Integrating Concepts in Biology
PowerPoint Slides for Chapter 20:
Emergent Properties in Ecological Systems
by
A. Malcolm Campbell, Laurie J. Heyer, and
Chris Paradise
Lamar Valley, in Yellowstone National Park,
where emergent properties arise from the reintroduction of the gray wolf, a top predator
Figure UN20.1
A food web
Figure 20.1
Elk and wolf population counts in
Yellowstone National Park
Elk and wolf populations
20000
120
18000
Winter Elk Count
14000
80
12000
10000
60
8000
Winter Elk Count
6000
Wolf Numbers
40
4000
20
2000
Year
Figure 20.2
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
0
1986
0
Number of wolves
100
16000
Frequency
distribution of
diameters of mature
cottonwood trees
and of estimated
narrowleaf
cottonwood year of
germination
Figure 20.3
Cottonwoods in
winter, with elk
herd and grove
at Devil’s Slide
along the
Yellowstone
River
Figure 20.4
Frequency
distributions of
cottonwood diameters
at five study sites in
the northern
Yellowstone elk winter
range
Figure 20.5
Elk locations in and vegetation map of Gallatin
Canyon within Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
Figure 20.6
Effects of wolf presence on habitat use by elk
0.8
Wolves absent
0.7
Wolves present
0.6
Probability
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Elk presence in grassy area
Figure 20.7
Elk presence in conifer forest
Comparison
of terrain on
tree growth
Figure 20.8
Direct and indirect interactions without
wolves in the northern ecosystems of
Yellowstone National Park (a) and with
wolves present (b). Solid arrows indicate
documented responses; dashed arrows
indicate predicted responses.
Figure 20.9
The distributions
of seven plant
species along the
organic matter
gradient of a
lakeshore
Figure 20.10
RIPij values for each pairwise combination of
seven plant species grown in experimental buckets.
Three-way
sedge
Brownfruit rush
Loose-strife
St. John’s wort
Breaksedge
Sundew
Pipewort
Neighbor
Table 20.1
Threeway
sedge
Brownfruit rush
1
1.33
1.18
1.17
1.25
0.63
0.88
1.09
1.05
0.98
0.65
0.90
1
0.87
0.99
0.73
0.91
0.71
0.93
1.34
1
0.91
0.93
0.93
0.88
1.02
1.46
1.63
1
0.91
1.02
0.89
1.15
1.46
1.63
1.22
1
1.02
0.87
1.21
Loose- St. John’s
Breaksedge Sundew
strife
wort
Pipewort
Target
1.18
1.34
1.21
1.52
1.78
1.29
1.21
1
1.48
1.35
1.49
1.57
1.23
1.36
1.11
1
1.30
1.27
1.34
1.10
1.03
1.00
0.93
The relationship
between target and
neighbor scores and
percent sediment
organic matter content
for the seven species
at Axe Lake, Ontario
Figure 20.11
Bluefin and rainwater killifish, time for 50% of a test
population to die from exposure to two low oxygen
concentrations and two high temperature conditions, and
percentage of test populations that died from exposure to
three different salt concentrations.
Figure 20.12
Results of
competition tests at
different salt
concentrations for
rainwater and bluefin
killifish
Figure 20.13
The carbon
cycle
Figure 20.14
Distribution of biomass or energy at different
trophic levels in an ecological system
Figure 20.15
Range of habitats typically observed in a salt marsh
and surrounding terrestrial zone
Figure 20.16
Re-creation of Teal’s saltmarsh foodweb
Figure 20.17
Energy relationships in saltmarsh
planthoppers and katydids
350.0
323.5
Energy (kcal / m2 / year
300.0
Planthoppers
Katydids
275.0
250.0
205.0
200.0
150.0
100.0
50.0
99.4
70.0
29.4
10.8
70.0
48.5
18.6
0.0
Consumption Assimilation
Figure 20.18
Production
Respiration
Feces
One pathway of energy and carbon in the Georgia
saltmarsh
Figure 20.19