Developmental Theory
Development
Erikson’s 8 Stages of Development
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
(B-2): Trust v. Mistrust
(2-4): Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt
(4-6): Initiative v. Guilt
(6-12): Industry v. Inferiority
(13-19): Identity v. Role Confusion
(20s & 30s): Intimacy v. Isolation
(40s, 50s & 60s): Generativity v. Stagnation
(70s & Up): Ego Integrity v. Despair
Trust v. Mistrust
• Hope
• Considered the most important stage of
development because it sets the stage for all
of the other stages.
Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt
Independence
•The child learns to say “no” in this stage to
assert themselves as separate individuals.
Initiative v. Guilt
• Curiosity
• The child often asks “why” in this stage.
Industry v. Inferiority
• Skill/Competence
• This is the stage in which the child tries to find
out what they are good at and develop a skill.
Boys especially are competitive but girls can
be too.
Identity v. Role Confusion
• Self-Esteem
• The stage in which teenagers attempt to find
themselves and fit in with others at the same
time.
• Role Confusion can be expressed in 5 major ways:
Drugs/Alcohol, Bullying/Violence,
Depression/Suicide, Eating Disorders, Promiscuity
Intimacy v. Isolation
• Love
• This is the stage in which the individual attempts to connect
to another human being. If the person can communicate
and share, they experience intimacy.
• People can be married and still be isolated. It shows itself
in the same ways that role confusion appears.
• Erikson considered stages 5 & 6 the most closely related
stages and said you need identity to experience intimacy.
Generativity v. Stagnation
• Purpose
• The stage in which the parent serves as a role
model for the younger generation. Mid-life
Crisis is a synonym for stagnation when it is
not handled well.
Ego Integrity v. Despair
• Wisdom
• Integrity is achieved when one looks back over
their life and is satisfied.
• Despair usually shows itself in 2 ways:
depression and hostility
Bullying
• Occurs most during middle school
• Boys bully physically while girls bully verbally.
• Girls hang on to bullying situations longer
than boys.
• Schools have a moral obligation to help
students overcome being bullied.
Depression
• 3 kinds of depression:
1) Mild-Moderate
2) Severe
3) Manic
Depression Signs
•
•
•
•
•
•
Changes in eating/sleeping habits
Sadness/withdrawal/apathy
Aggression/irritation/violence
Drug & alcohol use
Drop in grades
Promiscuity
Depression Causes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Loss
Relationship and Family Problems
School Pressures/Grades
Financial Problems
Trauma
Drug & Alcohol Use
Genetics
Depression Treatments
• For Mild/Moderate: Exercise, Diet, Therapy
• For Severe/Manic: Medication as needed
• Support groups, alternative/herbal,
meditation, reading
Suicide
• Females attempt 3/1
• Males commit 3/1
• Males use more violent methods
Suicide Myths
• Only crazy people attempt suicide
• Attempting suicide makes a person less likely
to attempt again
• Talking about suicide increases the risk of a
person committing suicide
• Once you see depressed people get better,
they are no longer at risk
Eating Disorders
1) Anorexia
2) Bulimia
3) Obesity
Anorexia
• Definition: 15% or more under normal body
weight
• Distorted body image
• Disgust for food
Anorexia Characteristics
• Upper-middle class whites, ages 15-35
• Perfectionism issues
• Over-controlling mother-daughter
relationships
• 95% female & 5% male
Bulimia
• Bulimics are usually within 5 pounds of
normal body weight
• 2 Kinds: Binge-Purge & Binge-Non Purge
Correlation between bulimia and past sexual
abuse
90% female & 10% male
Obesity
• Definition: 30% or more over normal body
weight and 30-40% in the U.S. are considered
obese
• Obesity is the most common type of eating
disorder.
• #1 killer in the U.S. today is heart disease,
often caused by obesity.
Promiscuity
• U.S. has the #1 teen pregnancy rate in the
industrialized world (United Kingdom is #2)
• 50% of all teens have had intercourse by high
school graduation (stat. is falling in the last 10
years)
• 40% of all sexually active females will be pregnant
by age 17
• 80% of all those pregnant by age 17 will be
pregnant again by age 19
• 15% of high schoolers have had sex with 4 or
more partners throughout high school
Promiscuity
•
•
•
•
Average age of the father of the child is 23
90% of these men leave
50% of teen mothers graduate high school
The abuse rate among teen mothers is 3 times
the normal population of mothers
Birth Control
• 2 most effective methods not including
abstinence: pill & condom
• 2 least effective methods: rhythm &
withdrawal
Abstinence
• Definition: Refraining from sexual intercourse
until marriage
• 2 Main Factors: Faith & father who verbalizes
love
Rape
• Rape: The forced act of sexual intercourse
• 2 kinds of rapists: Date/Acquaintance & Serial
Date/Acquaintance Rape
• 80% of all rapes are date/acquaintance (victim
knows the rapist in some fashion)
• Most likely place is in connection with the
college scene
• Alcohol/drugs are involved in 50-60% of all
rapes
Personality of the date/acquaintance
Rapist
• Macho, narcissistic, aggressive, history of
aggression/violence, believes that he is a “gift” to girls
and that they want him. Believes that it is not rape,
but desired sex.
• Ages 15-30, Single, White
• Might even ask her out again
• Follows her for an average of 2 weeks before he
“strikes.”
Serial Rape
• 20% of all rapes are serial rapes
• Rapist does not know the victim
• Alcohol/drugs are not involved
• Rape is typically more violent and dangerous
• A weapon is often carried
• No commonality of location
Personality of the Serial Rapist
• Typically violent, possibly dangerous and
history of violent attacks, possibly a sociopath
• Ages 30-50, could be married or single, could
have kids or not
Preventing Rape Before it Happens
• Be aware of your surroundings
• Trust your instincts
• Travel in pairs/packs
• Stay drug/alcohol free
Preventing Date Rape as it Happens
•
•
•
•
Don’t plan to physically win the battle.
Tell him who you are and what he’s doing.
Use the word “rape.”
Make sure he knows you will follow through
with prosecution and exposing him.
Preventing Serial Rape as it Happens
• Humanize yourself.
• Tell him your name, point out your family.
• Ask if he would want this to happen to
someone he cared about.
• Continue to humanize yourself and to talk.
Statutory Rape
• Consensual sex between 2 people in which one is
under the age of 18 and one is over the age of 18
(California). Some states have the age of consent
at 17.
• Some states have a shield law in which the law is
not enforced if the relationship has existed for
more than 2 years and the age difference is less
than 2 years (California is not one of those
states).
Statutory Rape Cont’d
2 ways of being “discovered”:
•Breakup which turns into hate
•Parents who turn over the boyfriend
Erikson’s Stage 8:
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
• The stage in which people look back over their
lives and determine whether they have lived
regretful or satisfactory lives.
Death & Dying
• Elisabeth Kubler-Ross wrote On Death and Dying
• 5 stages of grief:
1. Denial: inability to admit death
2. Anger: overcome by angry emotions
3. Bargaining: promising to do more
4. Depression: withdrawing from others
5. Acceptance: coming to terms with mortality
-Hope: thinking about the welfare of others
Death & Dying
• People can go through any order and be in
one stage or get through all of the stages.
• Most people do get to acceptance at some
point.
Test 3 Review
• 10 Questions: Matching Erikson stages with
their basic meanings
• 8 Questions: Matching Erikson stages with
their virtues
• 5 Questions: Matching Kubler-Ross stages with
their basic meanings
• 2 Questions: Kubler-Ross stages
Test 3 Review Cont’d
•
•
•
•
•
5 Questions: Bullying
5 Questions: Depression & Suicide
5 Questions: Eating Disorders
6 Questions: Promiscuity
4 Questions: Rape
• Essay: Erikson’s 5 stage – Role Confusion
issues