Put these in the correct order.
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Order
Class
Species
Genus
Phylum
Kingdom
Family
Classification of Living
Organisms
TAXONOMY
_______________ =
branch of biology that
names and groups organisms
Early Taxonomist
Aristotle
Linnaeus
(300 B.C.)
Image from:
The first person to
group or classify
organisms was the
Greek teacher &
philosopher
ARISTOTLE
_______________
more than 2000
years ago.
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/aristotle.html
Aristotle’s Classification
-
Two groups
- Plants
- based on size
- Herbs
- Shrubs
- Trees
- Animals – where they lived
- Land
- Air
- Water
Image from: http://www4.d25.k12.id.us/ihil/images/Cougar.jpg
Common names can vary
Example:
puma,
catamount,
mountain lion,
cougar
. . . are all names
for same animal
By using a universally accepted scientific name,
scientists can be sure they are discussing
the same organism
Common names vary
Chipmunk
Streifenhornchen (German)
Tamia (Italian)
Ardilla listada (Spanish)
Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm
Common names can be misleading
Ex:
A jellyFISH isn’t a fish,
but a seaHORSE is!
Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish
Sea cucumber
sounds like a plant
but… it’s an animal!
Image from:
http://www.alaska.net/~scubaguy/images/seacucumber.jpg
By mid 19th century,
scientists recognized that
using common names was
confusing.
Scientists agreed to use
____________
to give a
Latin and Greek
single name to each
species.
Linnaeus’s System


Based on physical and structural
similarities
Developed the two word system of
naming organisms
• Binomial Nomenclature
• First word = Genus
• Second word = Species
Linnaeus’s System
Organisms are grouped in a
hierarchy of 7 different
taxonomic levels
OR ____________
TAXONS
Each organism has a two part
scientific name
= BINOMIAL
_________________________
NOMENCLATURE
Modern Classification System





Based on Evolutionary relationships
DNA comparisons
Physiological comparisons (biochemistry)
Anatomic comparisons (structure)
Breeding behaviors
Taxonomic Rankings
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Largest
The more taxonomic
rankings two
organisms have in
common the more
alike those organisms
are.
Scientific Name
Most Specific



King Phillip came over from great Spain.
Keep people close or fights get started.
Kids prefer cheese over fried green
spinach
What has been added in the recent years
that is missing?
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Carnivora
Family Felidae
Genus Panthera
Species leo
http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/dms/fapm/personnel/tom_b/2004-lion.jpg
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
(2-name naming system)
1st name = _______________
GENUS NAME
– Always capitalized
2nd name = _________________
SPECIES NAME
–Always lower case
UNDERLINED or
Both names are ______________
ITALICS
written in ____________.
GENUS = group of closely related
species
GENUS = Ursus
Ursus
arctos
(Includes many kinds of bears)
Ursus
maritimus
Ursus
americanis
SPECIES = unique to each kind of bear
http://www.macecanada.com/images/bears/kodiak_bear.gif
http://students.cs.byu.edu/~tole/Virtual%20Zoo/polar-bear.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Black_bear_large.jpg
Binomial nomenclature
Humans
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens
Image from: http://www.earlylearning.ubc.ca/images/photo_baby.jpg
Which two organisms are the most closely related?
Grizzly Bear
White Tail
Deer
Bobcat
Red Fox
Polar Bear
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Carnivora
Artiodactyla
Carnivora
Carnivora
Carnivora
Ursidae
Cervidae
Felidae
Canidae
Ursidae
Ursus
Odocoileus
Lynx
Vulpes
Ursus
arctos
virginianus
rufus
vulpes
maritimus
Cladograms

Used to show the evolutionary
relationships of derived characteristics

Derived Characteristics – appear in
recent organisms but not older
organisms
Bull
Frog
Snapping
Turtle
Kangaroo
Tuna
Lamprey
Mammary
Glands
Amnion
Dorsal and
Ventral nerve
cord
Backbone
Paired
Legs
The Three Domains
Bacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria
Archaea
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Protista
Characteristics of Living Things






Organization
Reproduction
Adaptation
Growth and Development
Response
Homeostasis
In order to be classified organism must be alive
Why Viruses are not Classified
DNA surrounded by protein coat:
Viruses are not living
no reproduction
The Prokaryotes
Kingdom Eubacteria
Prokaryotes - true bacteria
Found everywhere
Kingdom Archeabacteria
Prokaryotes – ancient bacteria
Found in hot springs, sulfur springs, salt lakes,
inhospitable places
The Eukaryotes
Kingdom Protista
Most diverse kingdom
Mostly microscopic
Most Unicellular
Lacks a complex organ system
May be autotrophic or heterotrophic
Eukaryotes con’t
Kingdom Fungi
Heterotrophs
May be multicellular
or unicellular
Absorbs nutrients
from organic material
in the environment
Eukaryotes con’t
Kingdom Plantae
Eukaryotes con’t
Kingdom Animalia