1. Who is named the
“Father of Genetics?”
2. Why did he use
pea plants?
1. Who is named the
“Father of Genetics?”
Gregor Mendel
2. Why did he use pea
plants?
To study the
inheritance of traits
What do pure bred,
true breeding, and
homozygous mean?
What do pure bred, true breeding, and
homozygous mean?
All mean the same thing…
Both alleles are either
capitals or lower case.
AA
or
aa
What do hybrid and
heterozygous mean?
What do hybrid and
heterozygous mean?
Actually mean the same thing…
A a
2 Alleles are
different
A a
A a
What do we call the offspring
when you cross two pure
“true” breeding parents with
different traits?
GG x gg
What do we call the offspring when you
cross two pure “true” breeding parents
with different traits?
All HYBRID
(Gg)
offspring
result
Offspring of two parents (P) are
called ____.
TT x tt
4 Tt
“P”
generation
“?”
generation
Offspring of two parents (P) are
called ____.
TT x tt
4 Tt
“P”
Generation
“F1”
Generation
What results when the offspring (F1) of true breeding
parents self-pollinate (breed with themselves)?
TT x tt (P)
Hint: Do a
Punnett
Square!!!
Tt (F1)
Tt x Tf (F1 x F1)
?
What results when the offspring Tt (F1) of
true breeding parents self-pollinate (breed
with themselves)?
Tt x Tt
T
t
T
TT
Tt
t
TT
Tt
Genotype Ratio:
1 RR: 2 Rr: 1 rr
Phenotype Ratio:
3 Round: 1 Wrinkled
What is probability?
What is the probability of
getting heads when you
flip a penny?
Probability= The chance of
something happening!
Chance of
getting heads
½ or 50%
Why did we keep increasing
the number of flips in
the
“Coin Toss” lab?
More times you flip a penny,
the more likely you are to
get the “expected” outcome
(probability).
½ heads, ½ tails
If you toss a coin 6 times in a
row, what is the probability it
will land heads for all 6 tosses?
If you toss a coin 6 times in a row, what is
the probability it will land heads for all 6
tosses?
½
x
½ x ½ x ½ x ½ x ½
1/64
What is the “Principle of
Independent Assortment?”
During gamete formation, genes for
different traits separate without
influencing the other.
Foil each parent
to get 4 gametes
GgYy
GY
Gy
gY
gy
Be able to define:
•
Compete Dominance
•
Incomplete Dominance
•
Co-Dominance
Complete
Dominance
The dominant trait (G)
masks (hides) the
recessive trait (g) and
only the dominant trait
shows up in the
phenotype.
Incomplete
Dominance
Neither trait is
dominant over the
other and a new trait is
displayed. BLENDING!!!
Red flowers crossed
with white flowers
make pink flowers.
Co-Dominance
Both traits are equally
displayed and neither is
dominant over the
other.
ABO blood types: A
blood x B blood =
AB blood
Describe the genotypes and
phenotypes of each blood
type:
Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O
Describe the genotypes and phenotypes
of each blood type:
Co-Dominance
AB has same
Genotype & Phenotype
What are polygenic traits?
What are polygenic traits?
Traits that have a wide variety of color ranges
such as eye color, hair color, skin color and height.
How many different gametes
would you get from the following
parent?
AABbCcDdEEFFGgHh
How many different gametes?
First determine how many different
letters are there for each letter type
then multiply!
AABbCcDdEEFFGgHh
1x2 x2 x2x1x1x2x2=
32 gametes
Can this parent
AaBBccDdeeFfGgHH
have a child with the following
genotype?
Why or why not?
AABbCcDdEEFFGgHh
Can this parent AaBBccDdeeFfGgHH
have a child with the following
genotype? Why or why not?
NO, because the parent would need to
have a big E in their genotype in order
for the child to have both big E’s.
AABbCcDdEEFFGgHh
What process forms the sex cells in
females and males?
Male
4 Sperm
are
produced
Female
1 Egg and 3 polar
bodies are produced
Know the stages of Meiosis (I & II)
The paired,
Homologous
Chromosomes
come
together
during
Meiosis I
to make
Tetrads
The
chromatids
pull apart
during
Meiosis I I
4 genetically
different cells
result at the
end of
Meiosis
Haploid = one
set of
chromosomes
When does crossing over occur
during Meiosis?
Why is this important?
Crossing Over
During
Prophase I
Important
for
GENETIC
DIVERSITY!!
What are the chromosome
pairs for a …
FEMALE?
MALE?
What are the chromosome
pairs for a …
FEMALE
XX
MALE
XY
What is this picture called?
What 4 things are shown from this picture?
What is this called? Karyotype
Shows:
• Autosomes = all chromosomes # 1 - 22
chromosome pairs (not sex chromosomes)
• Sex Chromosomes
XX= female or XY= male (# 23 pair)
• Homologous Chromosomes =
chromosomes that code for the same
traits and pair up with each other
• Inherited Disorders (ex: Down’s, Turner’s,
Kleinfelter’s, Super males/Super females)
What is non-disjunction?
Non-disjunction –When chromosome pairs
don’t separate properly during Meiosis I
Can involve all chromosomes (sex, autosomes, homologous)
What chromosomal disorder is shown?
Down’s Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
What chromosomal disorder is
shown?
Kleinfelter’s Syndrome
XXY
What chromosomal disorder is
shown?
Turner’s Syndrome
XO
Who determines the
sex of the offspring
Mother or Father ?
Why?
What is probability of
getting a girl? A boy?
Father
determines
sex of
offspring
50% chance of Boy XY
50% chance of Girl XX
Father
provides either
an X or a Y to
pair up with
the mother’s X
to make a boy
or girl
•What is this picture called and shows?
•What do each of the shapes and shading
combinations represent?
•How many generations are shown?
Normal Male
Normal Female
Female with Trait
Pedigree Chart
•Shows how a trait is passed from
one generation to the next
•Shows male or female
•Shows “no trait” “carries trait” or
“has trait”
Carrier Female
Male with Trait
4 Generations shown
Line = Marriage
Be able to describe the differences
between:
Meiosis and Mitosis
Be able to describe the advantages and
disadvantages between:
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
MUST KNOW ALL OF THIS INFORMATION!!!!!
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS
Mitosis
Meiosis
Somatic Cells – All body cells
2 cells are made: Identical
Sex Cells – Gametes
(sperm and egg)
4 cells are made: All different
Diploid “2N”
Haploid “N”
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Advantages
 No mate needed for
reproduction
 Very fast reproduction time
 Lots of organisms
Disadvantages
 All organisms are alike,
No Genetic Diversity
Advantages
 GENETIC DIVERSITY!
Disadvantages
 Need a mate for reproduction
 Slower reproduction time
 Fewer organisms
Know the term Sex-linked genes/traits
and how the key and Punnett square
would look. What chromosome carries
these types of traits?
XBXb x XbY
female carrier x male colorblind
XB
?
Xb
Xb
XBXb XbXb
Y
XBY
?
XbY
Phenotypes:
1 Female/Carrier
1 Female/Colorblind
1 Male/Normal
1 Male/Colorblind
Know the term Sex-linked genes/traits and how the key and
Punnett square would look. What chromosome carries these
types of traits?
Sex-linked gene/trait – Traits linked to sex chromosomes such as
hemophilia or colorblindness
XBXb x XbY
Carrier Female x Male Colorblind
Sex-linked traits only carried on X
Y doesn’t carry traits!
XB
Xb
Xb
XBXb
XbXb
Y
XBY
XbY
Phenotypes:
1 Female/Carrier
1 Female/Colorblind
1 Male/Normal
1 Male/Colorblind
Know the definitions of the following
vocabulary terms:
•Allele
•Gametes
•Genes
•Genetics
•Karyotype
•Pedigree
•Probability
•Punnett Square
•Allele- Different forms of a gene
•Gametes- Sex Cells (egg & sperm)
•Gene- Part of a chromosome; codes for a trait
•Genetics- Study of how traits are passed
generation to generation
• Karyotype- Picture of all paired chromosomes looking for sex and the presence of abnormal # of
chromosomes
•Pedigree- Chart that shows passing of trait from
one generation to the next generation
•Probability - Chance of something happening
•Punnett Square- Chart showing possible offspring
from a parent cross.
Know the definitions of the following
vocabulary terms:
•Dominant
•Recessive
•Genotype
•Phenotype
•Heterozygous
•Homozygous
•Trait
•Homologous
•Dominant – Gene whose effect masks the partner
(recessive) trait
•Recessive – Gene whose effect is masked by
partner (dominant) trait
•Genotype – Genetic makeup; gene type
•Phenotype – Trait expressed “physical” looks
•Heterozygous – Pair of different alleles (Rr)
•Homozygous – Pair of same kind of alleles (RR) (rr)
•Trait – Inherited characteristic (feature)
•Homologous – Pair of same kind of chromosomes
Know the definitions of the following
vocabulary terms:
•Co-dominance
•Incomplete dominance
•Diploid
•Haploid
•Independent
Assortment
•Non-disjunction
•Segregation
•Co-dominance – Both alleles expressed EQUALLY
•Incomplete dominance – Blending of traits
•Diploid – Having 2 sets of chromosomes
•Haploid – Having 1 set of chromosomes
•Independent Assortment – Genes that separate
have no effect on the other’s inheritance
•Non-disjunction – When chromosomes don’t
separate
•Segregation – Separation of alleles
Understand which is the P, F1, F2 generations
and how you get each.
Know how to do the following types of
crosses:
•Monohybrid Cross
•Dihybrid Cross
•Incomplete Dominance Cross
•Sex-linked Cross
Must show: key, parents’ genotypes,
possible gametes, Punnett square,
genotypes and phenotypes of offspring
Di-Hybrid Cross
Incomplete Dominance
Complete Dominance
Sex-Linked Cross
Doing the different types of Punnett Squares!