•TR runs against Taft for the
Republican nomination.
•TR is not nominated for the
Republican nomination
because the Conservatives
supported Taft.
•Ballinger-Pinchot quarrel,
•Sec. of the Interior Ballinger
opened public lands in
Wyoming, Montana, and
Alaska to development
•Angered TR's proconservation stand.
The
BallingerPinchot
Controversy
•TR forms his own party called the Progressive “Bull
Moose Party”……..
•As a result, TR splits the Republican Party and
Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) will be elected.
The Progressive Party
& Theodore Roosevelt
GOP Divided by Bull Moose
Equals Democratic Victory!
Roosevelt’s Campaign Slogan
New Nationalism: Favored an
active government role in economic
and social affairs.
•Good vs. bad trusts which were
regulated by the U.S. Govt.
•Continuation of his Square Deal
policies.
•Direct Election of Senators
•Tariff reduction
•Presidential primaries
•Regulation of monopolies
•End child labor
•Women’s suffrage
No
Third-Term
Principle
New Freedom
New Nationalism
Goal:
• Favored an active role in
economic and social
affairs.
• Favored small
businesses and the free
functioning and
unregulated and
unmonopolized markets.
• Tackle the “triple wall of
privilege”: the tariff, the
banks, and the trusts.
1. Similar to Roosevelt’s
New Nationalism.
Goal:
• Continuation of his Square
Deal which were reforms
to help the common man.
• Favored a more active govt
role in economic and
social affairs.
1. Good trusts vs. bad trusts
2. Direct election of senators
3. Tariff reduction
4. Presidential primaries
5. Regulation of monopolies
6. End child labor
7. Initiative and referendum
8. Women’s suffrage
GOP Divided by Bull Moose
Equals Democratic Victory!
The
GOP:
An
Extinct
Animal?
Wilson’s Slogan
•
•
New Freedom: restore the
free competition and equal
opportunity but not through
big government….
Tackle the “triple wall of
privilege”: the tariff, the
banks, and the trusts.
•Wilson passes quite a bit of legislation which was
similar to Roosevelt’s New Nationalism….
•Federal Trade Commission
•16th Amendment
Progressive
Wilson’s time is
Movement ends
devoted to the
•Underwood Tariff Bill
in 1917 with US
WWI instead of
•Federal Reserve Act
entrance into
the Progressive
WWI
Reforms.
•Clayton Anti-Trust Act
•Keating-Owen Act (Hammer v. Dagenhart)
Moral Diplomacy
Wilson tries to move away from
imperialism, but is forced to
intervene in places like Haiti and the
Dominican Republic due to political
turmoil.
 Purchase of Virgin Islands from
Denmark in 1917.

Moral Diplomacy in Mexico
A billion dollars in investment by
Americans by 1913
 Victoriano Huerta installed as
president in 1913, and over a million
Mexicans flee to the U.S. in the first
three decades of the 20th century
 Wilson refuses to recognize Huerta’s
government.

Moral Diplomacy in Mexico




Allows weapons to go to Huerta’s rivals
(Carranza and Pancho Villa) in 1914
American soldiers arrested at Tampico,
and Wilson asks for authority to use force
on Mexico.
Wilson orders the Navy to seize the
Mexican port of Vera Cruz.
ABC powers mediate, and Huerta’s
government collapses with Carranza
taking over
Nationalism
•Countries proud of their heritage
and culture
•Similar to patriotism
•Ethnic groups of similar heritage
wanted to free their oppressed
brethren and unite their people
into one country
•Germany wanted to expand its
culture and political influence
throughout Europe.
4. Aggressive Nationalism
Franz Ferdinand’s funeral procession
Garvillo Princip, a Serbian
nationalist assassinated the
Archduke. He was trying to gain
allowances for his fellow Serbs
who lived under Austrian rule.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
and his family. Archduke
was heir to the throne in
the Austrian Hungarian
Empire. His assassination
June 28, 1914 eventually
led to WWI.
franz
•Austrian-Hungarian
Empire controlled
several ethic groups.
Saravejo
•Serbian nationalists
wanted to untie Serbs
who lived in the
Austrian-Hungarian
Empire with Serbia.
•This led to the
assassination of the
Archduke Franz
Ferdinand.
alliances1
Imperialism
•France, Great Britain, Germany
and Russia were establishing
colonies in Africa and Asia
•economic and political control
over other countries……
•these countries were in
competition for colonies
European nations competing for colonies around the
world…..Imperialism
CartoonEuropean grab
bag
CartoonEuropean grab
bag
Militarism
•European nations
began an arms race as
they competed for
colonies around the
world……
Soldiers Mobilized
14
12
Millions
10
8
6
4
2
0
France
Germany
Russia
Britain
Militarism & Arms Race
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Germany,
Austria-Hungary, Italy, France, British and Russia] in
millions of dollars.
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1914
94
130
154
268
289
398
1910-1914 Increase in Defense
Expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%
By 1906, President Roosevelt had built the US Navy into
the 3rd largest naval fleet in the world….
The Great White Fleet
Mobilization
 Home by Christmas!
 No major war in 50 years!
 Nationalism!
Alliances
•European nations began
forming military alliances with
one another to maintain a
balance of power ……..
Triple Alliance
Central Powers
Triple Entente
Allied Powers
Germany
Austria-Hungary Empire
Bulgaria
Great Britain
France
Russia
1.
June 28
Assassination at
Sarajevo
2.
July 28
Austria-Hungary
declared war on
Serbia
3.
July 30
Russia began
mobilization
4.
August 1
Germany
declared war on
Russia
alliances1
5.
August 3
Germany
declared war on
France
6.
August 3
Great Britain
declared war on
Germany
7.
August 6
Russia and
Austria/Hungary
at war.
8.
August 12
Great Britain
declared war on
Austria/Hungary
alliances2
Two Armed Camps!
Allied Powers
Central Powers
Great Britain
Germany
France
AustrianHungarian Empire
Russia
Turkey
Italy
battle fronts
•German invasion in August of
1914, through Belgium to
conquer France.
•Gave French and British
militaries enough time to
mobilize their army
•Belgium puts up a strong
fight.
•1st Battle of the Marne River,
France and Great Britain stop
Germany from capturing Paris.
•France, England and Germany
involve itself in trench warfare
from 1914 to 1918
battle fronts
Stalemate
Modern Warfare
 By September 1914, the war  Neither soldiers nor officers
had reached a stalemate, a
were prepared for the new,
situation in which neither side
highly efficient killing machines
is able to gain an advantage.
used in WW I.
 When a French and British
 Machine guns, hand grenades,
force stopped a German
artillery shells, and poison gas
advance near Paris, both
killed thousands of soldiers who
sides holed up in trenches
left their trenches to attack the
separated by an empty “no
enemy.
man’s land.” Small gains in  As morale fell, the lines between
land resulted in huge numbers soldiers and civilians began to
of human casualties.
blur. The armies began to burn
 Both sides continued to add
fields, kill livestock, and poison
new allies, hoping to gain an
wells.
advantage.
•Panama Canal was completed in
August of 1914 just a week before
WWI began in Europe.
•Woodrow Wilson became President
in 1912.
•Americans were shocked by the
outbreak of war but…………..it was
in Europe.
•US was officially NEUTRAL
The effect of the war upon the United States will depend upon
what American citizens say and do. Every man who really loves
America will act and speak in the true spirit of neutrality, which
is the spirit of impartiality and fairness and friendliness to all
concerned.
The people of the United States are drawn from many nations,
and chiefly from the nations now at war. It is natural and
inevitable that there should be the utmost variety of sympathy.
Some will wish one nation, others another, to succeed in the
momentous struggle.
I venture, therefore, my fellow countrymen, the United States
must be neutral in fact, as well as in name, during these days
that are to try men's souls.
•US believed
•It had the right to trade
with the warring nations
•Warring nations must
respect our neutrality
•in the freedom of the
seas
•German submarine warfare
and British blockade violated
our neutrality
notes2
Effects of Allied blockade
•1914, $70 million in trade
with Central powers
•1916, trade reduced to
$1.3 million
Allied trade
•Grew from $825 million to
$3.2 billion in same time
period
•WWI transformed the US
from a debtor to a creditor
nation
•The Germans could not match
Great Britain's superior navy.
•Germans introduced
unrestricted submarine
warfare with U-Boats
•Germans warned the world
they would sink any ship they
believed was carrying
contraband to Great Britain.
U-Boats
Two types
•small subs
with a crew of
24
•larger subs
with a crew of
60
•44 by 1918
•By 1918, Germans had sunk 6,500 allied
ships.
Lusitania ad
war zone
•May 7, 1915, the Germans sunk the
Lusitania which was British passenger liner.
•Germans believed it was carrying
contraband (weapons) to the British.
•Killed 1,198 civilians including 128 Americans.
•U.S. and other countries outraged towards
Germany because of “unrestricted submarine
warfare”.
•US believed the Germans had violated
international law of targeting civilians
Lusitania
•After the sinking of the
Lusitania, public opinion of
most Americans was to go to
war with Germany.
•Germany promised they would
not sink anymore ships unless
warning them first and
providing safety for civilians.
•BUT, President Wilson was
able to “keep us out of war” ….
X
Sussex Sunk: led to
Sussex Pledge in
March 1916. Germany
promised not to sink
war zone
anymore ships.