Consciousness, self-consciousness,
and the regress of self-representation
The relation of consciousness and selfconsciousness II (Lecture 4)
Charles Siewert
Rice University
Does (Phenomenal) Consciousness Essentially
Include Self-Consciousness?
Does Consciousness Essentially Include
Self-Consciousness?
Bears on:
– Do we explain phenomenal consciousness as the
mind’s self-representation? Or is selfrepresentation to be understood as a form of
phenomenality?
– How should we conceive of the basis of selfknowledge?
– In what sense, if any, does one experience one’s
“self”?
The “Conscious Of” Principle
•
Carruthers (2007: 278) all HORTs “have as one of their main motivations the
intuition that conscious mental states are representational states of which the
subject is aware.”
•
Rosenthal (2002: 407) “the states we call conscious” are “states we are
immediately conscious of”—which observation he says “provides a useful start
toward a [HOT] theory of consciousness.”
•
Lycan ( “The Superiority of HOP…”, 2004 p. 93) “A state is a conscious state iff it is a
mental state whose subject is (directly or at least nonevidentially) aware of being
in it…that definition is not brutely stipulative or merely technical…
•
Kriegel (Subjective Consciousness, 2009, p. 16) “[A] conscious state is conscious in
virtue of being suitably represented…the general motivation for this premise is the
thought that it is somehow essential to a conscious state that its subject be
aware of it.”
•
Brentano: what any “unprejudiced person” will affirm (though this confidence
might be shaken by the regress problem).
The CO Principle nourishes Higher-Order
Representation Theories of Consciousness
• The CO (“Conscious-Of”) Principle. One is in a conscious
state c, only if one is conscious (or aware) of c.
• The SRM (“Self-Representing Mind”) Thesis. Necessarily, a
state c of a subject S is phenomenally conscious, only if S
has the appropriate sort of mental representation of c.
• HORT (“Higher-Order Representation Theory”
Phenomenality is to be explained as a species of the mind’s
self-representation.
• CO is used to support SRM which is used to support HORT.
The CO (“Conscious-Of”) Principle. One is in a conscious
state c, only if one is conscious (or aware) of c.
• This, or something like, as basis for HORT. Also figures in
Brentano’s and some phenomenologists’ accounts of
consciousness.
• One response of opponents: simply reject CO. Fred Dretske:
conscious states are to be thought of as: states with which
one is conscious of something, not states of which one is
conscious.
• Another (my) approach—we can learn something from
accounting for the appeal of the principle, but this does not
support SRM (so it doesn’t support HORT)—or
Sartrean/Zahavian views.
Plan
• Why there really is a serious “regress of consciousness”
problem.
• Why response should interpret CO in a way that
disables its support for HORT.
• Leads to view of “self-presence” and “for-me-ness”
• Proposal: how consciousness might still essentially
include self-consciousness even if it is not essentially
self-representational or reflexively “of itself”.
Is there a regress problem?
The Regress Challenge
• We have seen: The CO (“Conscious-Of”)
Principle. One is in a conscious state c, only if one
is conscious (or aware) of c.
Here’s another intuitively plausible principle—there
is no “unconscious consciousness” of something:
• The IC (“Is-Conscious”) Principle. Every state of
being conscious of something is a conscious state.
IC: Every state of being conscious of
something is a conscious state.
• Psychologists Merikle, Smilek and Eastwood: subjects are
sometimes “[visually] unaware of critical stimuli” that they do,
nonetheless, perceive—these are “unconsciously perceived.” This is
“perception without awareness.”
• No difference is recognized between the conscious perception of x
(consciously perceiving x), and being perceptually aware/conscious
of x.
• Are there any instances of putative unconscious thought about or
perception of something that you would find it “intuitively” or
“commonsensically” correct to describe as cases in which subjects
are conscious (or aware) of something by unconsciously thinking of
it or unconsciously perceiving it?
But now: an apparent regress problem.
• (According to CO): if you have a conscious state c, then you are conscious
of c.
• But (according to IC), your state of being conscious of c will also be
conscious.
• And thus (applying CO again) one will be conscious of being conscious of
c…
• And so on, ad infinitum.
• This is an apparent problem, at least if we construe being conscious of c as
forming a mental representation of it, and we assume that we do not in
fact instantaneously generate some infinite hierarchy of representations of
representations for every measly conscious state we are in.
Can we just dismiss IC?
• Nowadays, a common response (e.g., Rosenthal, Carruthers, Lycan):
yes to CO, no to IC
(Why Lycan thinks the regress objection to HORT is “bad and ignorant”.)
• But on what grounds do we regard CO as a rock solid first principle, and
simply dismiss IC?
• We are told it is counterintuitive to suppose one can be in a conscious
state of which one is “in no way conscious”.
• But it seems at least as counterintuitive to suggest that one can be
conscious of something by having a totally unconscious perception or
thought of it.
No right to dismiss “Is Conscious”
If we are going to take “Conscious Of” seriously, we should
take “Is Conscious” seriously.
We should prefer accounts that avoid the regress while
preserving both CO and IC on some reasonable
interpretation.
One venerable way of doing this…
The Self-Reference/Representation Move
(in, e.g., Kriegel)
• When your hearing a tone is conscious, your being conscious of
hearing a tone is also conscious,
• Not because you are also conscious of being conscious of hearing a
tone,
• but because your being conscious of hearing a tone is one with the
very state of which you are thus conscious—your hearing a tone.
• The key move: cut off the regress by saying that the conscious
state in some way refers to or represents itself. (A related strategy
was employed by Brentano, who claimed to find it in Aristotle’s De
Anima.)
My worry: what kind of
conscious self-representation is this?
Three options.
(a) This self-representation is some form of conscious thought,
expressible in an assertion, capable of playing a direct role in
voluntary inference. (The conscious hearing is not just a hearing of
a sound but also a thought about itself.)
(b) The self-representation is somehow broadly speaking perceptual or
sensory in nature—and constitutes a kind of conscious “inner”
perception or sense. (The conscious hearing is also a sensing or
perception (but of course not a hearing) of itself.)
(c) Neither of these, but a sui generis form of conscious
representation, specific to consciousness of one’s own mind. (My
conscious hearing is also a representation of itself that is neither a
thinking nor a sensing.)
First two are phenomenologically
problematic
• Judging by first-person reflection, consciously
thinking about things looking to you as they
do is much more occasional than their looking
somehow to you.
• A conscious “sensing of the looking,” as a
feature distinct from the looking, is reflectively
indiscernible.
What about (c)? Neither a “sensing” nor a
“thinking”—it’s “sui generis”
• Suppose we can find reasonable alternative ways to
interpret CO that don’t support SRM, while still
allowing us to affirm “Is-Conscious” as well
• —and which (unlike option (c)) don’t require we posit
any conscious experiences of a “sui generis” type
otherwise reflectively indiscernible to us.
• Then, other things being equal, those interpretations
are to be preferred as both more parsimonious and
less mysterious
Three ways of interpreting CO
CO: One is in a conscious state c, only if one is
conscious (or aware) of c.
• Ambiguity Proposal
• Relaxed Availability Proposal
• Non-objectual Proposal
Ambiguity Proposal
• In one (phenomenal reflective) sense CO is true, in another (plain
phenomenal) sense it is not.
• IC concerns the plain phenomenal sense.
– So it’s true that, necessarily if c is a (reflectively) conscious state, one
is (phenomenally) conscious of c. (This is the CO we should accept.)
– And if one is phenomenally conscious of c, one’s being conscious of c
is a (phenomenally) conscious state. (This is an application of the IC we
should accept.)
– But it’s not true that if c is a (phenomenally) conscious state, then one
is (reflectively) conscious of c. (This CO principle is not correct. So no
regress gets started.)
Relaxed Availability
• Do you object: even those phenomenally conscious states we aren’t
consciously reflecting on are quite generally ones we are, in some
sense, conscious of?
• One may have in mind nothing more than the idea that
phenomenally conscious states are usually available to reflect upon
consciously, when they occur in beings, like ourselves, who are
capable of reflective thought.
• That is, if you have a general ability to form “higher-order
thoughts,” then, usually you will be able and disposed to think
phenomenal thoughts of some kind about your own actual
phenomenal thoughts and experiences, if only retrospectively,
should the issue of what you’re thinking or experiencing arise.
But what about Pickles the
Unreflective Dog?
But what about Pickles the
Unreflective Dog?
• Objection: “the CO principle applies to dogs too. It’s
also true that dogs are conscious of their every
conscious state.
• But your account of the principle offers to explain only
what makes it true of reflective creatures that they are
conscious of their every conscious state. And dogs
aren’t reflective.
• So your interpretation of CO is still inadequate.”
Does CO apply to Pickles?
• It sounds right to say that in some sense
Pickles is conscious of feeling pain, when she
does.
• It does not sound to me clearly right to say she
is “conscious of seeing things.”
• But how should we interpret the first, in any
case?
Non-objectual ‘conscious of’
• To say Pickles has a feeling of pain may be taken to mean:
she has a feeling of a certain sort—namely, a painful sort.
• Do we also wish to say that Pickles is conscious of feeling
pain? If so, nothing compels us to take the ‘of’ in this
‘conscious of’ to introduce an intentional object, or object
of representation. We may treat it as the ‘of’ in ‘feeling of
pain’ above.
• To say she is conscious of feeling is only to say that she has
a consciousness of a certain sort: a “feeling” sort.
• If we insist (strangely) that it’s right to say when Pickles
sees a ball, and is conscious of a ball, she is, in some sense
conscious of seeing, then we may take this just to mean she
has consciousness of a certain sort—a visual sort.
Three ways of keeping CO and IC, while avoiding
a regress problem—but without SRM
• Either discern an ambiguity in ‘conscious state’ as it is found in CO
and IC
• Or understand CO to indicate nothing more than a relaxed
availability principle
• Or adopt a non-objectual interpretation of ‘conscious of.’
It could be all three help to explain how the idea that “conscious states
are states one is conscious of” could sound plausible or intuitive to
us in various contexts.
My claim: once we recognize all three construals of that slogan, there
is nothing more we need take it to express that we should accept.
Moral: no interpretation of CO we should accept
supports SRM (Self-Representing Mind thesis
about consciousness).
What about “presence,” “giveness,” “intimacy”
of experience to oneself?
Some will want to use the idea that we all consciousness is
“consciousness of itself” to convey certain obscure but
somewhat intuitively compelling ideas:
– My experience is “present to me” (in a way yours is not present
to me).
– My experience is “given to me” (in a way yours is not given to
me).
– I am in a peculiarly “intimate” relation to my own experience (as
I am not, in relation to yours).
– My own experience is “for me” (it has “for-me-ness”)—your
experience is not in this way “for me.”
What about “presence,” “giveness,”
“intimacy” of experience to oneself?
• Recall from lecture 3: There is a form of thought
whereby I can attend to how something appears to me,
which enables me to identify for myself this manner of
appearance, so as to go on to recognize possible ways
of articulating this as correct or incorrect.
• Such thoughts are expressible by the use of phrases
like: ‘the way this looks to me now.’
• It belongs to the nature of phenomenal features that
they are available to this kind of first-person reflection,
in beings (like us) who are capable of it.
Why phenomenality brings subjective availability
• By my earlier account, the best interpretation of the “what it’s like”
conception of consciousness says: a phenomenal feature is a
feature essentially suited for one to claim or desire a nonderivative
subjective knowledge of what feature it is.
• I have a right to think there are such features. But I would not,
unless I sometimes subjectively knew what features they were
“first-hand”—by having them myself.
• When do I have such knowledge? There is no better candidate
occasion than when I “identify for recognition” such a feature “in
first-person phenomenal-indexical thought” (”the way this feels to
me,” “how this looks to me”).
• Thus, given what it is for a feature to be phenomenal—and given
the fact that I can think the sort of first-person thoughts
described—it follows I have phenomenal features that make
themselves available to me for such thought.
“presence,” “giveness,” “intimacy”
• My own experience is peculiarly “present” or “given” to me to think
about,
• because it is and must be already “actually there” (hence “present”
for me), if I am to think such thoughts at all
•
and my relation to my own experience in thought is peculiarly
“intimate” because, when I do think the thoughts in question, the
experience is inseparable from them.
• Others’ experience is not present or given to me in this way.
What about “self-presence,” “selfgiveness,” “intimacy” of experience?
• Because of their very nature as phenomenal
features, my phenomenal features (my
experience, my consciousness) is always
“present” to me, “given” to me, in a peculiarly
“intimate” way.
• But that does not mean that all consciousness is
somehow essentially self-representational, or
even “points/refers” to itself or is reflexively “of
itself” in some primitive (non-objectifying?) way.
“presence,” “giveness,” “intimacy” of
experience to oneself
• My own experience is peculiarly “present” or “given” to me
to think about,
• because it is and must be already “actually there” (hence
“present” for me), if I am to think such thoughts at all
• and my relation to my own experience in thought is
peculiarly “intimate” because, when I do think the
thoughts in question, the experience is inseparable from
them.
• Others’ experience is not present or given to me in this
way.
What about “for-me-ness”?
• Some (Zahavi, Kriegel) appeal to the idea that my
own conscious states are experienced as “for
me”—they have experiential “for-me-ness.”
• Part of the appeal of this idea is explained by the
previous: it belongs to the character of my
experience as such, that it makes itself available
for me to reflect on in a way that is inseparable
from that experience.
• Is there anything more to the idea of experiential
“for-me-ness” that needs accounting for?
Is there more to “for-me-ness”?
Perhaps. A further suggestion
• Consider: The perspective from which I am looking is implied by how
things that do look somehow to me appear to be situated—even though
this (where I’m viewing from) is not itself to be found among what looks
some way to me. So-• Where one is viewing from can be entailed by the appearance of what is
seen, even if this viewpoint and this viewing is not itself seen, nor
apparent, nor the accusative of any form of self-consciousness.
• Now if in addition a phenomenal point of view (unlike a pictorial
perspective) implies an actual viewer—a “maker of perspectives”—the
fact that an appearance is an appearance to someone (to a subject) is
included in its phenomenal character, no less than the fact that it is an
appearance of (e.g.) color or shape.
•
Does the character of visual experience imply a kind of “visual agency”—a
perspective maker?
Self-consciousness might be built into the
character of experience
Suppose your activity of looking at things belongs to how
you experience them looking to you as they do.
That is to say: an activity of looking at them is implied by
what it’s like for them to look to you as they do, as your
attention darts around, lingers, explores, moves on.
“Looking at” involves a “looker” (a perspective-maker) and
so some awareness of oneself as a looker looking from
somewhere is implicit in ordinary visual experience.
How sensory consciousness might include a
primitive non-reflective consciousness of self
To be aware of oneself as a looker—a “visual agent”—may be simply to be aware of
oneself in the manner in which a looker is self-aware.
This doesn’t entail that one thereby somehow attributes to oneself, truly or falsely, the
property of looking at things
We are nearly always (at least “marginally”) conscious of ourselves as active situated
perceivers are. This isn’t to say we are nearly constantly representing ourselves to
be actively situated.
This is perhaps a variety of the primitive non-reflective self-consciousness built into
consciousness, a primitive “experience of self as subject”
This is the “experience of self” to which Hume and latter-day followers (like Jesse
Prinz) are oblivious.
In Zahavian/Sartrean theories, this is misconstrued as a “non-objectifying
consciousness of consciousness” that is supposed to be generically and essentially
part of all consciousness.
Can we go even further?
The sort of primitive agentive awareness of oneself “as subject” which is
implicit in various forms in ordinary consciousness, somehow underlies
one’s peculiar grasp of the first-person pronoun. Because I experience
myself in this way, I understand ‘I’ as I do.
I agree with Nida-Rümelin-- this self-understanding is not “empty” or “merely
formal,” but also does not consist in attributing to oneself a special
identifying property, which would yield the peculiar “mode of
presentation” of “the I”.
I am the one whom I experience in this way.
Experiencing myself in this way enables me to understand who I am.
This does not mean: I understand the reference of ‘I’ by thinking of a
particular object as the object that satisfies the description, the one whom
I experience in this way.