Chapter 2:
The Project Management and
Information Technology Context
ITFN 2123 -- Tuesday, January 16
Information Technology Project Management,
Fourth Edition
Today’s Schedule
Quick Check Self-Quiz
 Review Jobs/Project experiences

Chapter 2 – IT Context




Systems view of project management
Understand organizations - organizational
structures and organizational culture.
Stakeholder management
For Thursday, January 18
Check your access to WebSubmit
Complete Reading Chapter 2
Information Technology Project
Management, Fourth Edition
2
Quick Check
What are 2 of the top 5 project success
factors?
 List 3 specific job functions of the project
manager.
 In Ch 2 “Opening Case”, list at least 3
stakeholders and one potential project
sponsor.
 List 2 of the 4 frames we use to
understand organizations.

Information Technology Project
Management, Fourth Edition
3
Project Success Factors*
1. Executive support
2. User involvement
3. Experienced project
manager
4. Clear business
objectives
5. Minimized scope
6. Standard software
infrastructure
7. Firm basic
requirements
8. Formal methodology
9. Reliable estimates
10. Other criteria, such
as small milestones,
proper planning,
competent staff, and
ownership
*The Standish Group, “Extreme CHAOS” (2001).
Information Technology Project
Management, Fourth Edition
4
Table 1-3. Fifteen Project
Management Job Functions*






Define scope of project.
 Evaluate project requirements.
Identify stakeholders,
 Identify and evaluate risks.
decision-makers, and
 Prepare contingency plan.
escalation procedures.
 Identify interdependencies.
Develop detailed task list
 Identify and track critical
(work breakdown
milestones.
structures).
 Participate in project phase
review.
Estimate time
 Secure needed resources.
requirements.
 Manage the change control
Develop initial project
process.
management flow chart.
Identify required resources  Report project status.
and budget. *Northwest Center for Emerging Technologies, “Building a Foundation for
Tomorrow: Skills Standards for Information Technology,” Belleview, WA,
1999.
Information Technology Project
Management, Fourth Edition
5
Understanding Organizations
Structural frame:
Focuses on roles and
responsibilities,
coordination, and control.
Organization charts help
define this frame.
Human resources frame:
Focuses on providing
harmony between needs of
the organization and needs
of people.
Political frame:
Assumes organizations
are coalitions composed
of varied individuals and
interest groups. Conflict
and power are key issues.
Symbolic frame: Focuses
on symbols and meanings
related to events. Culture is
important.
Information Technology Project
Management, Fourth Edition
6
Today’s Schedule
Quick Check Self-Quiz
 Review Jobs/Project experiences


Chapter 2 – IT Context



Systems view of project management
Understand organizations - organizational
structures and organizational culture.
Stakeholder management
Information Technology Project
Management, Fourth Edition
7
Learning Objectives

Describe the systems view of project
management and how it applies to
information technology projects.

Understand organizations, including the four
frames, organizational structures, and
organizational culture.

Explain why stakeholder management and
top management commitment are critical for
a project’s success.
Information Technology Project
Management, Fourth Edition
8
Projects Cannot Be Run in
Isolation
Projects must operate in a broad
organizational environment.
 Project managers need to use systems
thinking:



Taking a holistic view of a project and
understanding how it relates to the larger
organization.
Senior managers must make sure
projects continue to support current
business needs.
Information Technology Project
Management, Fourth Edition
9
A Systems Approach to
Project Management

Holistic and analytical approach to solving
complex problems, including:
Systems philosophy: View things as systems,
which are interacting components that work
within an environment to fulfill some purpose.
 Systems analysis: Problem-solving approach.
 Systems management: Address business,
technological, and organizational issues before
making changes to systems.

Information Technology Project
Management, Fourth Edition
10
Figure 2-1. Three Sphere Model for Systems
Management
Information Technology Project
Management, Fourth Edition
11
Understanding Organizations
Structural frame:
Focuses on roles and
responsibilities,
coordination, and control.
Organization charts help
define this frame.
Human resources frame:
Focuses on providing
harmony between needs of
the organization and needs
of people.
Political frame:
Assumes organizations
are coalitions composed
of varied individuals and
interest groups. Conflict
and power are key issues.
Symbolic frame: Focuses
on symbols and meanings
related to events. Culture is
important.
Information Technology Project
Management, Fourth Edition
12
What Went Wrong?
Many enterprise resource planning (ERP) projects fail due to organizational
issues, not technical issues. For example, Sobey’s Canadian grocery store
chain abandoned its two-year, $90 million ERP system due to
organizational problems. The system was developed by SAP, the largest
enterprise software company and 3rd largest s/w supplier.
As Dalhousie University Associate Professor Sunny Marche states, “The
problem of building an integrated system that can accommodate different
people is a very serious challenge. You can’t divorce technology from the
sociocultural issues. They have an equal role.” Sobey’s ERP system shut
down for five days and employees were scrambling to stock potentially
empty shelves in several stores for weeks. The system failure cost Sobey’s
more than $90 million and caused shareholders to take an 82-cent after-tax
hit per share.*
*Hoare, Eva. “Software Hardships,” The Herald, Halifax, Nova Scotia (2001).
Information Technology Project
Management, Fourth Edition
13
Many Organizations Focus on
the Structural Frame

Most people understand what organizational
charts are.
 Many new managers try to change
organizational structure when other changes are
needed.
 Three basic organizational structures:



Functional: Functional managers report to the CEO.
Project: Program managers report to the CEO.
Matrix: Middle ground between functional and project
structures; personnel often report to two or more bosses;
structure can be a weak, balanced, or strong matrix.
Information Technology Project
Management, Fourth Edition
14
Figure 2-2. Functional, Project,
and Matrix Organizational
Structures
Information Technology Project
Management, Fourth Edition
15
Table 2-1. Organizational Structure
Influences on Projects
Project
Characteristics
Organizational Structure Type
Functional
Weak Matrix
Project manager’s
authority
Percent of
performing
organization’s
personnel assigned
full-time to project
work
Who controls the
project budget
Matrix
Balanced
Matrix
Low to
Moderate
15-60%
Project
Strong
Matrix
Moderate
to high
50-95%
High to
almost total
85-100%
Little or none
Limited
Virtually none
0-25%
Functional
manager
Functional
manager
Mixed
Project
manager
Project
manager
Project manager’s
role
Part-time
Part-time
Full-time
Full-time
Full-time
Common title for
project manager’s
role
Project
Coordinator/
Project Leader
Project
Coordinator/
Project
Leader
Part-time
Project
Manager/
Project
Officer
Part-time
Project
Manager/
Program
Manager
Full-time
Project
Manager/
Program
Manager
Full-time
Project
Part-time
management
administrative staff
PMBOK Guide, 2000, 19, and PMBOK
 Guide
2004, 28.Project
Information
Technology
Management, Fourth Edition
16
Ten Characteristics of
Organizational Culture





Member identity*
Group emphasis*
People focus
Unit integration*
Control





Risk tolerance*
Reward criteria*
Conflict tolerance*
Means-ends
orientation
Open-systems focus*
*Project work is most successful in an organizational
culture where these characteristics are highly prevalent
and where the other characteristics are balanced.
Information Technology Project
Management, Fourth Edition
17
Organizational Culture
Organizational culture is a set of
shared assumptions, values, and
behaviors that characterize the
functioning of an organization.
 Many experts believe the underlying
causes of many companies’ problems
are not the structure or staff, but the
culture.

Information Technology Project
Management, Fourth Edition
18
Stakeholder Management
Project managers must take time to
identify, understand, and manage
relationships with all project stakeholders.
 Using the four frames of organizations can
help you meet stakeholder needs and
expectations.
 Senior executives and top management
are very important stakeholders.

Information Technology Project
Management, Fourth Edition
19
Importance of Top
Management Commitment

Several studies cite top management commitment
as one of the key factors associated with project
success.

Top management can help project managers:

Secure adequate resources.

Get approval for unique project needs in a timely
manner.

Receive cooperation from people throughout the
organization.

Learn how to be better leaders.
Information Technology Project
Management, Fourth Edition
20
Need for Organizational Commitment to
Information Technology (IT)
If the organization has a negative attitude
toward IT, it will be difficult for an IT
project to succeed.
 Having a Chief Information Officer (CIO)
at a high level in the organization helps IT
projects.
 Assigning non-IT people to IT projects
also encourages more commitment.

Information Technology Project
Management, Fourth Edition
21
Need for Organizational
Standards
Standards and guidelines help project
managers be more effective.
 Senior management can encourage:

The use of standard forms and software for
project management.
 The development and use of guidelines for
writing project plans or providing status
information.
 The creation of a project management office
or center of excellence.

Information Technology Project
Management, Fourth Edition
22
With a New Partner

Select a recent change (or proposed
change) at Clayton or Atlanta?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
As of Jan 1, 2007, Joshua's Law - Driver's Ed
req'd to get license at 16! But Driver Ed not
available in H.S.
Clayton State University changing class
schedules from M-W to M-W-F
Building a new student activity center
Register and pay for Spring by Dec 8
HUB support hours and appointment process
Information Technology Project
Management, Fourth Edition
23
Analyzing this change …
1.
2.
3.
List at least 5 stakeholders in this
change and at least one potential
“project sponsor” of this change.
List at least 2 issues surrounding this
change or proposal for each of the 3
spheres: business, organization and
technology.
Describe 2 strategies to manage
stakeholders.
Information Technology Project
Management, Fourth Edition
24
For Thursday, January 18

Complete Reading Chapter 2
Information Technology Project
Management, Fourth Edition
25