DRAFT Analysis of Wastewater Management Sector in Palestine Nidal Mahmoud+ and Adel Yasin++ +Institute of Environmental and Water Studies, Birzeit University ++ Director of Sanitary Department/ Palestinian Water Authority PWA March 24, 2016 1 Presentation Outline • Background about past situation • present situation • Challenge1:Water Supply • Challenge 2: Fund • Challenge3: Israeli Conditions • Challenge4: WWTP Criteria March 24, 2016 • • • • • Challenge5: Upgrade old WW Network Challenge 6: Effluent Disposal Challenge 7: Policy & Laws Challenge 8: Capacity Building Looking for the Future 2 The Past situation for wastewater system During the occupation period, wastewater Sector used to be a very neglected issue • There are collection networks in the main cities and refugee camp (served 28-32% of population) remaining population uses cesspits • Many of these networks are old and poorly designed established before 1967 through Jordanian Administration and stayed without development March 24, 2016 3 The Past situation for wastewater system-continued • 40-50 MCM/Y of ww is generated, around 15 MCM/Y is collected by network then discharged into open areas (wadis) • Around 400 locations for vacuum tankers for discharging ww • There are very few un-functional wastewater treatment plant (94% of ww is discharged to wadies) March 24, 2016 4 The Past situation for wastewater system-continued • The un-treated Wastewater flows into the wadis • Some farmers use the mixture of both untreated wastewater and spring water in irrigation specially in Nablus and AlFar’a area March 24, 2016 5 Wastewater status in WB No. Main cities % of ww services Treatment services 1 Jenin 55 Not function 2 Tulkarem 75 Primarily stage 3 Qalqilya 70 No 4 Nablus 80 No 5 Salfit 80 On going 6 Ramallah 75 Low efficiency 7 El Bireh 88 High efficiency 8 Jerusalem 95 Under Israeli control 9 Bethelem 85 No 10 Hebron 80 On going Jericho Zero March 24, 2016 11 No 6 Percentage of Households that Use Cesspits March 24, 2016 Percentage of Households that Use Cesspits by Type of Locality and Region, 1997 (http://www.pcbs.org) 7 Status of WW management in Palestine !? March 24, 2016 8 Israeli Colonies effects on the Environment • Israel is controlling the Palestinians for 40 years but they did nothing to protect the environment • Israel moved most of internationally forbidden industries to the West Bank and disposes all toxic effluents into Palestinian land without tratment • 95% of the industry in the sraeli settlements is considered toxic & dangerous industries March 24, 2016 9 Israeli Colonies effects on the Environment Total effluent seawage discharged to the Wadis by Israeli Settlements is around 50 MCM • Palestinian Agricultural lands around the settlements were destroyed by untrated effluent March 24, 2016 10 Israeli Colonies effects on the Environment the last 10 years, The Palestinians allocated 250Millin USD for WWT projects but the Israelis stopped us by one way or another HOW!!!: • Security Areas • Connection of Illegal settlements • High Standards & Specifications March 24, 2016 11 Existing and near future WWTP Projects March 24, 2016 12 WW Projects No.1 Treatment name Status 1 Existing Jenin TP Overload and not function 2 Proposed Jenin regional TP Needs fund 3 Proposed Tubas TP Needs fund 4 Proposed Nablus west TP Tendering process 5 Proposed Nablus east TP Needs fund 6 Existing Tulkarem ponds Pre-treatment 7 Proposed Tulkarem TP Design phase 8 Proposed Salfeet TP Waiting for notice to proceed 9 Existing of El-Bireh TP Function at 2003 10 Existing of Ramallah TP Overload 11 Proposed of Ramallah TP Preparing the feasibility study 12 Proposed Jericho TP Needs fund 13 Proposed Wadi Al-Nar TP Preparing feasibility study 14 Proposed Hebron regional TP Tendering process 15 Proposed Ad Dahrriya TP March 24, 2016 Needs fund 13 Regional Sewerage Project Jenin • • • • • • • Project: Regional Sewerage Jenin Total Investment:40 Million USD Donor: Germany KFW Start Implementation: not yet Period of Implemntation: Status: TOR prepared needs approval from JWC Obstacles: Feasibility study could not be tendered before approval March 24, 2016 14 Regional WW Disposal Tulkarm • • • • • • • Project: Regional Sewerage Tulkarm Total Investment:45 Million USD Donor: Germany-KFW Start Implemntation:2008 Period of Implemntation: 3 years Status: Feasibility Study ready Obstacles: March 24, 2016 15 Sewerage Nablus West • Project: Sewerage Nablus-west (investment/Infrastructure restortion Measures • Total Investment: • Donor:Germany -KFW • Start Implemntation:1998 • Period of Implemntation: 37.8 Million USD • Status: Final Design ready • Obstacles: March 24, 2016 16 Ramallah Sewerage Treatment Project • • • • • • • Project: Ramallah Sewerage Treatment Total Investment: Donor: Germany KFW Start Implemntation:Not yet Period of Implemntation: Status: Feasibility study Ready Obstacles: TP Location March 24, 2016 17 Al-Bireh Wastewater Treatment Plant • • • • • • • • Project: Sewerage Al-Bireh Objectives Total Investment: 12 Million USD Donor: Germany - KFW Start Implemntation:1998 Period of Implemntation: 2.5 Years Status: Functional TP Obstacles: March 24, 2016 18 Salfeet Sewerage • Project: Sewerage Salfeet (investment/Infrastructure restortion Measures • Total Investment:11 Million USD • Donor: Germany KFW • Start Implemntation: 1995 • Period of Implemntation: • Status: postponded • Obstacles:JWU approval March 24, 2016 19 Hebron WWTP • • • • • • • Project: Total Investment: 45 Million USD Donor: USAID Start Implemntation: Not Yet Period of Implemntation: Status: Postponded Obstacles: Regulation of USAID March 24, 2016 20 Jericho WW collection System • • • • • • • Project: Total Investment: () Million USD Donor: JICA Start Implemntation: Not Yet Period of Implemntation: 3 years Status: Feasibility Study is Ready Obstacles: Location of WWTP, JWC Approvement March 24, 2016 21 Abu-Dis WW collection System • • • • • • Project: Abu-Dis, Al-Izarita & Az-Zaim WW Total Investment: (25) Million USD Donor: Submitted to AFD Start Implemntation: Not Yet Period of Implemntation: Status: Obstacles: Not Funded yet March 24, 2016 22 Despite all what have been done, still huge efforts are needed to properly manage the wastewater in Palestine March 24, 2016 23 Challenges1: Water Supply Priorities • Providing drinking water systems takes the priority where still more than 220 thousands in around 220 communities without networks • Chaleenge2: Raising huge amount of fund to improve WW sector services more than billion US Dollar are needed March 24, 2016 24 Challenge2: Limitation of fund and donor regulations and requirements • Challenge3: unsustainability & stability of External Donation Donor funds only to have sustainable & sanitation infrastructures, PWA policy and strategies should carefully considers the affordability of beneficiaries to pay for this service March 24, 2016 25 Challenges Israeli conditions through JWC that affect, postponds, stop projects for unreasonable aspects • Connection of illegal Israeli Settlement effluent to Palestinian Sewerage Systems • Specifications and standars of effluents and treated ww imposed by Israelis • Security aspects March 24, 2016 26 Challenges • Challenges4: selection of Appropriate treatment systems and technologies that leads to WW management driving forces and treatment technologies that achieve specific criterias by utilizing all type of technologies that help to minimize the running cost, example: produce gas CH4, incineration of sludge and available solid waste March 24, 2016 27 Driving Forces for WW Management • Public health risks: waterborne diseases • Environmental protection: water resources and soil • National and regional policies: standards and guidelines • Adequate sanitation services: life quality standards • Economical benefits: reuse and recreation • Political issues: regional stability March 24, 2016 28 Criteria for WWT selection • Satisfactory treatment efficiency towards: COD/BOD, suspended solids, N, P, etc. • Robust technology: high stability towards power cut, peak loads, toxicants, etc. • Flexible with respect to future amendments (extensions, improvement) • Simple in operation maintenance and control • Limited number of treatment steps • Absence of disposal problems (e.g. sludge) • No malodour nuisance • Availability of local experience • Designed for (by) product recovery March 24, 2016 29 Challenges Challenge 5: Upgrading of the West Bank old urban sewage works • Odor nuisance: -Overloaded pond systems -Misconception in design • Land availability: - No space for extension March 24, 2016 30 Challenge 6: Final effluent disposal Reuse in agriculture: where, this was one of the main target of Master Plan started in 1996 • Treated ww recycling and reuse is considered a very important option for generating additional water resources to replace fresh water used for agricultural and industrial purposes Artificail Recharge through Disposal final effluent in Wadis: environmental impact; compliance with political agreements March 24, 2016 31 Challenge 7: Enforcement of policy and laws PWA policy: • Based on “Polluter Pays Principle” and envisages a full cost recovery based on affordability basis, water-tariff models should be developed to assure cost recovery Palestinian Water Law: • - Set of regulations and rules entailing pollution fees for environmental pollution handlings March 24, 2016 32 Challenge 8: Capacity building • Building and maintaining a core staff for managing and regulating the wastewater projects: review of documents and formulation of future plans • Prepare for all training and capacity building program that required to support sustainable operation of the WWTP, and to achieve value from reuse of the treated wastewater. March 24, 2016 33 Look into the Future Sustainable planning of WWTP WW treatment facilities • Realistic planning and management? • Affordable CAPEX and OPEX? Political issues • Sovereignty? • Political power? • Commitment? March 24, 2016 34 Look into the Future Sustainable Operation Small WWTP Financial Resources • Effective financial management • Socio-cultural aspects • Public awareness and cleaner production tools Institutional issues • Establishment of wastewater associations? • Private sector involvement in sanitation services • Pollution control & reuse guidelines? • Water quality & public health protection? March 24, 2016 35