How are humans impacting the
environment?
The ability of ecosystems to provide these
services depends on BIOLOGICAL
BIODIVERSITY
DIVERSITY OR ______________
= a measure of the variety of organisms
present in different ecosystems.
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-n0w52j5uDg8/UMRKPbDGu0I/AAAAAAAAAMM/V0D-OTnHMlY/s1600/snowbird_Flinders_Ranges.jpg
http://www.apethana.com/gallery/data/media/4/Lianas%20in%20Interior%20of%20Lowland%20Rainforest,%20La%20Selva%20Biological%20Station,%20Costa%20Rica.jpg
Where can you find Biodiversity?
• Tropical Regions of the world contain 2/3 of all
land species on Earth
• Biodiversity increases as you move toward the
Equator
BIODIVERSITY makes
ecosystems more
STABLE
_______
Ecosystems with
MORE
_____
biodiversity are better able to
DISTURBANCES
resist ____________ such as species
loss, pollution, invasive species, urban
development, climate change, etc.
http://lonokeassembly.publishpath.com/Websites/lonokeassembly/images/JengaCutOut.jpgpg
http://www.southeastutah.org/photos/dino.jpg
VOCAB
Species that has died out =
extinct
______________
Species whose population size is
rapidly declining and will become
extinct if the trend continues
endangered
= _____________
http://www.blackfootedferret.org/
Species that is at risk of
becoming endangered in
threatened
the near future = ____________
http://www.fresnochaffeezoo.com/images/bald-eagle.gif
The declining population of one species can affect an entire ecosystem.
Question: What would happen to this ecosystem if kelp forest were destroyed?
BIODIVERSITY THREAT
Pollutant = any harmful material that
__________
can enter the biosphere through land,
air, or water
smog
________ =
Mixture of chemicals
that appear as a
gray-brown haze
in the atmosphere
http://www.cyberolimpiadas.com.sv/proyectos2004/gamma/proyecto3/smog.jpg
AIR RESOURCES
fossil fuels releases pollutants
Burning __________
that cause smog and other problems
in atmosphere.
Toxic chemicals
like nitrates,
sulfates, and
particulates
can cause
breathing problems
_____________
like ___________
asthma
http://www.cyberolimpiadas.com.sv/proyectos2004/gamma/proyecto3/smog.jpg
HOW DO WE HELP ?
• Smokestack “Scrubbers”
can control emissions
• Auto emission standards
• Clean air regulations
• Reduce use of fossil fuels
http://www.alexvisani.com/darkgallery/smog.jpg
Our Atmosphere
Composed of
• 78% Nitrogen
• 21% Oxygen
• 1% Argon
• >1% carbon dioxide
and other gases.
Our Atmosphere
• Many of the gases released by fossil
fuels and poisonous or harmful to
the environment.
• Chemical formulas
–O2 the oxygen we breathe
–O3 Ozone
–CO2 Carbon Dioxide
http://www.planetguide.net/book/chapter_5/ozone_layer.html
OZONE LAYER
Our atmosphere between
20-50 km contains
high concentrations
OZONE (O )
of ____________
which protect us from
the sun’s harmful
ultra-violet
______________
radiation.
3
http://pubweb.bnl.gov/users/xujun/www/bnl/ozone_layer_1.gif
Ozone
• Ozone is a highly radioactive, unstable molecule
WHAT WE KNOW
Scientists have been
depletion
monitoring the ____________
of ozone in our atmosphere
and have discovered
a hole in the ozone layer
Antarctica
over ____________.
Click here to see a movie
about the ozone hole
WMV, 616K
http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/facts/hole.html
Stratosphere
• Ozone is good up high, and bad nearby.
EFFECTS OF UV RADIATION
Skin cancer
__________________________________
Premature aging
________________________
of skin
Cataracts/blindness
__________________________________
crop yield
Reduces ________________
food chains
Disrupts __________________ in oceans
Click here to see a movie
about the effects of UV radiation
WMV, 618K
What’s the cause of Ozone
Depletion?
Chlorofluorocarbon
(CFC’s)
molecules _______
released from
air conditioners,
aerosol spray cans,
fire extinguishers,
and industry
destroy ozone
________________
http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/part3.html
OZONE DEPLETION
How do we help?
We can't make enough ozone to replace what's
been destroyed, but provided that we stop
producing ozone-depleting substances,
computer models predict natural ozone
production reactions should return the ozone
layer to normal levels by about 2050.
This is the first example of different countries
getting together on an environmental issue,
agreeing on what to do, doing something,
and seeing a positive effect
http://www.gifs.net/image/Words/Wow/Wow_rotates/4031
ACID RAIN
BURNING FOSSIL FUELS
What’s the cause?________________________
Emissions to Atmosphere
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur dioxide
Chemical Transformation
Nitric acid
Sulfuric acid
Condensation
Dry Fallout
particulates, gases
Industry
Transportation
Ore smelting
Precipitation
Acid rain, fog,
snow, and mist
Power generation
Sulfur oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Releases _______________
and ________________
into the atmosphere that react with water to
produce ACID RAIN.
ACID RAIN EFFECTS
•
•
•
•
•
damages buildings and statues
damages forests
kills fish
reduces biodiversity
causes illness & premature death
from heart & lung disorders like
asthma and bronchitis
ACID RAIN
HOW DO WE HELP?
Develop a National energy policy that emphasizes use of
alternative renewable energy sources
Cut down on activities that use fossil fuels
~ conserve electricity
~ drive less
Drive automobiles with increased fuel efficiency
OR run on alternative fuels
Recycle
(uses less energy than starting from scratch)
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Temperatures of Earth remain within a range
suitable for life
______________ because the _____________
atmosphere
insulating
acts as a natural _________________
blanket.
http://wwwstatic.bayareawritingproject.org/images/bawp41/earthAtmosphereIMG.gif
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Atmospheric gases such as
Carbon dioxide (CO2 )
___________________
methane
___________________
water vapor
___________________
CFC’s
___________________
NORMALLY trap heat
energy from the sun
like a greenhouse
Greenhouse effect
= _____________________
http://www.acmecompany.com/stock_thumbnails/13808.greenhouse_effect_2.jpg
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGEIs it real?
Some people say that the Earth has
cycles of warmer/cooler climate change and that
this is just part of that cycle.
Most scientists believe that the increase in
global temperatures is the result of human
activities that have increased the amount of
CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
WHAT’S the CAUSE?
• Burning solid waste, fossil fuels
(oil, natural gas, and coal), wood and wood products
• Production and transport of fossil fuels
•Decomposition of organic wastes in landfills
• Animal sources (methane)
•Deforestation
(trees remove CO2 from atmosphere)
WHAT NEXT?
• Some developed countries have already declared that
they will not continue to follow commitments to reduce
emissions
• developing countries have increased their carbon
emissions by 130% or more
• Delegates from nearly 200 countries have met several
times for major climate talks, but no new agreement
has been reached.
• They have just agreed to “talk about it”
• Some countries say no deal will be in place until at least
2020.
http://www.gifanimations.com/animation/MenuSelection/1/56
What is a CARBON FOOTPRINT?
CARBON FOOTPRINT
A ____________________
=
the total set of GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions
caused directly and indirectly by an individual,
organization, event or product
http://www.nature.org/initiatives/climatechange/calculator/
http://matadornetwork.cachefly.net/bravenewtraveler.com/docs//wp-content/images/posts/20080418-planet.jpg
Even if you don’t “believe” in
global warming . . .
Even if countries can’t agree
on emission levels …
we should still work to reduce our emissions
of global warming gases BECAUSE . . .
THINK ABOUT IT
WE KEEP DOING
WHAT WE ARE
DOINGNOTHING!
WE WORK TO
GET OFF FOSSIL
FUELS
Scientists are RIGHT
about man-made
Climate change
Scientists are
WRONG about man-made
Climate change
Environmental
Disaster
Consequences
too awful to
think about
Still have other problems
associated with fossil fuel
use: pollution/acid rain/
dependence on our
enemies
CHANGES HELP
TURN THINGS
AROUND + solve
other fossil fuel
problems
Solves other problems
associated with
fossil fuel use
REALLY
BAD
BAD
BEST! GOOD!
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
HOW DO WE HELP?
Watch your own carbon footprint
Cut down on activities that use fossil fuels
Drive automobiles with increased fuel efficiency
OR run on alternative fuels
Cut down on CO2 emissions
(with or without the Kyoto accord)
Recycle
(uses less energy than starting from scratch)
Reduce deforestation (plants use CO2)
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
HOW DO WE HELP?
Vote for leaders that support environmental issues
Write to your representatives and tell them what
you think
Develop a National Energy Policy that
emphasizes alternative energy and conservation
Support funding for research on environmental
issues and alternative energy production
Encourage innovation and creation of new ideas,
technology, and solutions to environmental
Power of one video
problems
What happens next depends on YOU!
YOUR GENERATION is the KEY
http://www.people-press.org/2013/02/21/section-1-opinions-about-major-issues/#carbon-emissions
Only 3 percent of voters 18 to 34
DON’T believe that climate change real.
FRESH WATER RESOURCES
Americans use BILLIONS of gallons of
drinking
washing
freshwater daily for ________,
________
watering crops
and ___________________
http://www.thesolutionsite.com/lesson/4601/freshwater.jpg
“INVISIBLE WATER”
DON’T FORGET THE _________________
Water used to make products that we don’t
think or know about
The PRODUCTION OF:
• 1 kg wheat costs 1,300 L water
• kg rice costs 3,400 L water
• 1 kg eggs costs 3,300 L water
• 1 kg beef costs 15,000 L water
• 1 cotton shirt costs 2,500 L water
• 1000 g of blue jeans costs 10,850 liters water
• 1 ton passenger car costs 400,000 liters of water
• Building a house uses about 6 million liters of water
HIDDEN WATER
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nDTmjR_GG1w
VIDEOS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bzQgB6eBj9c&feature=youtu.be
HOW DO WE HELP ?
• Water conservation
• Protect wetlands
and forests
• Water treatment plants
• Clean water regulations
hhttp://www.romanviii.co.uk/bp/nhpage.asp?pcat=about_us
THE BIG QUESTION ?
Human activities affect
renewable
resources like
________________
land, forests, air, fresh water.
How can we provide for our needs
without using up all resources?
_____________________________
= SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
~ Use natural resources without using them up
~ Provide for human needs WITHOUT causing
long term environmental harm
Pollutant Example:
_____
DDT was first modern insecticide
It was cheap, stayed active for long time, and
killed many different insects
Used to control agriculture pests
and disease carrying
_______________
MOSQUITOES
http://www.michigan.gov/images/mosquito_65147_7.jpg
http://www.ci.cypress.ca.us/public_works/stormwater_images/kids_watershed.jpg
When DDT was sprayed,
runoff carried it into rivers
and streams in LOW
concentrations.
http://www.geocities.com/~greyhawk_1/sh_e
agle-9.jpg
DDT then passes into
organisms through the
food chains
___________, is stored
tissues
in _______, and
degrade
doesn’t ___________.
http://www.geocities.com/~greyhawk_1/sh_eagle-9.jpg
BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION
______________________________
concentration
= the ____________ of a harmful substance
increases
____________as it passes to organisms at
higher trophic
_______________levels
in food chain or web.
Plants pick up
DDT from water
& store it
→
Herbivores eat
plants and store
some DDT
→
Carnivores eat
herbivores and
store more DDT
The wide spread use of DDT threatened
many species… especially fish eating
birds like osprey, brown pelican, and
bald eagles.
http://image10.webshots.com/11/3/94/67/2146394670011493049pwlCDV_ph.jpg
DDT causes birds to lay
fragile
eggs with ___________
shells so eggs would
break when sat on.
American Bald Eagle was declared
endangered in 1967. It has since been
“threatened”
reclassified as _____________________