Chapter 11: Blood
11.1 The Composition and Functions of
Blood
11.2 The Blood Cells
11.3 Platelets and Hemostasis
11.4 Capillary Exchange
11.5 Blood Typing and Transfusions
11.6 Effects of Aging
11.1 The Composition and
Functions of Blood




Objectives:
Describe, in general, the composition of
_________________________.
Divide the ___________________ of blood
into three categories, and discuss each
category.
Describe the composition of _____________
and the specific functions of the plasma
proteins.
Composition of Blood

Plasma (55%)


Buffy coat


WBCs and blood ____________________…top
Thin, shiny layer in middle
Formed elements (45%)


RBCs, heavier because of _______________
Percentage of blood attributed to formed
__________________ is called the hematocrit.
Function 1: Transport




Moves from _________________ to all organs.
Picks up __________________ from lungs and
nutrients from digestive tract and transports these
to tissues.
Picks up cellular __________________, such as
carbon dioxide
Transports hormones and messenger chemicals
for various organs and _______________.
Function 2: Defense




Defends against pathogens (_________________
and viruses).
Removes ______________ and dying cells
Some WBCs can ‘eat’ ____________________.
Blood clotting to prevent blood loss. (platelets
and plasma __________________)
Function 3: Regulation




Regulate body temperature by picking up heat
from ___________________ muscles.
Uses concentration gradient (________________
__________) to transfer heat to other parts of the
body.
Salts and plasma proteins keep osmotic
__________________ in normal range.
Buffers in the blood keep the pH relatively
constant at ___________
Plasma Composition




92% is __________________.
8% remaining is salts (ions) and ______________
molecules.
Small: Glucose, amino acids, ______________
Large: _________________ and plasma proteins.
Plasma Proteins Functions






Made in __________________
Help ________________ the blood and maintain
pH (homeostasis)
Albumins contribute to the osmotic
__________________.
Antibodies made by WBCs help fight infection
(gamma globulins)
Transport different molecules.
Fibrinogen and prothrombin are necessary for
______________________.
11.2 The Blood Cells



Objectives:
Explain the hematopoietic role of _________
_____________in the red bone marrow.
Describe the structure, function, and life cycle
of ______________ blood cells and
_______________ blood cells.
Production of RBCs



Hematopoiesis: Process by which formed
___________________ are made (RBCs)
Multipotent stem cells: red ________________
marrow cells that mature into all the various types
of blood cells.
May be able to ________________________ the
body’s tissues in the laboratory.
Red Blood Cells



Structure
 Small, bioconcave disks that lack a _________________
when mature
Function
 Transport _________________________
Life Cycle
 Live only about _______________ days
 Aka erythrocytes, formed from red bone marrow stem cells
 Erythropoietin: hormone that helps induce RBC production;
abused by athletes
 Macrophages in _______________ and spleen engulf and
‘eat’ RBCs
White Blood Cells



Structure
 Larger, have a nucleus, lack hemoglobin, and are
___________________
Function
 Fight infection, destroy dead or dying body cells, and
recognize and kill ____________________ cells…all this
helps maintain homeostasis
Life Cycle
 Produced by red bone marrow, can be found in tissue fluid
and ___________________
 Many live only a few days when they fight infection
 Others live months or __________________
11.3 Platelets and Hemostasis




Objectives:
Describe the structure, function, and life cycle
of _____________________.
Describe the ______________ events of
hemostasis and the reactions necessary to
coagulation.
Discuss __________________ of hemostasis.
Platelets

Structure


____________________________; fragmented from
megakaryocytes that develop in the red bone marrow
Function

Necessary for hemostasis


_______________________________________
Life Cycle

Because they have no nucleus, they last at most
_____________ days
Hemostasis

Vascular Spasm



Platelet __________________________ Formation



Constriction of _________________ muscle layer in a broken
blood vessel is the immediate response to injury
Platelets ______________________ seratonin that prolongs
smooth muscle contraction
Platelets adhere to _____________________________ fibers that
are exposed when blood vessels break
As platelets build up, a platelet plug forms
Coagulation


Blood _____________________
Fibrinogen and prothrombin participate in blood clotting
Coagulation




Requires protein clotting __________________; most
produced by liver
Intrinsic mechanism: blood will coagulate in a
____________________________________
Extrinsic mechanism: activated when
______________ tissues release tissue thromboplastin
Four steps: 1) Prothrombin activator is formed. 2)
Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin. 3)
Thrombin severs two short amino acid chains from each
fibrinogen molecules; they join end-to-end, forming fibrin.
4) Fibrin threads wind around the platelet plug in the
damaged area of the blood vessel and provide framework for
clot.
Hemostasis Disorders

Thrombocytopenia




__________________ platelet count
autoimmune; your antibodies ________________
platelets
Megakaryocytes in red bone marrow are destroyed
Hemophilia



_______________________ (inherited)
Deficiencies of clotting factors
Hemophilia A: lack clotting factor _____________ and
is most severe
11.4 Capillary Exchange




Objectives:
Describe capillary _______________ within
the tissues.
Oxygen and nutrients leave a capillary.
Cellular _______________ (carbon dioxide)
enter the capillary.
In the lungs, it’s reversed. ______________
enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves.
11.5 Blood Typing and
Transfusions



Objectives:
Explain the ______________ and Rh systems of
blood typing.
Explain agglutination and its relationship to
__________________________.
ABO Blood Groups + Rh Factor



Type A and B blood are
_____________________.
Type O blood is recessive.
Rh positive is dominant
and Rh negative is
___________________.
Transfusions


Agglutination: __________________ of RBCs
Happens when transfusions are not
_______________________.
11.6 Effects of Aging

Objectives:
Name the blood ___________________ that are
commonly seen as we age.

Anemias, leukemias, and clotting disorders.




_______________ deficiency anemia and pernicious
anemia (B12 deficient).
Leukemia is ________________ that is genetic and
environmental.
Thromboembolism occurs because arteries contain
________________________.