REVIEW FOR THE
MIDTERM EXAM
1. Define:
1. Nutrition: process by which organisms
take in food and break it down
2. Respiration: to make energy
3. Excretion: removal of wastes
4. Growth: increase in size
1. Define:
5. Transport: move into or out of a cell
6. Regulation: the ability to control or
maintain homeostasis
7. Synthesis: to make large molecules
from small ones
2. Define:
8. Metabolism: all the chemical reactions
occurring within the cell
9. Homeostasis: a condition of a stable internal
environment
3. Explain the steps to focus a
specimen under high power.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Start under low power
Find specimen and focus
Center specimen
Switch to high power
Only use the fine adjustment to focus
** remember the object you view on the slide
moves opposite the to way you actually
move the slide
4. How do you convert between
millimeters and meters?
K H D U D C mm x x µm
(U for units = Meters, Grams, Liters)
Ex: 4 mm = .004 m
Move the decimal 3 places to the left
Now try converting µm to mm:
Now try converting mm to µm:
500 µm = _____ mm?
.75 mm = _____?
500 µm = .5 mm
.75 mm = 750 µm
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5. State the 3 parts of the cell theory.
1. All organisms are made
of cells
2. Cells carry on all life
activities or functions
3. All cells come from preexisting cells
The Animal Cell
The Plant Cell
6. Briefly describe the function of the
following animal and plant cell organelles.
 Nucleus – control center (brain)
 Ribosome – site of protein synthesis
 Mitochondria – power house – site of cellular
respiration (makes ATP)
 Cytoplasm – liquid of the cells where
organelles are suspended
 Cell wall – rigid structure only in plant cells
6. Briefly describe the function of the
following animal and plant cell organelles.
 Vacuole – storage area (central vacuole in
plant cells)
 Chloroplast – site of photosynthesis (plants) –
makes food from light energy
 Lysosome – contains digestive enzymes
 Cell membrane – allows materials to pass
through (in all cells)
6b. State 3 differences between
plant and animal cells.
1. Plant cells have cell wall (and cell
membrane)
animal cells have only a cell
membrane
2. Plant cells only have chloroplasts (site
of photosynthesis)
3. Animal cells only have centrioles
(active in cell division)
6c. Write the 7 levels of
classification for organisms.
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Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
STOP
 Do questions #1-18 on pages 1–4
of your review question packet
7. Make a chart of the main organic
compounds.
Elements they
contain
Functions in
the body
Carbohydrates
Lipids
proteins
C,H,O
C,H,O
C,H,O,N
Stored energy
Growth and
repair
3 fatty acids
1 glycerol
Amino acids
Waxes
Oils
fats
Enzymes
Hormones
Quick energy
Simple sugars
Building blocks (monosaccharides)
examples
Starch
Glucose
“ose”
Enzymes
 Enzymes:




organic catalyst
speeds up the rate of a reaction
does not change
ends in “ase”
 Substrates:

the substance the enzyme is acting upon
8. Describe enzymes and the lock and
key theory.
The substrate fits exactly into the active site of
the enzyme
9. Describe 3 factors that effect the
rate of enzyme activity.
1. Temperature
2. pH
3. Concentration of enzyme
10. Draw a sketch of the following
organic compounds.
Glucose
Amino Acid
Lipid
11.Define:
 Dehydration synthesis – reaction where two
molecules are bonded together by removing water
 Hydrolysis – reaction where molecules are broken
apart by adding water
12. Define:
 Diffusion – movement of molecules from high to low
concentration
 Osmosis – the
movement of water
molecules from high
to low concentration
12. Define:
 Passive transport – no
energy needed for the
movement of
molecules from high to
low concentration
 Active transport –
APT (energy) needed
for the movement of
molecules from low to
high concentration
13. Define cellular respiration.
The process by which energy stored in food is
released
14. Write the word and chemical
equation for aerobic respiration.
C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP
Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
** Remember this occurs in the mitochondria
** When ATP → ADP + P (energy is released)
STOP
 Do questions #1-12 on pages 5
& 6 of your review question
packet
15. Describe 2 differences between
aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
1. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen
(36 ATP) – anaerobic respiration
does not require oxygen (4 ATP)
2. Aerobic respiration occurs in the
mitochondria – anaerobic
respiration occurs in the cytoplasm
16. Write the word and chemical
equation for photosynthesis.
chlorophyll
light
CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O
carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen + water
** Remember this occurs in the chloroplast
17. Compare the structure and
function of human blood vessels.
 Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart
 Have thicker and more elastic walls
 Contain blood under high pressure
(where you can measure your pulse
and blood pressure)
 Veins
 Carry blood to the heart
 Have thinner and less elastic walls


Contain blood under lower pressure
and have valves (to prevent
backflow)
17. Compare the structure and
function of human blood vessels.
 Capillaries


Have walls only 1 cell thick
Are the site of exchange of nutrients, wastes,
and gases between the blood and the body
cells
18. Draw and label the human heart. Trace
the pathway of blood through the heart.
1. Right atrium
2. Right ventricle
3. Left atrium
4. Left ventricle
5. Septum
6. Superior vena cava
7. Aorta
8. Pulmonary arteries
9. Pulmonary veins
Inferior/superior vena cava → R. atrium → R. ventricle → pulmonary arteries
→ lungs → pulmonary veins → L. atrium → L. ventricle → aorta → body cells
19. Compare the structure and the function of
white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
Red blood cells – carry oxygen
(and carbon dioxide)
White blood cells – fight infection
Platelets – involved in blood
clotting
20. What are the 5 steps of the
Scientific Method?
1. Define the problem
2. Formulate a hypothesis
3. Test the hypothesis (experiment)
4. Collect data - Accept/reject the
hypothesis
5. Draw conclusions - Report/share
21. What is the difference between and an
independent and a dependent variable?
 Independent variable – a single factor that the
experimenter determines (I decide)
 Dependent variable – Data – what you are
measuring
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22. Explain what is meant by a
controlled experiment.
Only one factor is changed so you
can make sure that the results were
definitely caused by the factor you
changed (tested).
** What makes a reputable scientific experiment?
•have a control
•only one tested variable
•large sample sets
•repeated trials
23. What is a hypothesis?
A possible explanation
Your guess
Using “If ….. then” statements
24. What is the function of a
cartilage, tendon, and ligament?
 Cartilage – a cushion
at the ends of the long
bones
 Tendon – connects
muscles to bones
 Ligament – connects
bone to bone
STOP
 Do questions #1-12 on pages 7 -
9 of your review question packet
25. Describe the difference between
autotrophs and heterotrophs. Give an
example of each.
 Autotrophs:
organisms that can
make their own
food.
 Heterotrophs:
organisms that must
get their food ready
made – they cannot
make it themselves.
26. Identify the organelle below.
The cell membrane:
27. Label the parts of the digestive
system.
salivary glands
mouth (oral cavity)
pharynx
esophagus
liver
gall bladder
large intestine
rectum
stomach
pancreas
small intestine
anus
28. Distinguish between an exoskeleton and
an endoskeleton. Give an example of an
organism of each.
 Exoskeleton: an
external skeleton that
supports and protects
an animal's body
 Endoskeleton: an
internal support
structure of an animal
29. Describe the location of the 3
types of muscle.
1. cardiac muscle:
muscles of the heart
2. skeletal muscle:
attached to the bones
3. smooth muscle: muscle
of the inner walls of the
organs and arteries
30. Plants…
Plants exchange gases and
water vapor through pores in
their leaves called
stomates
These openings are opened
and closed by
guard cells
31. Fill in the blanks with the correct
levels of organization for living things.
Organelles →
cells →
tissues →
organs →
organ systems →
organisms
STOP
 Do questions #1-13 on pages 10
& 11 of your review question
packet