Statistics
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Statistics
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Health Risks Associated with Being Overweight
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Coronary heart disease
Hypertension
Hypercholesterolemia
Diabetes
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Health Risks Associated with Being Overweight
There are also health risks associated with being too thin!
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The body reacts to the lack of food by becoming extremely thin
developing brittle hair and nails
dry skin
constipation, diarrhea
reduced muscle mass, loss of menstrual cycle
swelling of joints
heart problems
osteoporosis
mental health issues
death
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Pg 169
• BMI: A measure of body composition using a height-weight formula
• BMI is used to give us an idea of whether the client is obese, and the
extent of their obesity
• Formula:
– Body mass index (BMI) = weight in kilograms divided by height in
meters squares
– BMI =
kg
h2
– BMI unit of measurement: kg/m2
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Pg 169
– A man weighs 86 kilograms, and is 1.89 meters tall.
Calculate his BMI.
– BMI =
kg
h2
– BMI =
86
1.892
– BMI = 24.1 kg/m2
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Pg 169
BMI (kg/m2)
Category
Underweight
< 17.5
Normal
17.5 – 24.9
Overweight
25 – 29.9
Obese class I
30 – 34.9
Obese class II
35 – 39.9
Obese class III
> 40
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Pg 169
As BMI increases above
the range of ‘obese’, so
the risk increases for
cardiovascular
complications
(including
hypertension & stroke),
cancer, diabetes etc.
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Pg 169
• BMI
does
not
actually
measure
body
composition.
• It can be used as a quick measurement to check
if an individual is overweight, but it is inaccurate.
• BMI does not distinguish between fat and
muscle.
• Muscle is denser, thus heavier than fat.
• i.e. A person with a lot of muscle may be
inaccurately described as obese.
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• Stand with heels together
• Buttocks and upper back must be touching the wall
• Head must straight, eyes looking forward. Do not tilt the head up
or down.
• The subject must try make themselves as tall as possible without
lifting their heels or tilting their heads
• Place the head board flat on the subjects head, compressing the
hair as much as possible.
• Record to the nearest 0.5cm
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• Check that the scale is reading zero, if it is not, set it back to
zero
• The subject should be barefoot and have minimal clothing on.
i.e. Nothing in their pockets such as cellphones, keys etc., take
off heavy belts, jackets, & jewellery
• The subject should stand in the centre of the scale, with weight
evenly distributed on both feet
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Hip-To-Waist Ratio
• Hip-to-waist ratio (HWR) is taken as an indicator of the health risks
associated with obesity, and in particular the risk of coronary heart disease.
Regional Fat Deposition
• Fat stored in the abdominal area is a greater risk factor for CHD because it
is closer to the heart and can easily mobilise into the blood stream and be
taken to the heart.
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Hip-To-Waist Ratio
• Males store more fat centrally and have increased health risks
associated with body fatness.
Higher health risk
Lower health risk
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Pg 169
• Hip-to-waist ratio = waist measurement in
centimetres divided by hip measurement in
centimetres.
• HWR = waist (cm)
hip (cm)
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Pg 169
Gender
Males
Females
HWR
Classification
> 1.0
High risk
0.90 – 0.99
Moderate risk
< 0.90
Low risk
>0.85
High risk
0.80 – 0.85
Moderate risk
< 0.80
Low risk
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• A female has a waist measurement of 68cm, and a hip
measurement of 101cm. Calculate her HWR.
• HWR =
waist (cm)
hip (cm)
• HWR =
68 cm
101cm
• HWR =
0.67
• Classification: Low risk
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Pg 169
• Taken at the level of the belly button, with the stomach
muscles relaxed and after normal expiration.
• The tape measure is put around the waist and a horizontal
reading is taken.
• Ensure the tape is level all the way around.
• Take the reading from the side, not the front; respect the
person’s personal space.
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Pg 169
• Is taken with the client standing up, with their feet
together.
• The measurement is taken at the widest circumference
around the hips.
• Ensure the tape is level all the way around.
• Take measurement from the side, respect their personal
space.
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Body Fat & Sports Performance
Jockey:
Average weight: 50.44kg
Sumo Wrestler:
Average height: 1.57m
Average weight: 219kg
BMI: 20.46
Average height: 1.91m
BMI: 60.03
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Body Fat & Sports Performance
• Excess body fat can negatively influence many types of sport
performance requiring jumping and running.
• High ratios of fat free mass to fat mass are generally positively
related to sport.
• Athletes are leaner than sedentary individuals – regardless of
gender.
• Extremely low fat mass in women can result in health problems
(Refer: “too thin”).
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Body Fat & Sports Performance
Swimmer
Rugby
player
Ballet
dancer
Volleyball
player
Sumo
Wrestler
Body
builder
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Questions
1.
What do the following abbreviations stand for:
1.
2.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
BMI
WHR
What is the unit of measurement for BMI?
What are the risks associated with being overweight?
List 8 risks associated with being underweight.
What is BMI; and what is it used for?
What is the calculation used for BMI?
A man weighs 76kg and is 1.71m tall. Calculate his BMI.
In tabular form, write down the categories and range of BMI.
What are the implications of a high BMI?
What are the limitations of BMI?
Write down the procedure for measuring height and weight.
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2
1
4
8
4
2
2
12
2
3
10
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Questions
12. What is the WHR used for?
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13. Differentiate between the ‘apple’ and ‘pear’ body shape, also explain which one
is of greater risk and why.
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14. Which shape is generally associated with males, and which shape is generally
associated with females?
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15. What is the formula for measuring WHR?
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16. If a woman has a waist measurement of 72cm, and a hip measurement of
110cm, calculate her WHR.
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17. Describe the procedure for measuring WHR.
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18. How would BMI differ between a race horse jockey and a sumo wrestler, and
why?
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19. How does the body composition of a ballet dancer differ from that of a body
builder?
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