Cellular Organelle Notes
_______________________________- cytosol (liquid-gel solution) and the organelles suspended within
it. Fills space between the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane.
Function: suspends organelles and allows for chemical reactions to occur.
_________________________________- (AKA plasma membrane)
Structure: phospholipid bi-layer embedded with proteins; fluid mosaic model.
Functions:
a. regulates materials entering and leaving the cell
b. involved in cell-cell regulation through use of receptors
c. boundary of the cell
________________________________- not found in animal cells; in plant, bacterial, and fungal cells.
Function: provide support for the cell.
________________________________- only in eukaryotic cells; has a double bi-layered membrane.
Function: cell’s control center; contains chromosomes.
Small sphere inside is called the _____________________________, and its function is to make
ribosomes.
_______________________________- small, non-phospholipid membrane-bound cell parts; may be
free-floating or attached to the rough-ER.
Function: makes proteins
___________________________________- Structure: phospholipid bi-layered membrane bound canals
studded with ribosomes. When these are defectively formed, it causes proteins to be trapped in the
organelle; this is a disease called cystic fibrosis leads to accumulation of thick mucus in organs, mainly
lungs and pancreas.
Function: transports proteins quickly through the cell.
___________________________________- Structure: phospholipid bi-layered membrane bound
canals, no ribosomes attached.
Functions:
a. In liver cells- detoxification
b. In nerve cells- store neurotransmitters
c. in all cells- makes lipids
___________________________________- Structure: series of phospholipid bi-layered membrane
bound flattened canals, having a definite receiving side as well as a sending side.
Functions:
a. receives, modifies, stores and distributes proteins
b. carbohydrate synthesis
c. makes lysosomes
____________________________________- aka “suicide sacs”. Phospholipid bi-layered membrane
bound organelle, containing enzymes.
Functions:
a. recycles worn-out cell parts
b. intracellular digestion
c. cellular destruction by white blood cells as part of immune response
d. apoptosis
When these “suicide sacs” malfunction it can lead to diseases, such as:
1. Tay-Sachs Disease- nonfunctioning lipases causes lipids to build up in the brain tissue. Compresses
brain, death by age 5.
2. Pompe Disease- nonfunctioning carbohydrase causes glycogen build up in muscle and liver cells;
muscle weakening, usually death by heart attack at very young age.
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis- possibly due to lysosomes destroying cartilage tissue between bones.
___________________________________- found in all eukaryotic cells; “powerhouse of the cell”.
Structure: double phospholipid bi-layered membrane bound organelle, containing its own DNA, its own
ribosomes, and its own enzymes.
Function: site of cellular respiration where Glucose
ATP
__________________________________- found in plant cells and some protists.
Structure: double phospholipid bi-layered membrane bound organelle containing its own DNA, its own
ribosomes, and its own enzymes.
Function: site of photosynthesis where solar energy
Glucose and ATP
___________________________________- (different sizes)
Larger in plant cells central water __________________.
Structure: phospholipid bi-layered membrane bound area containing water, salts, toxins, wastes, food.
Functions:
a. isolates potentially harmful substances from the cytoplasm.
b. provides internal support in each plant cell, contributing to the overall support of the plant.
c. __________________________ carries proteins from ER to Golgi.
________________________________________- network of fibers which organize structures and
activities in the cell.
Microtubules – hollow
Microfilaments- solid
Function: make up flagella and cilia, movement of chromosomes during mitosis, transport things
throughout the cell.
______________________________________________- cylinder shaped organelles made of short
microtubules; not found in plants; they are perpendicular to each other.
Function:
a. Aid in cell division
b. organize microtubules to form cilia and flagella which aid in movement for single-celled organisms.