Journal 2015-2016
Table of Contents
Page 6
TODAL – Maps
T = Title
O= Orientation (Which way is north?)
D = Date or era (time period)
A = Author
L = Legend/Key
Page 8
CASIE – Political Cartoon
C = Captions (highlight)
A = Analogy (a comparison between two things
S = Symbolism
I = Irony (using language that means the opposite)
E = Exaggeration (representing something as better
or worse than it is
Page 7
OPTIC– VISUALS
O = Overview (what do you first see?)
P = parts
T = Title
I = Inference (educated guess)
C = Conclusion (what happened next)
Page 9
3 Branches of Government
Executive Branch (enforces the laws)
•
President
•
Vice President
•
Cabinet – nominated by the president and must
be approved by the Senate with at least 51
votes
Congress
Senate (100 elected senators total; 2 senators per
state
House of Representatives (435 elected
representatives total; representatives based on each
state’s population
Pg.
Pg. 10
Powers of the Government
Executive Branch: President/Vice-President/Cabinet
Enforces laws
Approves or vetoes Congress’ Bills
Directs Military
Makes foreign policy
Legislative Branch: Congress (House of Representatives &
Senate)
Crafts ills
Can overturn vetoes to pass bills
Can impeach President
Approve President’s budget (power of the purse)
Approve and reject President’s appointments
Declares war
Judicial Branch: Supreme Court and Federal Courts
Interprets the laws
Decides if laws are unconstitutional
Decides Court cases
Settles cases between 2 or more states
Pg. 11
Date
1607
1620
1776
1787
1803
1861
1865
Hot Dates
Event
Jamestown
Significance
1st permanent
English colony
Mayflower Compact 1st self-government
& majority rule
Declaration of
listed grievances
Independence
(Jefferson)
Constitution
current government
(Madison)
Supreme Law of the
Land
Louisiana Purchase
doubled size of the
US
Marbury v. Madison
judicial review
(ability to declare
Fort Sumter
laws
unconstitutional)
Appomattox Court
start of the Civil War
House
end of the Civil War
Lee surrenders to
Grant
Pg. 12
Pg 13
World Map
US Land Features
Pg. 14
Geographic Implications
Pg. 15
Colonial America Title Page
Pg. 16
Colonization Vocabulary (Unit I)Exploration –
travel for the purpose of discovery
Immigrate - to come to a country of which one is not a native,
usually for permanent residence.
Refuge - a place of shelter, protection, or safety.
Colonize – a group of people leave their native country to
settle in a new land, but are still connected with the parent
nation
Primary Sources - a document or physical object which was
written or created during the time under study; original
material from a time period being studied
Secondary Sources - an account of an event written by
someone who did not witness it
Raw Material - natural resources such as oil, iron and wood
Tolerance - the ability to accept or put up with different views
or behaviors
Natural Rights - a basic right to which all humans are entitled
Charter: a contract given to someone to establish a colony
Mercantilism: a system by which a nation increases its wealth
and power; a colony exists for the economic benefit of the
mother country
Proclamation: a public and official announcement
Representative government: power is held by the people and
exercised through the efforts of representatives elected by
those people
acquisition - an object bought or obtained (to gain)
Pg. 17
Vocabulary Writing Assignment (blank)
Pg. 18
Reasons for Colonization
Spain: God, Gold, and Glory
England: land, raw materials, money, national pride
France: spread Christianity, fur trade, land,
nationalism & pride
Pg. 19
Colonization Map
Colonies send England natural resources
England sends colonies manufactured goods
Pg. 20
Mercantilism & Triangular Trade
Mercantilism – a countries power depends on its
wealth
Triangular trade – trade between England, Africa,
and colonies/west indies
Pg. 21
Jamestown vs. Plymouth
Jamestown founded by London Company – reason
wealth- Government House of Burgesses – problems
disease did not want to work – saved by tobacco
Plymouth founded by Pilgrims – reason religious
freedom – government Mayflower Compact –
problems lost – saved by Squanto
Pg.22
New England colonies
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode
Island
Geography – rocks, snow
Economy - lumber, shipbuilding, fishing
First city 1620 Plymouth, Massachusetts
Dissenters kicked out and started other New England
Colonies
Pg. 23
Middle Colonies
Pennsylvania, New York, Delaware, New Jersey
Geography – rich soil, mild winter
Economy - grains & iron
Pg. 24
Southern Colonies
Maryland (Catholics), Virginia, North Carolina, South
Carolina, Georgia (debtors/stop Spanish invasion
Geography – rivers (keep soil moist), fertile soil,
warm winters (long growing season
Economy – cash crops (tobacco, rice, indigo)
Virginia House of Burgesses
Pg. 25
Cities & Religions
Cities:
Jamestown, Virginia
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Boston, Massachusetts
New York, New York
Plymouth, Massachusetts
Religions:
Pilgrims/Mass
Quakers/Penn
Catholics/Maryland
Pg. 26
Representative Governments (Colonial)
Virginia House of Burgess – first representative
government in the colonies
Mayflower Compact – first self government, majority
rule
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut – first
constitution in the colonies
English Bill of Rights – protect rights English citizens,
becomes model for the Bill of Rights
Magna Carta – 1215, limited the power of the king
Pg. 27
Colonial Flow Chart
1607 – Jamestown, Southern Colonies, House of
Burgesses, Plantations/cash crops
1620 – Plymouth, Mass., New England colony,
Mayflower Compact, lumber shipbuilding fishing fur
trade
Connecticut, New England colonies, Thomas Hooker,
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Middle Colonies,
Quakers, William Penn
Baltimore Maryland, Southern Colonies, Catholics
Pg. 28
Celebrate Freedom Title Page
Pg. 29
Celebrate Freedom Vocabulary (Unit 2)
1.Colonial grievance - wrongs (complaints), as perceived by the
colonists that were committed by the King George III toward the
colonists. Twenty-seven grievances are listed in the Declaration of
Independence
2. natural rights (unalienable rights) - basic rights that cannot be taken
from the people. life, liberty, and happiness
3. Declaration of Independence - document listing the grievances
against the king
4. preamble - an introduction
5. constitution - a formal plan of government
6.identify - to recognize or establish as being a particular person or
thing; verify the identity of
7. define - to state the precise meaning of (a word or sense of a word,
for example); to describe the nature or basic qualities of
Pg. 30
Great Awakening and Enlightenment
Great Awakening – return to faith/religion, increased churches
Enlightenment – ideas that knowledge, reason and science could
improve society
Pg. 31
Significant Colonial People
Charles de Montesquieu – separation of powers, education is an
absolute necessity
John Locke –European enlightenment philosopher, government is a
social contract, natural rights
Thomas Hooker – Puritan, Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
William Blackstone – believes in religious tolerance, supported self
defense, natural rights
William Penn – founded Pennsylvania, religious freedom/tolerance
Ann Hutchinson – religious leader, banished from Massachusetts
Pg. 32 American Revolution Title Page
Pg 33
American Revolution Vocabulary
1. boycott - to refuse to buy something as a form of protest
2.taxation - process of collecting money from citizens in order to fund government
expenses
3. political revolution - changing from one governmental structure to another
4.independence - the quality or state of being independent
5. civil disobedience - refusal to obey laws as a form of protest
6. Patriot - American colonist who supported independence from Great Britain
7. Loyalist - colonists that remained loyal to Britain and opposed war for
independence
8. grievance - a complaint
9. analyze - to examine carefully and it detail so as to identify causes, key factors,
possible results, etc.
10. explain - to make plain or clear render understandable; to make know in detail
34
French and Indian War
The French and Indian War was fought between Britain and France
G. Washington was the Lt. Colonel of the British fighting in
Philadelphia
Ben Franklin wrote the Albany Plan of Union to encourage the 13
colonies to work together to defeat the French (fails)
The king of England expected the colonist to pay for the war
through taxes
The treaty of Paris 1763 ended the war.
The British gained Canada and all of the French areas east of the
Mississippi.
Pg. 35
Events Leading to American Revolution
Proclamation of 1763 -colonists not allowed to move past
Appalachian Mountains
Sugar Act - Stop smuggling, Lowered taxes on imported
molasses, British Officers seize smuggled goods w/o court
order
Stamp Act - Required all printed materials to have stamp
Colonist angry
– Colonial legislature bypassed
– Ignored tradition of self rule
Townshend Act -Taxed goods (glass, tea, paper, & lead)
•
Boycotts – wore homemade goods (civil disobedience)
Pg 36
Events Leading to American Revolution
Boston Massacre - Troops fire on colonists
•
Killed 5 – Crispus Attucks killed – dock worker
•
More boycotts, repeal Townshend Act except tea
Boston Tea Party -Throw tea overboard
•
Boston harbor
•
Sons of Liberty dressed as Mohawk Indians
Intolerable Acts - Used to punish Boston after the Tea Party
(Closed Boston Harbor until tea paid for,
•
banned town meetings, & forced Bostonians to
house British troops
•
(AKA: Quartering Act)
First Continental Congress - Group of delegates established a
political group to fight for American interests & challenge
British rule
Drafted statement of grievances, called repeal Parliament
acts, boycotted all Brit goods, & passed resolution to form a
militia
Lack of Representation.colonists did not have a representative
in Parliament
“taxation without representation”
Pg. Pg. 37
People of the American Revolution
George Washington – commander of the Continental Army
Thomas Jefferson – author Declaration of Independence
Thomas Paine – wrote Common Sense, called for independence
Ben Franklin – convinced France to support the colonists,
negotiated the Treaty of Paris 1783
Cornwallis – Commander of the British Army
King George III –King of England during the American Revolution
Samuel Adams – founder of the Sons of Liberty
Patrick Henry – “Give me liberty or give me death”
John Adams – helped negotiate support from France, negotiated
the Treaty of Paris 1783
Marquis de Lafayette – French man, fought in American Revolution,
helped Washington train troops at Valley Forge
Pg. 37
Bernardo de Galvez – Spanish, governor of
Louisiana, transported war supplies, closed
port of New Orleans
James Armistead – enslaved African
American, spy (double agent) for Lafayette,
contributed to the American victory at
Yorktown
Haym Salomon – polish immigrant, helped
finance the Revolution, arrested by British as
spy, helped British prisoners escape &
encourage German troops to desert
John Paul Jones – founded US Navy
Crispus Attucks – killed at Boston Massacre,
African American
Westworth Cheswell – African American
patriot, warned about British invasion fought
battle of Saratoga
Abigail Adams – wife John Adams, women’s
rights
Anne Bradstreet – first poet & female writer
published in colonies
Mery Otis Warren – wrote plays about
independence
Phillis Wheatley – 1st published African
American woman, wrote poetry
Deborah Sampson – fought dressed as a man
Esther de Berdt Reed – raised $ for
revolution, encourage women to support
revolution
Pg. 38
Colonial Grievance and Events Chart
Events Leading to
American Revolution
Grievance in the Declaration of
Independence
Constitution
Solutions
Stamp Act, Sugar Act,
Townshend Act
Taxation without representation
All states have
representatives
in Congress
(which sets
taxes
King has absolute power
Congress can
override
Presidential
veto
Intolerable acts
Colonists not allowed to speak
out against the king
1st amendment
–freedom of
speech
Intolerable Acts
Forced colonists to house troops
3rd amendment
– no quartering
of soldiers
Sugar Act
Allowed houses to be searches
without warrants
4th amendment
– must have
search warrant
to search and
seize
Sugar Act
No trial by jury of peers
7th amendment
– trial by jury
Pg. 39
Advantages and Disadvantages
British Advantages – professional, well-equipped, large navy,
enough $ to pay soldier, more men, Native American/Loyalist
support
British Disadvantages – land huge and unfamiliar, far from home,
fighting battles in other countries, no personal motivation, easy
targets (red uniforms)
Continental Advantages – strong motivation (freedom), fighting on
home ground, determined leadership (Washington)
Continental Disadvantages – no money, inexperienced army, parttime soldiers, supplies/men scarce
Pg. 40
Events of the American Revolution
Lexington & Concord
•
first battle of the war
•
shot heard round the world
•
started over weapons/ammunition
Declaration of Independence
•
1776
•
Thomas Jefferson
•
listed the grievances against the King
Articles of Confederation
•
1st constitution in the United States
Battle of Saratoga
•
–France decided to support the colonies
•
–Turning point of the American Revolution
Valley Forge
•
–Spent winter 1777 training
•
–Difficulties (weather, starvation, disease, shelter)
Yorktown
•
–End of the war
•
–Cornwallis surrenders
Treaty of Paris of 1783
•
•England recognizes colonial independence
•
•Official end of the Revolutionary War
Pg. 41
Constitution Title Page : Unit 4
Pg.42
Constitutional Vocabulary (Unit IV)
1. ratification (ratify): process of approving
2. Federalist: group that supported the ratification of the
Constitution
3. Anti-federalist: group that opposed the ratification of the
Constitution
4.Legislative branch - law making body
5. Executive branch - branch of the government that executes or
enforces the laws
6. Judicial branch - branch of the government that interprets the
laws
7. Amendment (amend) - change to the Constitution after following
the formal process
8. limited government - government is restricted in what it may do
9. republicanism - a government with elected representatives
10. checks and balances - system of government that does not
allow any one branch of the government to have too much power
11. federalism - the distribution of power between federal and
state governments
12.separation of powers - each branch of the government has a
specific power (duty)
13. popular sovereignty - the concept that the political power rests
with the people
14. individual rights - a person’s basic rights
15. tyranny - abuse of authority; a state ruled by a tyrant or
absolute ruler
Pg. 43
Articles of Confederation
1st constitution of the Untied States
“firm league of friendship”
Weak government – most power given to states
Needed 9 out of 13 states to pass laws
Needed all 13 (unanimous) votes to amend the Articles
Pg. 44
Pg. 46
Constitutional Convention
1787 –Philadelphia
What: plan to change/amend the Articles of Confederation
Why: Articles did not work (ex: Shay’s Rebellion)
Issues: difficult to amend b/c unanimous agreement
Solutions: replace with new constitution, creating a stronger
federal government, created 3 branches of government – to
avoid tyranny (executive, legislative, & judicial
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Articles
Pg. 47
Great Compromise & 3/5ths Compromise
Pg. 45
Shay’s Rebellion
Cause – upset over taxation
Made people aware the government could not keep order
Effect – a stronger national government is needed
3/5ths Compromise
Counting enslaved people
Each enslaved person as 3/5ths of a person for taxation and
representation
Pg. 48
Constitution
Amendment Process – to change/add to the
Pg 49 & 50
Constitutional Principles
1. Popular sovereignty, meaning rule by the people
2. Republicanism, meaning the right to vote for representatives
3. Federalism meaning power is shared between the national and state
governments
4. Separation of powers into branches that make, enforce or interpret laws
5. Balance of Power - controls (checks) can be made on the other branches
6. Limited government - everyone is bound by the US Constitution
7. Individual rights - personal freedoms are guaranteed by the Bill of Rights
Pg. 52
Federalist and Anti-federalist
Federalist
wanted a stronger national/central government
Alexander Hamilton - wanted to go beyond the stated powers
of the Constitution
James Madison - Father of the Constitution
Federalist Papers - written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison,
& John Jay
Anti-federalist
Opposed ratification of the Constitution
Lacked protection of individual rights
States’ rights should remain powerful
Anti-federalist Writing
•
Patrick Henry-refused to attend the convention, “smelled a
rat”
•
George Mason- Leader
•
Thomas Jefferson
Pg. 53
John Marshall & Judicial Review
John Marshall – chief justice of the Supreme Court during Marbury
vs. Madison
Pg. 51
Constitutional Influences
Magna Carta – 1215, limited the power of the King
English Bill of Rights – protected individual rights, model for the Bill
of Rights
Mayflower Compact – Pilgrims/Puritans 1620, self-government,
majority rule
Federalist Papers – support ratification, approving of the
Constitution
Anti-federalist Papers – oppose the Constitution, wanted to add a
Bill of Rights to protect individual rights
Marbury vs. Madison – established judicial review (Supreme Court
has the authority to say that laws/actions are unconstitutional
Judicial Branch (courts) – power is outlined in Article III of the
Constitution; includes the Supreme Court and all federal courts;
interprets, reviews, and applies the laws
Pg. 54
Bill of Rights
First 10 Amendments to the Constitution
Amendment – to change/add
Compromise between the Federalist and Anitfederalsit
1 Freedom of religion, speech, press,
assembly, and petition.
2 Right to keep and bear arms in order to
maintain a well regulated militia.
3 No quartering of soldiers.
4 Freedom from unreasonable searches and
seizures.
5 Right to due process of law, freedom from
self-incrimination, double jeopardy.
6 Rights of accused persons, e.g., right to a
speedy and public trial.
7 Right of trial by jury in civil cases.
8 Freedom from excessive bail, cruel and
unusual punishments.
9 Other rights of the people.
10 Powers reserved to the states.
Pg. 55
Bill of Rights Hand signals
Pg. 56
Pg. 57
1.
Early Republic Title Page & flashcards
Early Republic Vocabulary (Unit5)
Foreign Policy – How a country will act toward another
country.
2.
Domestic Policy – What a country plans to do within its own
borders.
3.
Isolationism (isolation) – A country will ignore the fights and
problems of the world, and focus on itself.
4.
Interventionism (intervention) – A country will get involved
with the problems and issues of other countries.
5.
Neutrality – A position of not taking sides in a conflict.
6.
Impressment - the act in which men are captured and forced
into naval service
7.
republic - a state in which supreme power is held by the people
and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated
president rather than a monarch.
8.
National security - a concept that a government should protect
the state and its citizens against all kind of "national" crises through a
variety of power projections, such as political power, diplomacy, economic
power, military might, and so on.
9.
political party - an organization of people which seeks to
achieve goals common to its members through the acquisition and
exercise of political power.
10.
alliance - a union or association formed for mutual benefit,
especially between countries or organizations
Pg. 58
George Washington
Whiskey Rebellion - Washington and Hamilton stopped a rebellion in
Pennsylvania.
Proclamation of Neutrality - The United States should be a neutral nation.
Avoid a two party system - in his farewell address Washington warned of
the dangers of a two party system.
Established precedent - Established role of presidency. All presidents after
Washington will follow his examples and decisions.
Washington’s Farewell Address
•
Stay out of permanent foreign alliances
(stay out of others business)
•
Political parties are dangerous (bad)
Pg. 59
Early Political Parties
Federalist – Alexander Hamilton & John Adams
•
Led by northern merchants, and manufacturers living
primarily in New England.
•
Favored a strong central government.
•
Interpreted the Constitution loosely.
•
Believed in a government ruled by the elite, educated,
and wealthy.
•
Favored Hamilton’s economic plans.
Vision for the US -> trade center, industry, national bank,
promote manufacturing and self-sufficient nation.
Democratic-Republican – Thomas Jefferson & James Madison
•
Led by planters, farmers, and workers living primarily in
the South.
•
Favored a weak central government.
•
Interpreted the constitution strictly. Strong state
governments.
•
Ruled by educated masses.
•
Opposed Hamilton’s economic plans.
Vision for the US -> Nation of farmers (agriculture) with little
trade/ industry and opposed national bank.
Pg. 60
John Adams
•
Strong Federalist - John Adams was a Federalist and was
generally opposed to the Democratic-Republicans.
•
XYZ Affair - French demanded a bribe and a loan just to
discuss something. This angered many including the
president.
•
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) - Fearful of Aliens that
favored France, these acts aimed to protect the country
by targeting immigrants.
Pg. 61
Thomas Jefferson (DemocraticRepublican will become the dominant party)
Maintain George Washington’s Neutrality - Will avoid
foreign entanglements.
Louisiana Purchase (1803) - The largest expansion of
US territory yet. The United States purchases land
from France.
Embargo Act - Prohibited Americans from trading
with Britain.
Pg. 62
Supreme Court Cases
Case
Issue
Decision
Significance
McCulloch vs. Maryland
Maryland wanted to tax
its branch of the national
bank
States cannot claim to
have power over the
Federal government
*Constitution
Federal government is
upheld as the supreme
law of the land
Gibbons vs. Ogden
Steamship operators
fought over shipping
rights on Hudson River in
both New York and New
Jersey
Only the Federal
Government has power
to regulate commerce
Federal government’s
power reinforced
Marbury vs. Madison
Marbury sued Madison
over job position
*Judicial Review
Supreme court has
authority to say that
Congress is
unconstitutional
Constitutional Principle
of Checks and Balances
exercised
Pg. 63
James Madison (War of 1812)
Causes: impressment, shipping interference, British
helping Native Americans & war hawks
During the War:
•
Attack on Washington, DC. British troops attack &
set fire to the White House. Dolley Madison, wife
of the president saves the famous portrait of
George Washington.
•
Fort McHenry. Turning point of the war. Francis
Scott Key writes the “Star Spangled Banner” which
is now the national anthem of the United States.
•
After the War:
•
Treaty of Ghent - Peace treaty that ended the War
of 1812.
•
Battle of New Orleans. Andrew Jackson defeats the
British outside of New Orleans. Jackson is now a
national hero. This battle is fought after the end of
the War of 1812 due to slow communication.
Pg. 64
Monroe Presidency Political Cartoon
(CASIE)
Pg. 64
Monroe’s Presidency
“Era of Good Feelings” – a period of time where there
were few political differences and strong nationalism.
Monroe Doctrine – the United States will prevent Europe
from making new Colonies in North and South America
Pg. 65
Age of Jackson Title Page
Pg. 66
Unit 6: Age of Jackson Vocabulary
1.policy - a plan or course of action to make decision
2. nullification (nullify) - the idea that states can refuse to
follow federal laws
3. oppose - against
4. resettlement - the movement of people to a new
location or settlement
5. states’ rights -powers given to the states as
interpreted in the U.S. Constitution, generally seen as a
check to federal powers
6. tariff - tax on imported goods
7. secede - withdraw from an organization
8. suffrage - the right to vote
9. spoils system - the practice of public officials given
jobs or favors to supporters
Pg. 67
Jackson Notes
Common man’s president – shifts power to the
common man
Increased suffrage – states eliminated property
requirement
Used spoils system – gave jobs to supporters
Pg. 68
Tariff Notes
Protective tariff – tax on imported goods intended to
encourage people to purchase domestic (American)
goods
Pg. 69 Nullification Crisis
Passed Tariff of 1828 (tariff of abominations) – help
businesses
SC (South Carolina) tried nullify (cancel) tariff
because of states’ rights
SC threatened to secede (leave) the Union
Jackson lowered the tariff to avoid disaster
Pg. 70 Jackson Bank Cartoon
Pg. 71 Jackson and the Bank of the US
Jackson opposed the Bank of the US – favored the
wealthy
Vetoed the charter renewal/removed federal $ from
the bank
Pg. 72 Jackson Indian Policy
Indian Removal Act - allowed President Jackson to
make treaties with Native Americans
REASONS FOR MOVING NATIVE AMERICANS WEST
Open land for farming
Worchester v. Georgia - Court says Cherokee are
separate nation and do not have to follow GA laws
•
Jackson tells GA to ignore ruling; forces
Cherokee to leave
Trail of Tears: forced relocation of Native American
tribes to areas west of Mississippi River
Pg. 73 Westward expansion Title Page
Page 74: Westward Expanstion Vocabulary
1.Manifest Destiny - idea that it was meant to be (or
divine right) for the United States to expand its
territory from sea to sea (Atlantic to Pacific)
2.migration - movement of one part of something to
another
3. annexation (annex) - the act of annexing
something; to add to another
4. persecuted - subject to hostility and ill-treatment
5. acquisition - an object bought or obtained
6. pioneer - a person who is among the first to
explore or settle a new country or area
7. statehood - the status of being a state of the US
8. region - an area or division, especially part of a
country or the world having definable characteristics
but not always fixed boundaries
Pg. 75 American Progress OPTIC
Pg. 76 Reasons for Westward Expansion
Economic – new land for farmers (low prices)
resources & raw materials
trade routes & markets (Santa Fe Trail)
opportunities to start businesses
land wealth
Political
expand nations borders/territory for security
purposes
expand democracy (our form of government)
Social
refuge for persecuted groups (Mormons)
romantic notions of life in the West
American individualism was personified in the
pioneers
overcrowding in the East
Pg 77 Land Acquisition map
Page 78 Northwest Territory (Ordinance)/Louisiana
Purchase
Northwest Ordinance – law set the
precedence/principles of expansion (adding states to
the US)
Northwest Territory – needed to ende disagreements
over land claims by states; procedure for territories
to become states (statehood)
create a representative body with 5,000 people
apply for statehood w/60,000 people
Page 79 Red River Valley/Florida/Oregon Territory
Red River Valley – parts of North Dakota &
Minnestoa
Florida: Adams Onis Treaty - Spain gives Florida to US
and give up claim to Oregon
Oregon Territory – joint occupation with England;
“Fifty-four forty or fight!” - Polk
Page 80
Purchase
Texas/Mexican Cession/Gadsden
Texas is annexed (joined the US)
Mexican-American War
Reasons/Causes
Polk expanded the US and annexed Texas
border dispute (Rio Grande - US and Nueces Rivers
– MX)
Effects of the War
1. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – Mexican Cession for
$15 million
2. Gadsden Purchase - $10 mill from Mexico, land for
railroad
California
Gold Rush – increase settlers , apply for statehood
pushed Native American off land
Gadsden Purchase
Asian immigrants – proximity to Pacific Ocean,
worked on transcontinental Railroad, worked in
mines
Page 81 Trail Map
Page 82
Immigrant Groups
Chinese immigrants –
promimity to Pacific Ocean
worked on the Transcontinental Railroad
worked in mines
Irish immigrants – settled in urban areas to work in
factories
Enslaved African Americans – worked on plantations
Page 83: Industrialization Title Page
Page 84: Industrialization Vocabulary
1. innovation - the introduction of something new
2. transportation - means of conveyance or travel
from one place to another
3. communication - an act or instance of transmitting
a verbal or written message
4. industrialization (industry) - the overall change in
circumstances accompanying a society’s movement
of population and resources from farm production to
manufacturing production and associated services
5. urbanization - the process by which towns and
cities are formed and become larger as more people
begin living and working in central areas
6. agriculture - the science or occupation of farming
7. rural - of or relating to the country, country people
or life, or agriculture
8. urban - of, relating to, characteristic of, or
constituting a city
9. free enterprise - an economic system in which
private business operates in competition and largely
free of state control
10. transcontinental - crossing a continent
Page 85
Effects of the War of 1812
●
US gains respect
●
improved army
●
increased manufacturing (factories/industry)
Page 86
Free Enterprise
Entrepreneurship- people who risk their
capital in organizing and running a
business.
Laissez-faire: the belief that the
government should not interfere in the
economy other than to protect private
property rights and to maintain peace
Inventions Chart page 87
Invention
Inventor
Description of Invention
Bessemer Steel
Process
Mass production of steel
Make steel cheaper and faster
Canal
Man Made waterway
Faster the transport goods
Steamboat
Robert Fulton Clermont
Faster and cheaper to ship goods
Transport goods upriver
Cotton Gin
Eli Whitney
Machine to separate fibers from
seeds
Mechanical reaper Cyrus McCormick
Machine to harvest grain
Interchangeable
parts
Eli Whitney
Process to produce parts that meet
specification so it can be used in
any machine
Telegraph
Samuel Morse
Faster communication
Railroad
Peter Cooper – Tom
Thumb
First American built steam
locomotive
Faster and cheaper to transport
goods
Pg. 88
Urban vs. Rural
Urban (North) –
Reasons for Northern Industrialization
• natural resources
• improved transportation
• growing population
• capital investments ($) available to build
• inventions
Factories bring urbanization
• people migrating to cities for jobs
• immigration
• economic opportunities
• factory system (start to finish in one location)
Rural (South)
• agrarian society
-fertile soil, warm climate
-plantations/ limited industry
• cotton gin - increase slavery
• mechanical reaper
slavery begin to move westward
Pg. 89 Immigrant Map
West - Cheap Land/Abundant natural Resources
Chinese/Asian immigrants railroads & mines
Development –mines, Ranching, Farming
Northeast - Irish immigrants (-came because of potato famine,
worked in factories with other immigrants, worked for less pay,
highly discriminated against )
Inventions - Interchangeable parts, Factory system,Canal
South - Enslaved Africans (forced to American through slave trade ,
worked on plantation)
Inventions - cotton gin-increase slavery, mechanical reaper,
interchangeable parts
Pg. 90 - Reformer Title Page (Unit 8 Part II)
pg 91 - Reformer Vocabulary (Unit 8 Part II)
1. reform - to amend or improve by change of form or removal of
faults or abuses
2. suffrage - the right of voting
3. abolition - the act of abolishing (ending or stopping something)
4. transcendentalists - New England writers and thinkers who wrote
and drew about nature
5. impact - influence or effect
6. temperance - total abstinence from alcoholic liquors
7. contribution - to give or to furnish
8. orator - a public speaker, especially one of great eloquence
Pg. 92
Reform Movements
Second Great Awakening
• Religious revival in 1800s
• spiritual reform
• Revivals
Temperance
• Ban on alcohol
• Why: caused
• Crime
• Poverty
• Mental illness
Prison Reform/Disabled
• Separate jails women, men, & children
• Try rehabilitate criminals
Care of the Disabled
• Hospitals for mentally ill, deaf, & blind
Pg. 92
Continued
Women’s Movement
• Improve life= rights
Pg. 93
• Fought for -Political – suffrage (right to vote), Social – expanded
careers/education, Economic – workers rights (10 hr work day)
•
Convention
– Elizabeth Cady Stanton
– Lucretia Mott
•
Wrote Declaration of Sentiments and Grievances
– All men and women are created equal
–Religious leaders, especially Quakers leaders, used sermons to
change opinions about slavery
Education Reform
• Required attendance
–American Colonization Society was created to address the needs
of formerly enslaved people from the North
• Trained teachers
• Free/public education
Abolitionist Timeline
1700’s-1804:
–1804:all state North of Pennsylvania had outlawed slavery
•1807:
–Congress banned the importation of African people for slavery
into the United States
•1817:
•1822:
• Horace Mann
–President Monroe helped established Liberia as an independent
African Nation for the formerly enslaved.
Abolitionist Movement
•1820-1840:
To end slavery
–Abolitionist grew in numbers
–Freedom’s Journal- antislavery newspaper
–William Lloyd Garrison- The Liberator newspaper and The New
England Anti-Slavery Society
•1840-1850:
–Underground Railroad- Harriet Tubman
–Abolitionist leaders
•Grimke Sisters
•Frederick Douglass
•Sojourner Truth
•1853:
–Uncle Tom’s Cabin written by Harriet Beecher Stowe- fictional
work that depicted harsh realities of slavery
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