One German
philosopher, Karl Marx, asked for workers to unite in revolution to bring down
capitalism.
POLLUTION
Pollution damages the health of people who live
in it. During the Industrial Revolution, people who
lived in cities were forced to be in environments
where the air and water were polluted. Black
smog filled the skies of these cities, and water
was often not drinkable. This made life even
harder for factory workers who worked long weeks
and earned little money.