ENLARGEMENT DG
EU ENLARGEMENT
From Six to Fifteen and Beyond
DG Enlargement
Information Unit
1
ENLARGEMENT DG
Treaty of Rome
25 March, 1957
His Majesty the King of the Belgians, the President of the Federal
Republic of Germany, the President of the French Republic, the
President of the Italian Republic, Her Royal Highness the Grand
Duchess of Luxembourg, Her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands,
resolved by pooling their resources to preserve and strengthen peace
and liberty and calling upon the other peoples of Europe who share
their ideal to join in their efforts,
have decided to create a European Community.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
From Six To Fifteen
1957
3
ENLARGEMENT DG
From Six To Fifteen
1973
4
ENLARGEMENT DG
From Six To Fifteen
1981
5
ENLARGEMENT DG
From Six To Fifteen
1986
6
ENLARGEMENT DG
From Six To Fifteen
1995
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ENLARGEMENT DG
From Six to Fifteen… and Beyond
2002
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Tomorrow's Europe
13 December 2002
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Treaty of the European Union (TEU)
Article 49 of the TEU: Any European State which
respects the principles set out in Article 6(1) may apply to
become a member of the Union.
Article 6 of the TEU: The Union is founded on the
principles of liberty, democracy, respect for human
rights and fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law,
principles which are common to the Member States.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
The Europe & Association Agreements
Country
Europe
Agreement signed
Europe
Agreement came
into force
Official
application for
EU Membership
Bulgaria
Czech Rep.
Estonia
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Poland
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
March 1993
October 1993
June 1995
December 1991
June 1995
June 1995
December 1991
February 1993
October 1993
June 1996
February 1995
February 1995
February 1998
February 1994
February 1998
February 1998
February 1994
February 1995
February 1995
February 1999
December 1995
January 1996
November 1995
March 1994
October 1995
December 1995
April 1994
June 1995
June 1995
June 1996
Country
Association
Agreement signed
Association
Agreement came
into force
Official
application for
EU Membership
Turkey
Malta
Cyprus
September 1963
December 1970
December 1972
December 1964
April 1971
June 1973
14 April 1987
16 July 1990
3 July 1990
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ENLARGEMENT DG
The Copenhagen Criteria
• Political criteria
The applicant country must have achieved stability of its
institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human
rights and respect for and protection of minorities.
• Economic criteria
It must have a functioning market economy, as well as the
capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces
within the EU.
• Criteria of the adoption of the acquis
It must have the ability to take on the obligations related to of
membership, including adherence to the aims of political,
economic and monetary union.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
The Opinions
• An assessment against the Copenhagen criteria: a detailed
description and analysis of the political and economic situation
in each applicant country.
• An evaluation of its capacity to adopt and implement the acquis
(that is, the rights and obligations deriving from the EU treaties
and laws) in all areas of the Union’s activity.
• An indication of possible problems in taking on the acquis.
• A recommendation concerning the opening of negotiations.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Recommendations of the Commission
15 July 1997
Based on the following conclusions:
• None of the candidates fully satisfy all the criteria at the present time;
• Nine countries satisfy the political conditions;
• Certain countries have made sufficient progress towards satisfying
the economic conditions;
• The Commission considers that Hungary, Poland, Estonia, the
Czech Republic, Slovenia and Cyprus could be in a position to
satisfy all the conditions of membership in the medium-term.
The Commission recommends the Council to open negotiations
with these countries.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
The New Europe: Architecture
The European Union
EFTA
Countries
4 liberties:
Free
movement of
persons
goods
Single Market
Trade
Single Currency
Environment
Political Union
Culture
Economic &
Social Cohesion
Political
consultation
services
captial
EEA
Treaty
Candidate
Countries
Future
membership
Europe and Association
Agreements
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ENLARGEMENT DG
The New Europe: Integration
EU
EFTA
EU Applicants
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ENLARGEMENT DG
The New Europe: Security
Member of EU
and NATO
Member of EU
but not NATO
Future EU Member
also in NATO
Future EU Member
& partner of NATO
NATO Members
not in the EU
NATO partners
not in the EU
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ENLARGEMENT DG
The New Europe: Schengen
EU Member States
in the Schengen area
EU Member States
not in the
Schengen area
Candidate Countries
Countries in the
Schengen area,
not EU Member
States and not
Candidate Countries
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Luxembourg European Council
12-13 December 1997
Launch of the Enlargement process
1. European Conference (12 March 1998):
Subjects for discussion: fight against drugs and organised crime,
CFSP issues, environmental protection, promoting competitive and
regional cooperation
• 10 Central and Eastern European Candidates,
• Cyprus
• (and Turkey)
2. Opening of accession negotiations in six individual conferences
on 31 March 1998
The Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, Slovenia and Cyprus
3. Strategy for Turkey: Full use of the 1963 Association Agreement,
consolidation and deepening of the customs union, implementation of
financial cooperation, approximation of laws and participation in
certain community programmes and agencies. Regularly reviewed by
the Association Council. Invitation to participate in the European
Conference.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
The European Conference
•
The only forum where the candidate countries can meet with
Member States to discuss issues with a cross-border dimension
such as justice and home affairs – notably crime and drugs –
environment, regional cooperation and Common Foreign and
Security Policy.
•
Since the aim of the Conference is to provide the overarching
framework for the enlargement process, it is necessary to
reserve participation in the Conference for Member States and
candidate countries only.
•
First meeting: London, 12 March 1998
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Berlin European Council
24-25 March 1999
The Presidency Conclusions declared that:
In light of the outcome on Agenda 2000, the European
Council wishes to send a message of reassurance to the
countries negotiating for accession. Enlargement remains
an historic priority for the European Union. The accession
negotiations will continue each in accordance with its own
rhythm and as rapidly as possible. It calls upon the Council
and the Commission to ensure that the pace of the
negotiations is maintained accordingly.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Main elements of Agenda 2000
In a single framework, the Commission outlines:
• The broad perspectives for the development of the European
Union and its policies beyond the turn of the century
(e.g. CAP and regional policies);
• The impact of enlargement on the Union as a whole;
• The future financial framework beyond 2000, taking account of
the prospect of an enlarged Union.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Reinforced Pre-accession Strategy
• Accession Partnership
• Increase pre-accession aid (2000-2006):
- Phare (€ 1.500 million per year);
- Structural Funds (ISPA) (€ 1.000 million per year);
- Agricultural support (SAPARD) (€ 500 million per year).
• Opening of Community programmes and agencies for the
applicant countries.
• Review mechanism
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Accession Partnerships
An Accession Partnership has been drawn up for each candidate
country. This:
• Provides an assessment of the priority areas in which the candidate
country needs to make progress in order to prepare for accession;
• Outlines the ways in which the Phare Programme will support
such accession preparations;
• Mobilises all forms of EU support within a single framework for
each country;
• Contains precise commitments on the part of the candidate
countries relating in particular to democracy, macroeconomic
stabilisation, industrial restructuring, nuclear safety and the
adoption of the acquis.
• Is complemented by National Programmes for the Adoption of the
Acquis (NPAA).
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Berlin European Council
24-25 March 1999
•
Expenditure for the three pre-accession instruments
(Phare, the structural instrument and the agricultural instrument).
•
The annual ceiling for the three sub-headings should remain at a
constant level throughout the period and should not exceed:
Pre-accession instruments
(€ million 1999 prices)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006
Pre-accession instruments
3,120 3,120 3,120 3,120 3,120 3,120
Phare
1,560 1,560 1,560 1,560 1,560 1,560
Structural
1,040 1,040 1,040 1,040 1,040 1,040
Agricultural
520
520
520
520
520
520
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Helsinki European Council
10-11 December 1999
Impact on accession
The European Council, meeting in Helsinki, decided in particular to:
1.
Launch official negotiations in February 2000 with Bulgaria,
Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Romania and Slovakia;
2.
Consider each applicant on its own merits during the
negotiations. This principle will apply both to the opening and
the conduct of negotiations;
3.
Allow applicant countries that have just started the negotiating
process to catch up with the countries already in negotiations
within a reasonable time, provided they have made sufficient
progress with their preparations;
4.
Ensure that progress in negotiations goes hand in hand with
progress in incorporating the acquis into legislation and
implementing it in practice.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Nice European Council
7-9 December 2000
The European Council, meeting in Nice, focused on:
•
Fresh impetus to the process;
•
Institutional Reform for a Europe with 27 or more members;
•
Concluding of a roadmap as main tool for enlargement;
•
Maintaining principle of differentiation;
•
Welcoming progress in implementing pre-accession strategy
for Turkey.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Gothenburg European Council
15-16 June 2001
The European Council, meeting in Gothenburg, reached the following
conclusion, confirming the breakthroughs in the negotiations on
enlargement:
•
The enlargement process is irreversible;
•
The roadmap is the framework for the successful completion
of the enlargement negotiations;
•
Completing negotiations by the end of 2002 for those candidate
countries that are ready should be possible. The objective is
that they should participate in the European Parliament
elections of 2004 as members;
•
Good progress has been made in implementing the preaccession strategy for Turkey, including an enhanced political
dialogue. However, in a number of areas such as human rights,
further progress is needed.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Brussels European Council
24-25 October 2002
“The historic process launched in Copenhagen in
1993 to overcome the divisions throughout our
continent is about to bear fruit ….
… the biggest ever enlargement of the Union is
now within reach”.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Copenhagen European Council
12-13 December 2002
“For the first time in history Europe will become
one because unification is the free will of its
people.
… The deal that we have reached here in
Copenhagen represents EU at its best: leadership,
solidarity and determination”.
R. Prodi
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Accession negotiations: Launch
•
The Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, Slovenia and
Cyprus (first group of countries, formerly known as
‘Luxembourg Group’): 31 March 1998.
•
Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Romania and the Slovak
Republic (second group of countries, formerly known as
‘Helsinki Group’): 15 February 2000.
•
Turkey: The Helsinki European Council (December 1999)
confirmed that Turkey is a candidate destined to join the Union
on the basis of the same criteria as those applied to the other
candidate countries.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Accession negotiations: Regular Reports
•
Regular reports are adopted by the European Commission on
progress by the candidate countries in meeting the EU’s
membership criteria.
•
Regular reports are produced on a yearly basis since 1998.
•
Regular reports follow the same methodology as the Opinions.
•
Regular reports use the same objective criteria as used in 1997
(the Copenhagen criteria).
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Accession negotiations: Screening
Screening = analytical examination of the Union's acquis,
which precedes the negotiations
• A multilateral exercise: the commission identifies and explains to
all candidates the acquis applicable at the date of opening the
negotiations with the candidates.
• A bilateral exercise: the commission assesses the state of
implementation of the acquis by each candidate country and
identifies gaps to be filled.
• A basis for the negotiation: the Commission establishes a
"screening report" on each chapter and for each country, which
will serve as a basis to launch the actual, technical negotiation
process.
• An ongoing mechanism: it is used now to identify and explain
elements of NEW legislation, that also need to be adopted by the
candidates before they join.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Accession negotiations: Chapters
1. Free movement of goods
2. Freedom of movement for persons
3. Freedom to provide services
4. Free movement of capital
5. Company law
6. Competition policy
7. Agriculture
8. Fisheries
9. Transport policy
10. Taxation
11. Economic and monetary union
12. Statistics
13. Social policy and employment
14. Energy
15. Industrial policy
16. Small and medium-sized
enterprises
17. Science and research
18. Education and training
19. Telecommunications and IT
20. Culture and audiovisual policy
21. Regional policy and structural instruments
22. Environment
23. Consumers and health protection
24. Justice and home affairs
25. Customs union
26. External relations
27. Common foreign and security policy
28. Financial control
29. Financial and budgetary provisions
30. Institutions
31. Other
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Accession negotiations: Chapters
Luxembourg group (first group of candidate countries)
•
Between March 1998 and December 1999: twenty-three out of thirty-one
chapters were opened with eight to eleven chapters provisionally closed
(depending on the country).
•
End 1999: chapters closed for all six countries: statistics, Economic and
Monetary Union, industrial policy, small and medium-sized enterprises,
science and research, consumers and health protection, education and
training, telecommunication and IT.
•
Spring 2000: further chapters opened: agriculture, regional policy, freedom of
movement of persons, justice and home affairs, financial control, and
financial and budgetary provisions.
•
Mid 2000: final chapter opened – agriculture – (remaining questions) with a
view to reaching a preliminary overview by the end of 2000 on the situation
for these six countries (including problematic areas and transitional periods
requested).
•
June 2001: all chapters opened for negotiations: transitional arrangements
concerning the free movement of persons for Hungary.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Accession negotiations: Chapters
Helsinki group (second group of candidate countries)
•
Joined the negotiations in February 2000.
•
28 March 2000: EU opened an initial list of negotiating chapters, with a
common core of five chapters for all countries: small and medium-sized
enterprises, science and research, education and training, external relations,
and common foreign and security policy – and with one, two or three more for
some countries.
•
The number and nature of the chapters differed according to each country’s
level of preparedness: measured by the applicant country’s progress in
meeting the Copenhagen criteria, including transposition of the acquis and
establishment of administrative bodies necessary to apply the acquis.
•
25 May 2000: EU provisionally closed some of these first chapters with each
of these countries.
•
Negotiations continue, with further chapters to be opened on the basis of
differentiation and preparedness.
•
June 2001: all chapters opened for Slovakia, Latvia and Lithuania.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Accession negotiations: Procedure
• Submission of negotiating positions by candidate country, chapter
by chapter, following screening.
• The Commission (DG Enlargement in consultation with relevant
"sectoral" DGs) prepares a draft common position (for each
chapter), and submits it to the Council (meeting as an
intergovernmental conference).
• The Council unanimously adopts a common position and
unanimously decides to open the negotiations on the chapter.
• Common positions may be altered in the course of negotiations if
the applicants submit fresh information or agree to withdraw a
request for a transitional period.
• Chapter provisionally closed following unanimous decision by the
intergovernmental conference. Chapters definitively closed only
when all negotiations with the candidate country are concluded.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Accession negotiations: Roadmap
• First half of 2001: opening of first chapters: internal market related
matters, social matters and environment.
• Second half of 2001: provisional closure for chapters needing a
longer preparation period in the second semester: competition,
transport, energy, taxation, customs union, agriculture, justice and
home affairs, financial control, Schengen.
• First half of 2002: provisional closure of remaining chapters and
agreement on transitional measures: agriculture (remaining
questions), regional policy and structural instruments, financial and
budgetary provisions, institutions, other matters.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Accession negotiations: Monitoring
• All chapters opened and those provisionally closed will have an update screening to incorporate new acquis adopted since 1999.
• The up-date screening will also allow the Commission to verify
whether the applicants have fulfilled the commitments entered into
during the negotiations (so-called monitoring exercise).
• Negotiation chapters that have been provisionally closed may be
reopened if an applicant has not fulfilled its commitments.
• This procedure is to be triggered only in exceptional cases, i.e. when
there is a significant gap between the commitments and the actual
progress being made by the applicant country in transposing and
applying the relevant acquis.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Towards an Enlarged Europe
9 October 2002 - Regular Reports:
• The Commission recommends conclusion of negotiations
with ten candidate countries: Cyprus, the Czech
Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta,
Poland, the Slovak Republic, and Slovenia.
• These countries will be ready for membership at the
beginning of 2004.
• 2007: indicative date for accession chosen by Bulgaria and
Romania.
• Strengthening support for Turkey’s pre-accession
preparations.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
The Future Member States
Next steps for the candidate countries:
• Preparations for membership will continue and be
monitored by the Commission.
• Special effort required in the following sectors: customs,
agriculture, regional policy, financial control.
• A monitoring report will be issued by the Commission 6
months before envisaged date of accession.
• Spring 2003: signing of the Accession Treaty.
• A specific safeguard clause shoud be introduced in the
Accession Treaty to allow the Commission to take measures
in case of problems.
• 380 million euros Institution Building Facility to support
judicial reform and administrative improvements in the new
Member States.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Ensuring a smooth transition
Regular monitoring
Commission to report 6 months before accession on:
• Further progress as to adoption, implementation,
enforcement of the acquis,
• In line with the Countries’ commitments.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Safeguard clauses
Safeguards may be invoked at any time:
• General economic clause (2 years) – any
Member State
• Specific safeguard clauses: "Operation of
internal market, including all sectoral policies
which concern economic activities with a crossborder effect, and the area of justice and home
affairs" - only new Member States, re.
commitments undertaken in negotiations, re.
acquis in criminal law as well as civil law.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey
Next steps for Bulgaria and Romania:
• 2007: target date to conclude negotiations.
• Detailed roadmaps to complete preparations.
• Judicial and administrative reform.
Next steps for Turkey:
• to fully meet the political criterion.
• Enhanced support from the EU
• Increased financial assistance from 2004.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
After Copenhagen…
2002
December 12th, 13th - Copenhagen European Council
2003
Enhanced pre-accession assistance for Romania and Bulgaria.
9th April - European Parliament assent
16th April - Signature of the Treaty in Athens with Laeken 10
Ratification - Parliamentary / referenda
1st May 2004
EU has 25 members
End of 2004 - Commission report and recommendation on
Turkey's progress
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Financial issues (1)
12-13 December 2002
Conclusions of the Copenhagen European Council
The Overall Financial Agreement:
• €41 billion in commitments agreed for 2004-2006;
• New Member States will benefit from the EU funds for the whole
of 2004;
• Reduction by one-third of new Member States' contributions to
EC budget in 2004.
Structural actions:
• €22 billion agreed for 2004-2006, of which one third for the
Cohesion Fund and two thirds for structural Funds.
Agriculture:
• Progressive introduction of direct payment to new Member States
farmers;
• €5 billion for rural development in 2004-2006.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Financial issues (2)
12-13 December 2002
Conclusions of the Copenhagen European Council
Internal policies:
• €2.6 billion extra funds available to new Member States to
participate in the EC internal policies programmes;
• Creation of a new Schengen facility (€850 million);
• €380 million for a transitional facility to support institution
building in new Member States;
• €105 million to support nuclear safety in Lithuania and Slovakia.
Lump-sum payment to new Member States:
• €2.4 billion as cash-flow lump sum, to prevent cash-flow
difficulties in the first years of accession;
• Budgetary compensation payments available to ensure no new
Member States would be worse off on accession compared to
2003 (Czech Republic, Slovenia, Malta and Cyprus).
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Accession: Financial Framework
Financial framework for Enlargement 2004-2006:
Maximum enlargement-related appropriations
for commitments (Million €) for 10 new
Member States
2004
2005
2006
Agriculture
1 897
3 747
4 147
Structural actions after capping
6 095
6 940
8 812
Internal policies and additional transitional
expenditure
1 421
1 376
1 351
503
558
612
Total maximum commitment appropriations
9 952
12 657
14 958
Total commitment appropriation (Berlin 1999
scenario)
11 610
14 200
16 780
Payment appropriations (Enlargement)
5 696
10 493
11 840
Payment appropriations (Berlin 1999
scenario)
8 890
11 440
14 220
Administration
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ENLARGEMENT DG
The Phare Programme
• Main pre-accession instrument to assist the 10 applicant countries of
Central and Eastern Europe in their preparation for joining the
European Union.
• Set up in 1989 to support economic and political transition, Phare
had by 1996 extended to include 13 partner countries from the
region.
• Originally allocated € 4.2 billion for 1990-1994, the Phare budget
was increased to € 6.693 billion for 1995-1999.
• Agenda 2000: Annual Phare budget is € 1.62 billion for 2000-2006,
i.e. some € 11 billion.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
The Phare Programme
• At the Essen European Council of December 1994, Phare has
become the financial instrument for the ten associated CEECs,
supporting them in their preparation for accession to the EU.
• Cyprus, Malta, Turkey have their own pre-accession funding.
• NOTICE: for the Western Balkan states, Albania, BosniaHerzegovina and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
Phare provided support in their transition to democracy and a market
economy. As of 2001, CARDS is the assistance programme for the
Western Balkans, including the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and
Croatia.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Phare and Accession Partnership
Accession-Led Programming
• Phare shifted in 1997 from 'demand-driven' to 'accession-driven',
concentrating on the priority needs of the 10 candidate countries of
Central and Eastern Europe, in light of the accession criteria.
• Accession Partnerships, accompanied by a National Programme for
the Adoption of the Acquis Communautaires (NPAA), Regular
Reports and the results of accession negotiations together identify
priority areas for support in each country.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
The Phare Programme
Priorities for Action
• Institution building
The candidate countries will be helped to strengthen their
democratic institutions and their public administration in order to
facilitate their introduction of the acquis and to ensure that they have
the administrative and judicial structures to apply the acquis
effectively (30% of the budget).
• Financing of investment
Phare co-finances investment in (i) the regulatory infrastructure
needed to ensure compliance with the acquis and (ii) in economic
and social cohesion through measures similar to those supported in
Member States through EU structural funds (70% of the budget).
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ENLARGEMENT DG
The Phare Programme
Institution Building: Twinning
• Twinning involves the secondment of Member State officials who
will be known as Pre-Accession Advisors for a minimum of one
year.
• In addition, Twinning can involve Member States' officials on short
term missions, training and other relevant elements. All of these are
combined in a twinning package.
• Twinning will not only provide technical and administrative
assistance to the candidate countries but also help to build long-term
relationships between existing and future Member States.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Institution Building: Twinning
Twinning focused initially, in 1998-1999, on four key areas of the
acquis in each candidate country:
• Agriculture;
• Environment;
• Finance;
• Justice and home affairs.
Now Twinning covers the whole of the acquis, e.g.: preparation to EU
fundings, public finance, human resources development, etc.
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ENLARGEMENT DG
Institution Building: Twinning
• A network of National Contact Points has been established to work
with the Commission in the twinning process.
• Each Member State and each candidate country has appointed a
representative to liaise with their own administration and to ensure
the flow of information through the network.
55
ENLARGEMENT DG
Institution Building: Twinning
Twinning projects will operate on the basis of two documents:
• A framework agreement between the Commission and each
Member State which defines the terms and conditions under which
Member States will make pre-accession advisors available to the
candidate countries;
• A twinning covenant between the candidate country and the
Member State which defines the result to be delivered by the
project, the responsibilities of each party, the means to be used to
achieve the agreed result and a detailed budget.
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The Phare Programme:
Investment Support (I)
ENLARGEMENT DG
Investment in Regulatory Infrastructure
• Support for investment to equip key institutions whose capacity to
monitor and enforce the acquis needs to be strengthened.
• For example, putting the food safety structure in place, making
borders secure, providing testing and measuring equipment for
laboratories or control equipment in the field of consumer
protection.
57
The Phare Programme:
Investment Support (II)
ENLARGEMENT DG
Investment in Economic and Social Cohesion
• In 2000 Phare has started to support measures similar to those
co-financed from the European Regional Development Fund
and the European Social Fund:
• Human resource development;
• SME development;
• Business-Related Infrastructure.
• Programming according to National Development Plans.
58
ENLARGEMENT DG
The Phare Programme
Programme Types
• National Programmes: 80% of the budget, tailor-made for a specific
candidate country.
• Cross-Border Co-operation Programmes: 10% of the budget, aimed
at stimulating the cooperation between countries and regions along
the borders between Member States and candidate countries and
between candidate countries.
• Multi-Beneficiary Programmes: 10% of the budget, if joint structure
or regional cooperation is indispensable.
59
European Union: the biggest
investor in candidate countries
ENLARGEMENT DG
• Strategic investors originating in the Member States of the European
Union play a major role in upgrading the CEEC economies,
accounting for at least 67% in 1999 of the total foreign direct
investment (FDI) inflows.
• In 1999, the major part of FDI, in percentage, went to Estonia,
Slovenia and Poland.
60
ENLARGEMENT DG
European Union: the biggest trading
partner with candidate countries in 2001
EU 15 Trade with candidate countries in 2001 (million €)
40000
35444
35000
30000
26468
27335
24958
25000
23635
24117
20032
20098
Export
20000
Import
Balance
15000
12215
10249
9282
8976
10000
8117
7852
6918
5297
3005
5000
3023
2376
925
2612
1155
2959
1670
967
-67
3390
3770
-264
2459
1304
380
19
1954
2420
3384
773
466
0
Poland
Turkey
Czech. Rep.
Hungary
-481
Romania
Slovenia
Slovakia
Estonia
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Malta
Lithuania
Latvia
-5000
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ENLARGEMENT DG
EU 15 Exports towards candidate
countries in 2001 (per country)
EU 15 Exports towards candidate countries
(Share by Country) in 2001
Cyprus
2%
Bulgaria
3%
Estonia
2%
Slovakia
5%
Malta
2%
Lithuania
2%
Latvia
2%
Poland
23%
Slovenia
6%
Turkey
13%
Romania
7%
Hungary
16%
Czech Republic
17%
62
EU 15 Exports towards candidate
countries in 2001 (per sector)
ENLARGEMENT DG
EU 15 Exports towards candidate countries
(Share by Sector) in 2001
Other sectors
11%
Optical, musical inst.,
clocks
3%
Machinery & electrical
32%
Mineral products
2%
Paper, pulp
3%
Agriculture, incl.
Processed
4%
Plastic products
6%
Base metals & articles
8%
Transport equipment
13%
Textile
8%
Chemical products
10%
63
ENLARGEMENT DG
EU 15 Imports from candidate
countries in 2001 (per country)
EU 15 Imports from candidate countries
(Share by Country) in 2001
Bulgaria
2,6%
Lituania
2,0%
Latvia
1,5%
Cyprus
0,7%
Estonia
2,3%
Slovenia
4,9%
Malta
0,9%
Poland
20,0%
Slovakia
6,1%
Romania
7,0%
Hungary
18,2%
Turkey
15,2%
Czech Republic
18,8%
64
ENLARGEMENT DG
EU 15 Imports from candidate
countries in 2001 (per sector)
EU 15 Imports from candidate countries
(Share by Sector) in 2001
Other sectors
9%
Chemical
products
3%
Wood
3%
Machinery &
electrical
28%
Mineral products
4%
Plastic products
4%
Miscellaneous
manufactures
5%
Agriculture incl.
Processed
5%
Base metals &
articles
10%
Textile
16%
Transport
equipement
13%
65
Candidate countries GDP
in 1999 & 2000
ENLARGEMENT DG
GDP at PPP
GDP in €
(bn) 1999
GDP/Pers in
PPS € 1999
GDP/Pers
2000
% EU
% EU
Average 1999
Average 2000
Bulgaria
40.6
44.3
4 900
5 400
24
24
Cyprus
11.6
12.4
17 500
18 500
82
82
127.2
135.1
12 400
13 200
58
58
Estonia
11.0
12.1
7 700
8 400
36
37
Hungary
108.0
117.0
10 700
11 700
51
52
Latvia
14.2
15.6
5 900
6 600
28
29
Lithuania
22.8
24.3
6 200
6 600
29
29
4.3
4.6
11 100
11 900
52
53
Poland
317.4
340.2
8 200
8 800
39
39
Romania
129.4
135.4
5 800
6 000
27
27
Slovak Rep
55.4
58.3
10 300
10 800
48
48
Slovenia
29.7
32.1
15 000
16 100
71
72
Turkey
392.6
433.3
6 100
6 400
29
29
CC-13
1 284.3
1 364.6
7 400
7 900
35
35
EU-15
8 003.8
8 510.2
21 200
22 500
100
100
15.8%
16%
35%
35%
Czech Rep
Malta
Source:
Eurostat
PPP: Purchase Power Parity
GDP in €
(bn) 2000
In % EU
EU average
66
Communication Strategy
for Enlargement: Objectives
ENLARGEMENT DG
Adopted by the Commission in May 2000, the objectives of the
Communication Strategy are:
• In Member States
• Communicating the reasons for enlargement;
• Promoting dialogue and debate in society;
• Information about candidate countries.
• In Candidate Countries
• Improving of public knowledge and understanding;
• Explaining of implications of accession;
• Explaining of preparation for membership.
67
Communication Strategy
for Enlargement: Implementation
ENLARGEMENT DG
• Decentralised approach:
• Through the Representations of the Commission
and the Parliament in Member States;
• Through the Delegations in candidate countries.
• Priorities to inform multipliers in:
• Political institutions (EP and other European Institutions,
governments, parliaments and regional assemblies);
• Business & Industry (business leaders, trade unions,
professional associations);
• Civil Society (NGOs, religious and intellectual bodies,
universities, teachers in secondary and higher education).
68
Communication Strategy
for Enlargement: Budget
ENLARGEMENT DG
Budget per country and for the Central Services (in € million)
Country
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Total
CEECs:
Turkey:
Malta:
Cyprus:
Sub-total:
4.5
0.5
5.0
8.5
0.6
0.2
0.2
9.50
8.9
0.7
0.2
0.2
10.0
9.8
1
0.3
0.4
11.50
9.3
1
0.3
0.4
11.0
5.3
1
0.3
0.4
7.0
3.75
1
0.2
0.2
5.15
50.05
5.8
1.5
1.8
59.15
MS*:
0.5
5.4
9.75
13.0
13.5
9.75
6.0
57.9
CS**:
2.5
3.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
29.7
TOTAL
8
18.6
24.45
29.20
29.20
21.45
15.85
146.75
*: Member States
**: Central services
69
ENLARGEMENT DG
How to obtain information?
•
The Enlargement Address Book:
http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/pas/phare/abook.htm
•
Delegations of the European Commission in the Candidate
Countries:
http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/links/index.htm
•
Enlargement Information Centre:
Rue Montoyer, 19, B-1000 Brussels
Tel: +32 (0)2 545 90 10
Fax: +32 (0)2 545 90 11
E-mail: enlargement@cec.eu.int
70
ENLARGEMENT DG
What information is available?
The Enlargement website:
- The Enlargement Weekly:
http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/docs/newsletter/latest_weekly.htm
- The Enlargement Research Bulletin:
http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/docs/research/current_issue.htm
Subscribe via Mailing list:
http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/formmailing.htm
- Key documents:








Strategy Paper
Regular Reports
«An Historic opportunity »
The Basic Arguments
Frequently Asked Questions
State-of-Play
Press Releases
Speeches, etc.
71
ENLARGEMENT DG
Addresses
• Internet: http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/
• DG Enlargement:
• 200 rue de la Loi, B-1049 Brussels
• Tel: +32(0)2 299 51 76
• Fax: +32(0)2 299 17 77
• Enlargement Information Centre:
• Rue Montoyer, 19, B-1000 Brussels
• Tel: +32(0)2 545 90 10
• Fax: +32(0)2 545 90 11
• E-mail: enlargement@cec.eu.int
72