Cell
The smallest unit that can perform all the processes
necessary for life.
The basic unit of life.
Cell Membrane
A protective layer that covers the cell.
Barrier (like your skin)
Controls what goes in and out of the cell
All cells have one
Organelle
Structures inside the cell that perform specific functions.
Parts of the cell
Nucleus
Contains DNA in eukaryotic cells
Control center or brain of the cell that carries instructions
for making proteins
The dark spot in the nucleus is the NUCLEOLUS
Prokaryote
A type of cell that is:
Simple
Single celled
No nucleus
Most are bacteria
DNA is circular
Eukaryote
A type of cell that is:
Complex
Usually multicellular=more than one cell
Has a membrane bound nucleus
Usually larger
Examples are plants and animals
DNA is linear
Cell Wall
Plants only
Outer most, rigid structures that gives support
Made of cellulose (complex sugar)
Ribosomes
Make protein (protein synthesis)
Smallest organelles
More ribosomes than any other organelle
Some attach to the ER and some float freely
Chloroplasts
In PLANT CELLS
Contains chlorophyll (green pigment)
Uses the sun’s energy to make food (photosynthesis)
Packages and distributes proteins
Golgi
Looks like smooth ER
Takes lipids and proteins from the ER and modifies them
A part of the Golgi pinches off to deliver modifies proteins
or lipids around the cell or OUT of the cell
Vesicle
The part that pinches off the Golgi is a vesicle.
Small sac that surrounds material to be moved around or
out of the cell.
Vacuole
Large storage organelle
Stores water and other material
Larger Size-not prey for as many organisms
Benefits of Being
Multicellular
Longer Life-not limited to the life of one cell
Specialization-each type of cell has a particular job
A group of cells that work together
Tissue
To perform a specific job
Ex. Cardiac muscle in the heart
Two or more
Organ
Tissues working together to perform a specific function
Ex: Heart
Organ System
A group of organs working together to perform a particular
function
Function
Cell Theory
The job the part does
All organisms are made of one or more cells
The cell is the basic unit of all living things
All cells come from other cells
Scientist that helped discover cells
and develop the Cell Theory
Cytoplasm
1665, Hooke- first saw cork cells through a microscope
1673, Leeuwenhoek-saw animalcules in pond scum
(protists)
1838, Schleiden- determined all plants are made of cells
1839, Schwann-determined all animals are made of cells
Wrote the first 2 parts of the cell theory
1858, Virchow-Cells come from other cells, the last part of
the cell theory
The gel-like substance in the cell that hold the organelles
Endoplasmic Reticulum
ER
A system of folded membranes near the nucleus
Makes lipids and breaks down toxic material
Internal delivery system
Rough ER=ribosomes are attached
Smooth ER=no ribosomes are attached
Mitochondrion
Main power source for the cell
Breaks down sugar to make ATP
Lysosomes
Organelles that digest/destroy worn out or damaged
organelles
Get rid of WASTE
Protects from foreign envaders
Structure
The arrangement of parts in an organism
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Shape
Material it is made of