Jefferson’s Inauguration
“We are all
federalists; we are all
republicans.”
Important concept:
Peaceful transfer of
power between
opposing factions
Jefferson’s “Revolution”
Goals
• Reduce or eliminate national debt
• Reverse Hamilton’s Economic program
• Repeal the Alien and Sedition Acts
Results
• Some reduction of debt by closing embassies and
reducing the military
• Left Hamilton’s program alone
• Pardoned Alien and Sedition victims, let laws
expire in 1801
Pirates of the Barbary Coast
• Pirates from Tripoli
boarded American ships
• Barbary Coast is North
African coast (Berber is
Arabic word for people
there)
• Required “tribute” as
ransom for sailors
• Jefferson fights them
rather than pay as a costcutting measure
• 1801, complete in 1805
John Marshall
• Served 34 years as Chief
Justice of the Supreme
Court (longest)
• Far outlived his
Federalist Party
• Established Judicial
Review, supremacy of
Federal law over state
law
Marbury vs. Madison
• Marbury was one of
Adams’ midnight judge
appointments
• Madison, Sec. of State,
refused to deliver the
commission to Marbury
• Marbury sued Madison
• Marshall’s ruling went
against Marbury but
established precedent
of Judicial Review
• Case settled in 1803
Impeachment Trials
• Jefferson, frustrated with Federalist judges,
tried to get some ousted
• Impeachment means trial in front of the
Senate (does not say what the verdict was)
• He got rid of one judge for alcoholic insanity.
• Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase was
acquitted
• Judges were more careful not to be partisan
Louisiana Purchase
Louisiana Purchase
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Originally to buy New Orleans, some of Florida
Robert Livingston & James Monroe negotiated
Price $15 million for all of Louisiana
Jefferson unsure if within his Presidential powers
Already planned an expedition
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
1803 to 1806, eventually found the Pacific
Vast measurements, drawings and data
Interpreter’s wife, Sacajawea, had major impact
Sample Question
All of the following accurately describe Jefferson's
purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France EXCEPT:
(A) It opened the Mississippi River permanently to
western farmers.
(B) It ended the threat of American Indian raids on
western settlements.
(C) It was made possible by the failure of Napoleon's
forces to suppress a slave revolt in Haiti.
(D) It showed Jefferson's considerable flexibility in dealing
with foreign policy.
(E) It violated Jefferson's own views concerning the strict
construction of the Constitution.
Sample Question
All of the following accurately describe Jefferson's
purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France EXCEPT:
(A) It opened the Mississippi River permanently to
western farmers.
(B) It ended the threat of American Indian raids on
western settlements.
(C) It was made possible by the failure of Napoleon's
forces to suppress a slave revolt in Haiti.
(D) It showed Jefferson's considerable flexibility in dealing
with foreign policy.
(E) It violated Jefferson's own views concerning the strict
construction of the Constitution.
Aaron Burr
• Wanted “high” Feds to
break off PA, NY, NE &
Nova Scotia as pro-British
• Ran for NY Governor
• Killed Hamilton in duel
• Weekhawken, NJ
• Fled west, plotted
western attack on Mexico
• Ten years in Europe
• Back to US, died in 1836
Embargo Act 1807
• 1803—Peace over between Britain and France
• More impressments (6000 between 1803-1812)
• Britain attacks USS Chesapeake, a naval ship
Embargo Act 1807
• The most controversial act of Jefferson’s
presidency
• Stopped all trade between America and other
countries to punish Britain & France
• Opposed by Albert Gallatin, Jefferson’s
Secretary of the Treasury
• All parts of America suffered economically
• Repealed in 1809 before Jefferson left office
Election of 1808
Main Issues:
•Embargo problems
•Economy
James Madison/George
Clinton vs. Charles C.
Pinckney/Rufus King
(same pair as 1804)
The Non-Intercourse Act (1809)
Replaced the Embargo Act.
US could trade with anyone EXCEPT Britain and
France
Remained U. S. policy until 1812.
Unexpected Consequences:
 N. Eng. was forced to become self-sufficient
again [old factories reopened].
 Laid the groundwork for US industrial power.
 Jefferson, a critic of an industrial America,
ironically contributed to Hamilton’s view of
the US
The Prophet and Tecumseh
• Tecumseh—Shawnee Chief,
sought alliance with other
tribes.
• The Prophet (Tenskwatawa)—
his brother
• The Prophet preached a
return to native ways, give up
alcohol, fight settlement
• Fought Wm. Henry Harrison
at the Tippecanoe River
• Loss for Shawnee forced them
to British side
Battle of Tippecanoe
General William Henry
Harrison  governor of
the Indiana Territory.
Invited Native Indian
chiefs to Ft. Wayne, IN
to sign away 3 mil. acres
of land to the US
government.
Tecumseh organized a confederacy of Indian tribes to
fight for their homelands.
Tecumseh’s brother fought against Harrison and was
defeated at Tippecanoe.
This made Harrison a national hero!
[1840 election  Tippecanoe & Tyler, too!]
War of 1812
• Sometimes called “Mr.
Madison’s War”
• Main issues were
impressment, fear of
British support for
Indians, trade problems
• Was it America’s Second
War of Independence?
• What did it achieve?
Avoiding War
• Madison replaced the Embargo Act with the
Non-Intercourse Act of 1809
• It allowed trade anywhere but Britain and
France
• Macon’s Bill #2 (1810) stated that we would
trade with either Britain or France based on
who respected our ships at sea, and we would
prohibit trade with the other.
• Napoleon agreed to this, then he reneged
after we had already angered Britain by
prohibiting trade with them.
“War Hawks”
• Leader: Henry Clay of
Kentucky, also John C.
Calhoun (SC)
• Most wanted war
because of economic
problems
• War Hawks mostly from
the South and West
• Called for expulsion of
British from Canada and
Spain from Florida
War of 1812
• Why Britain, not France?
– Impressment: destroying US economy
– British forts
– Arming of Indians (Tecumseh)
– Desire for Canada
– No respect from British
• Was convinced by the War Hawks that this
was a needed war.
War of 1812
•
June, 1812: War Hawks engineer declaration of war
with England.
– Unfortunately, Congress was not aware that London
repealed impressment policy 2 days prior to war
•
New England opposed to war but Southern/western
states supported the war
•
US at war vs. most powerful nation, but US divided
•
Poorly equipped US army initiated military action
in 1812 by launching a 3-part invasion of Canada
•
The British easily repulsed the Americans
American Problems
The US was unprepared militarily:
 Had a 12-ship navy vs. Britain’s
800 ships.
 Americans disliked a draft  preferred to
enlist in the disorganized state militias.
Financially unprepared:
 Revenue from import tariffs declined.
Regional disagreements.
War of 1812
Strategies
• Attack Canada:
– To create a buffer
zone
– To keep British
from supplying
Indians
– To get prime land
for themselves
•Keep defending
against naval attacks
Presidential Election 1812
• Madison vs.
De Witt Clinton,
former
DemocraticRepublican
• Federalists
supported
Clinton, very close
• During war
incumbents have
always won
War of 1812
US vs. Great Britain
Campaigns of 1812
Campaigns of 1813
1813--Battle of the Thames (Canada)—
Victory for Wm. Henry Harrison . Tecumseh killed
Attack on Washington City
• After landing in Maryland,
British attacked an
American militia group
that fled
• Madison retreated to the
Viriginia hills
• His wife, Dolley, gathered
up the silver and a
portrait of George
Washington
• President’s Mansion and
other buildings burned
Battle of Fort McHenry,
1814
Oh Say Can You See
By the Dawn’s Early Light…
-- Francis Scott Key
Treaty of Ghent
•
•
•
•
Ghent is in Belgium
John Quincy Adams headed US team
Negotiation started almost at outset of war
British had strong demands based on their
reports of battle victories
• In the end, it was an agreement for cease-fire
with no exchange of land
• Battle of New Orleans happened two weeks after
treaty signed
Battle of New Orleans
• Happened after
treaty signed
• Only real defeat of
the war for British
• Andrew Jackson
hailed a hero
The Hartford Convention, 1814-1815
• New England states wanted to redress
grievances against the country
• Many New Englanders made money during
the war getting around the boycotts and
blockades
• Still strongly Federalist, felt out of step with
Republicans.
• Took their demands to Washington with no
success, considered almost like traitors
Effects of the War
• End of Federalist party
• A new feeling of strength
and resilience about the
nation
• Freedom to embrace
some federalist ideas
• Hartford Convention
would influence south’s
secession later
• Respect from other
countries
• Acceptance of British
Canada
Second National Bank
• Part of a plan known as the “American
System,” with goal of making us self-sufficient
• First bank’s charter expired in 1811
• 1816—Second National bank
• American System included some tariffs and
industry protection
• Eventually the policies caused the Panic of
1819, a depression especially affecting West
Henry Clay’s
American System
 Congress’s attempt to unite the US
 National transportation system of
roads, canals, steamships and
rivers.
 1800 to 1850 roads, canals and
rivers first forms of
transportation—including famed
Cumberland Road and Erie Canal
 Provide economic growth
 Americans buying American
goods
 American self-sufficiency.
 Protective Tariff to promote
infant industry
Henry Clay

Tariff
of
1816
Representative &
 2nd Bank of US to promote a
Senator (KY)
Speaker of the House stronger economy
Secretary of State
 Rechartered in 1816
James Monroe
• Madison’s handpicked
successor
• Virginian, fought in
Continental army
• Wanted to unite the
country—not an
extremist on any issue
• Called Era of Good
Feelings by Boston
newspaper
• First President to visit all
states
Monroe and Era of Good Feelings
• Cultural Nationalism
– Patriotic themes infused every aspect of American society
from books and paintings of Revolutionary heroes to Noah
Webster’s blue-backed speller that promoted patriotism
• Economic Nationalism
– Running parallel with cultural nationalism was a political
movement to support the growth of the nation’s economy-------AMERICAN SYSTEM
• Political Nationalism
– Movement to bring about the support for national
government is over the states. Supreme court decisions
support the concept of national government over the
states.
Era of Good Feelings
• National Transportation system
– Cumberland Road and Erie Canal first internal
improvements to unite the US
– the first steamboat on western waters was in 1811.
– 1800 to 1850 roads, canals and rivers first forms of
transportation
– 1850 to 1860 the railroad is added
• The Land Act of 1820
– gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to
purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an
acre in cash;
– the West demanded transportation.
• Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817-18)
–Treaty with Great Britain
• Shared Oregon Territory for 10 years
• the setting of the northern limits of the
Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel
–US agreed to cede land above 49th parallel
–GB agreed to cede land below 49th parallel
• Adams-Onis Treaty (1818)
–Spain turned over
• western Florida along with all to the east
• Claims in the Oregon Territory to the U.S.
–US agreed
• to pay $5 million to Spain
• to give up any territorial claims to Texas
49th Parallel
Rush-Bagot Treaty of
1818 with Great Britain
Agreed to joint
occupation
Map expansion
John Marshall
• Born in Virginia, 1755
• Served as an officer with General
Washington during the Revolution
• Attended College of William and
Mary and became a practicing
attorney.
• 2nd cousin of Thomas Jefferson.
• Marshall became a committed Federalist where his
court decisions would reflect the need for a strong
national government over the states.
• Dominated court for 34 years, long after Federalist
party died out.
John Marshall—
Evolution as a
Federalist
1. US troops suffer at Valley
Forge
• Need a strong govt. to tax
which AOC could not
2. Merchants refused to pay
debts to British
• Need strong to govt. to
demand obedience AOC
could not
3. Shay’s Rebellion “mobocracy”
•Need a strong govt. to maintain order AOC could not
Marshall Evolves As A Federalist
4. French Revolution
•
Importance of US Govt to maintain order
5. Controversial: Neutrality/Whiskey Rebellion
•
Individuals should respect the office of the presidency even if one disagrees
with decisions
6. XYZ Affair
•
US Govt needed to be powerful enough to command respect from other
nations.
7. Kentucky/Virginia Resolutions
• States not the final authority over law but SC
8. Appointed as Chief Justice
•
Increase powers of SC and national govt.
9. Republicans took control of US Congress.
•
As chief justice, implements Federalist principles.
Marshall’s Decisions
JUDICIAL AUTHORITY
Supreme Court has the power to declare a law
unconstitutional with the principle of judicial
review.
NATIONALISM
The National Government is over the states.
PROPERTY RIGHTS
Private property is sacred and contracts
legal.
Marshall’s Decisions
• Marbury vs. Madison, 1803
– Case: William Marbury, a Federalist and a “midnight
appointment” of President Adams, did not receive his
commission from Sec. of State, James Madison. Marbury
asked the SC to issue a “writ of mandamus” forcing
Madison to deliver his commission.
– Decision/Reason: Marshall dismissed suit, but in doing
so struck down part of Judiciary Act of 1789 because SC
had no authority to give Marbury his commission.
– Significance: Established precedent of “judicial review”
and the Supreme Court, not states had power to declare
laws of Congress unconstitutional.
Marbury vs. Madison
Chief Justice John Marshall stated,
•“The Constitution is either a superior paramount law, unchangeable by
ordinary means, or it is on a level with ordinary legislative acts, and like
other acts, is alterable when the legislature shall please to alter it.
•If the former part of the alternative be true, then a legislative acting
contrary to the constitution is now law; if the latter part be true, then
written constitutions are absurd attempts, on the part of the people to
limit a power in its own nature illimitable.
•It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to
say what the law is
•If, then, the courts are to regard the Constitution and the Constitution
is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature, the Constitution and no
such ordinary act, must govern the case to which they are both
applicable”.
Marshall’s Decisions
• Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
– Case: involved Georgia legislature, bribed, granted 35 million acres in the
Yazoo River, Mississippi to private speculators. Next legislature cancelled
transaction. Appealed to the Supreme Court.
– Decision/Reason: SC concluded a state could not pass legislation
invalidating a contract thus protecting property rights against popular
pressures. State law cannot impair contracts violates Constitution
– Significance: Overturned a state decision because the legislative grant
was a contract and national govt. is over the states.
Marshall’s Decisions
• Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819
– Case: Involved a law of NH that changed Dartmouth
College from a privately chartered college into a public
institution
– Decision/Reason: SC struck down the state law as
unconstitutional, arguing that a contract for a private
corporation could not be altered by the state. Upheld the
sanctity of contracts and private property.
– Significance: Decision was important in assuring economic
development and encouraging investment in corporations.
In addition, it set a precedent for the Supreme Court’s
overturning acts of state legislatures and state courts.
Marshall’s Decisions
• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
– Case: The state of MD tried to collect a tax from the
Second Bank of the United States
– Decision/Reason: Using a loose interpretation of the
Constitution, Marshall ruled that the federal
government had the implied power to create the
bank (which was in question)
– Significance: A state could not tax a federal
institution because “the power to tax is the power to
destroy” and that federal laws are supreme over state
laws
Marshall’s Decisions
• Cohens v. Virginia (1821)
– Case: In VA, the Cohens were convicted of selling
Washington, D.C. lottery tickets authorized by Congress
– Decision/Reason: Marshall and the Court upheld the
conviction. Case established the principle that the SC
could review a state court’s decision involving any of
the powers of the federal government
– Significance: Solidified the belief that the Supreme
Court has the last and final say in law.
Marshall’s Decisions
• Gibbons v. Ogden (1821)
– Case: NY state granted a monopoly to a steamboat
company that conflicted with a charter authorized by
Congress
– Decision/Reason: Marshall ruled NY monopoly was
unconstitutional, establishing the federal govt’s broad
control of interstate commerce. Congress regulates
commerce.
– Significance: The decision secures the concept of a
common market and prevents states from impeding
(disrupting) commerce.
Marshall’s Decisions
JUDICIAL AUTHORITY
Marbury vs. Madison
NATIONALISM
McCulloch vs. Maryland
Gibbons vs. Ogden
Cohens vs. Virginia
PROPERTY RIGHTS
Dartmouth College vs. Woodward
Fletcher vs. Peck
Marshall’s Decisions
Shaping the Government
• Martin v. Hunter’s Lease (1816)
– The Supreme Court established the
principle that it had jurisdiction over
state courts in cases involving
constitutional rights
U.S. was becoming divided into 3 separate sections with
each trying to promote their self-interest.
NORTHEAST
•Business and
Economy
Manufacturing
Leader
Daniel Webster
____________ _______________
•Wanted Tariffs
Role of
Government •Backed internal
improvements
End to cheap public
land
•Increasingly
nationalistic
•Against Slavery and
believed the U.S.
Govt. must abolish it.
SOUTH
WEST
•Cotton-growing
John C. Calhoun
•Frontier agriculture
Henry Clay
_______________
______________
•Supported internal
improvements and
American System.
•Wanted cheap land
•Loyal to the U.S.
Govt.
•Against slavery but
some supported
letting the people
decide the slavery
issue
•Opposed tariffs
and government
spending on
American System
•Increasingly
supportive of
states’ rights
•Pro-slavery and
opposed any steps
of the U.S. Govt. to
try and abolish it.
NORTHEAST
•Business and
Manufacturing
Economy
Daniel Webster
____________
Leader
•Wanted Tariffs
__________ •Backed internal
improvements
•Wanted end to cheap
Role of
public land
Government
•Increasingly
nationalistic
•Against Slavery and
believed the U.S. Govt.
must abolish it.
Economy
Leader
__________
Role of
Government
SOUTH
•Cotton growing
•John C. Calhoun
_____________
•Opposed tariffs and
government spending
on American System
•Increasingly
supportive of states’
rights
•Pro-slavery and
opposed any steps of
the U.S. Govt. to try
and abolish it.
Economy
Leader
__________
Role of
Government
WEST
•Frontier agriculture
•Henry Clay
_____________
•Supported internal
improvements
•Wanted cheap land
•Loyal to the U.S.
Govt.
•Against slavery but
some supported
letting the people
decide the slavery
issue
In 1819, Missouri, first part of the Louisiana
Purchase to apply for statehood
– Threatened balance of power in Congress
• 11 free states
• 11 slave states
– The Tallmadge amendment
• prohibited the further introduction of slaves into
Missouri
• All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a
state would be freed at the age of 25.
• Passed by the House, not in the Senate.
• The North controlled the House, and the South had
enough power to block it in the Senate.
After months of heated
debate in Congress,
Henry Clay won majority
support for 3 bills that
represented a
compromise
– Missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding
state
– Maine was to be admitted as a free state
– In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of
latitude 3630', slavery was prohibited
Missouri Compromise
monroe doctrine
• In foreign affairs Monroe
proclaimed the
fundamental policy that
bears his name, Monroe
Doctrine.
• Monroe was responding
to the threat that Europe
might try to aid Spain in
winning back her former
Latin American colonies.
• Monroe and Secretary of State John
Quincy Adams wanted to protect new
“republics” in the Western Hemisphere.
• Great Britain, with its powerful navy, also
opposed re-conquest of Latin America
and suggested that the United States join
in proclaiming "hands off."
•Claimed by the US, Great Britain and
Russia
•Russia was claiming California too
Rush-Bagot 1818
•New Latin
American
countries were
formed from
successful
revolutions.
•US protector of
new democracies
in the Western
Hemisphere
• Referred to as America’s Self
Defense Doctrine.
• It is a continuation of
President Washington’s
neutrality and isolationist
policies.
• Past problems with Europe
led the US to declare the
Americas off-limits to Europe
US recognized existing
European Colonies
US will stay out of
European affairs
US protector of new democracies
in the Western Hemisphere
Monroe
Doctrine
No European Colonization
in the Americas