WHAP Chapter 11 Reading Guide
Name:
19 IDs x 2= 38
Date:
/158
24 Concepts x 5=120
Hour:
Read Chapter 11 and Identify the following:
Chinggis Khan:
Universal ruler in 1206, leader of
Mongols, great conqueror
“revolution of domestication”:
The agricultural revolution, the
change from hunting and gathering to
farming and domestication of animals
Pastoralism:
A way of life based on a foodproducing economy dependent upon
the herding of domestic animals
Mongols
“fictive kinship”
Practice of designating allies as blood
relatives and treating them with a
corresponding respect
Xiongnu:
People of the Mongolian steppe lands
north of China who formed a largescale nomadic empire in the third and
second centuries.
Turks:
Turkic speakers from Central Asia,
originally nomads, who spread
westward into the Near East and into
India; they created a series of
nomadic empires between 552 and
965 CE but had a more lasting impact
on world history when they became
dominant in the Islamic heartland and
founded a series of states and empires
there.
Temujin:
Birth name of Mongol leader Chinggis
Khan (1162-1227), unified the
Mongols and created an empire
Karakorum:
Mongol capital in Mongolia
Great Khan Ogodei
Grandson of Chinggis Khan, Mongol
leader
Yuan:
Dynasty of China, 1271-1368, under
Mongol control, means “great
beginnings”
Khanbalik:
New Mongol capital in China, Beijing,
“city of the khan”
Khubilai Khan:
Grandson of Chinggis Khan who ruled
China from 1271 to 1294.
Hulegu:
Grandson of Chinggis Khan who
became the first il-khan of Persia
Il-khan:
Subordinate Khan or ruler
Sacking of Baghdad:
1258, ended Abbasid caliphate,
massacre
Ghazan
Persain Il-khan, 1295-1304, converted
to Islam
The Golden Horde:
Name given to Russia by the Mongols
after they conquered it and
incorporated it into the Mongol
Empire in the mid-thirteenth century;
khanate of the Golden Horde, Kipchak
Khanate
The Black Death:
Name given to the plague, a massive
pandemic that swept through Eurasia
beginning in 1331. It is thought to
have been an outbreak of bubonic
plague.
Key Concept 3.1
Expansion and Intensification of Communication
and Exchange Networks
I. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and
expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks.
A. Existing trade routes flourished and
promoted the growth of powerful new
trading cities.
Silk Roads flourished under Mongol rule, all lands under one control, no
fighting, safer
Karakorum: khans brought merchants there and craftsmen
Khanbalik/Beijing
Marrakesh
C. The growth of interregional trade in
luxury goods was encouraged by
significant innovations in previously
existing transportation and
commercial technologies, including
more sophisticated caravan
organizations; use of the compass,
astrolabe, and larger ship designs in
sea travel; and new forms of credit
and monetization.
D. Commercial growth was also
facilitated by state practices, trading
organizations, and state-sponsored
commercial infrastructures.
E. The expansion of empires facilitated
Trans-Eurasian trade and
communication as new peoples were
drawn into their conquerors’
economies and trade networks.
Pastoral peoples traded their animal goods for luxury goods from the urban
workshops and farm, particularly fruit.
Silk
Pastoral people would guide caravans across Upper Eurasia
Merchants had available credit from the Mongols.
Mongols: Raiding and extortion
Military skills and riding skills taught since childhood
Mongols moved skilled workers to wherever they needed them in the empire,
like the capital.
Courier system/ postal system; building roads, bridges, and canals
Mongol Empire under Chinggis Khan conquered China, Persia and Russia.
Mongols control the Silk Roads.
II. The movement of peoples caused environmental and linguistic effects.
A. The expansion and intensification
of long-distance trade routes often
depended on environmental
knowledge and technological
adaptations to it.
C. Some migrations and commercial
contacts led to the diffusion of
languages throughout a new region or
the emergence of new languages.
Pastoral people traded domesticated animal products like milk, meat and
blood for agricultural products.
“turning grass, which people cannot eat, into usable food and energy.”
Complex horse harnesses, saddles with iron stirrups, small compound bow,
armor, swords
Nomadic, yurts are portable
Turkish language spread widely over much of Inner Asia and Anatolia
Chinese were not allowed to learn Mongol script
Mongols learned Persian
III. Cross cultural exchanges were fostered by the intensification of existing, or the creation of new,
networks of trade and communication.
A. Development and expansion of
Islam
Seljuk Turks converted to Islam
Ibn Yasin returned from Hajj to educate Berbers on correct practices of Islam,
Almoravid Empire
Mongols converting to Islam after conquering Persia
C. The writings of certain interregional
travelers illustrate both the extent and
the limitations of intercultural
knowledge and understanding.
Franciscan friar Giovanni DiPlano Carpini
Marco Polo
Guide books from merchants/traders written to help others
D. Increased cross-cultural interactions
resulted in the diffusion of literary,
artistic, and cultural traditions.
Writings of Carpini and Marco Polo
Guide books from merchants/traders written to help others
painting
Religions encountered: Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, Manichaeism,
Daoism
Yogurt drink from Turks adopted by Chinese
Intermarriage with Christians
E. Increased cross-cultural interactions
also resulted in the diffusion of
scientific and technological traditions.
Acting, music, wrestling, jesters
Printing, gunpowder weapons, compass, navigation, high-temperature
furnaces, medical techniques
Muslim astronomy, accurate calendars
Complex horse harnesses, saddles with iron stirrups, small compound bow,
armor, swords
Engineers, doctors-their knowledge of public works/buildings and medicine
IV. There was continued diffusion of crops and pathogens throughout the Eastern Hemisphere along the
trade routes.
A. New foods and agricultural
techniques were adopted in populated
areas.
Lemons and carrots from the Middle East found a welcome reception in China
B. The spread of epidemic diseases,
including the Black Death, followed
the well-established paths of trade
and military conquest.
Black Death
Plague/pestilence, Yersinia pestis
Spread on trade routes
symptoms: swelling of the lymph nodes, headaches, high fever, internal
bleeding “buboes”
End of the world, apocalyptic
Why? Blame? Mongols killing Jews
Key Concept 3.2
Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and
Their Interactions
Mongols in Persia learned to farm
I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged.
B. In some places, new forms of
governance emerged; including those
developed in various Islamic states,
the Mongol Khanates, city-states,
and decentralized government
(feudalism) in Europe and Japan.
Pastoral societies: family, clan, tribe
Xiongnu=Modun was leader
Arabs/bedouins, Berbers, Turks
Mongols: Chinggis Khan
Empire split into Yuan dynasty of China, Golden Horde of Russia, and Il-khanate
of Persia (also Chagatai/Jagadai)
C. Some states synthesized local and
borrowed traditions.
Mongols and lands they took over?
China: took on idea of Mandate of Heaven, taxed people, postal system,
Chinese names, Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism BUT NO EXAMINATION
Persia: converted to Islam, kept government workers
II. Interregional contacts and
conflicts between states and
empires encouraged significant
technological and cultural
transfers
Across Mongol empires:
Maybe “encouraged” isn’t the word. Mongols forced areas to submit. If they
wanted to trade and you didn’t, you could be decimated.
Islam
Some ideas from Mongols did not spread and they did not force their culture
on those they conquered.
Farming from Persians
Some language transfer to Mongols from conquered places
Key Concept 3.3
Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its
Consequences
I. Innovations stimulated agricultural and industrial production in many regions.
A. Agricultural production increased
significantly due to technological
innovations.
Underground water channels-qanat
Mongols had to have learned from the Persians techniques to cultivate food
Weaponry knowledge from Persia and China used on Russia
B. In response to increasing demand in
Afro-Eurasia for foreign luxury goods,
crops were transported from their
indigenous homelands to equivalent
climates in other regions.
Persian Il-khan Ghazan sent envoys to India, China, and elsewhere to seek
“seeds of things which are unique in that land”
II. The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of significant decline, and with periods of increased
urbanization buoyed by rising productivity and expanding trade networks.
A. Multiple factors contributed to the
declines of urban areas in this period.
Mongol attacks, devastation caused by attacks
Plague/Black Death = 1/3 to ½ (?) population of Europe gone
Battle of Manzikert -Anatolia
B. Multiple factors contributed to
urban revival.
Prosperity from trade of natural resources like gold in Almoravid Empire
(Marrakesh)
Trade increased due to safety of Silk Roads
C. While cities in general continued to
play the roles they had played in the
past as governmental, religious, and
commercial centers, many older cities
declined at the same time that
numerous cities emerged to take on
these established roles.
Baghdad sacked
Karakorum, Khanbalik, Marrakesh
III. Despite significant continuities in social structures and in methods of production, there were also some
important changes in labor management and in the effect of religious conversion on gender relations and
family life.
A. As in the previous period, there
were many forms of labor
organization.
B. As in the previous period, social
structures were shaped largely by
class and caste hierarchies. Patriarchy
persisted; however, in some areas,
women exercised more power and
influence.
C. New forms of coerced labor
appeared. Free peasants resisted
attempts to raise dues and taxes by
staging revolts. The demand for
slaves for both military and domestic
purposes increased, particularly in
central Eurasia, parts of Africa, and the
eastern Mediterranean.
Slaves-many POWs
Forced military recruitment
Conquered people were forced laborers
Peasants
Engineers, doctors, astronomers, government administrators
In pastoral societies: nobles and commoners, fluid, if you had more
animals/larger herd you were a noble
Women were treated nearly equal, could ride, fight, advise leader, wear pants
Kinship-based clans and “fictive kinship”
No negative connotations for widows who remarried , women could initiate
divorce
Mongol women did not adopt foot binding.
Forced Military recruitment and labor on public works
Mongols forced conquered people to work and pay them tribute/taxes
Skilled workers, artisans, scholars were moved around in the empire to where
they were needed.
Revolt by peasants for higher wages because of fewer workers due to Black
Death
D. The diffusion of Buddhism,
Christianity, Islam, and
Neoconfucianism often led to
significant changes in gender relations
and family structure.
In Persia, where Islam was accepted, the patriarchal ways of Persia took over
as Mongols assimilated into Persia culture.