Organic Chemistry
AP Biology
Carbohydrates
How do you recognize a carb?
Function?
Structure/Function Relationships
Why are carbs good for Energy?
Why short term?
Specific structure/function relationships
Glycogen
Lipids
Structure?
Functions?
Examples?
Structure/Function Relationships
Fats – saturated and unsaturated
Cholesterol
Steroid Hormones
Wax
Mucus
Proteins
Structure?
Globular vs. Fibrous Proteins?
Functions of Structural Proteins?
Functions of Globular Proteins?
Structure/Function Relationships?
Fibrous vs. Globular Proteins
Protein Folding
Primary Structure – straight chain of aa – not
functional
Secondary Structure – starts to fold – alphahelix and beta pleated sheats – uncharged parts
probably start of collapse together and the O of
the acid groups form H bonds
with the H from the amino
group
Protein Folding continued
Tertiary Structure – caused by interactions of R
groups that have now been brought closer
together by secondary folding – Functional!
Held together by:




Hydrogen bonds
Disulfide bonds between cystein aa
Hydrophobic interactions
Ionic bonds
Quarternary Structure – when more than one
polypetide binds together to make the final
shape of the protein (ex. Hemoglobin) –
Functional!
DNA
Structure?

base pairing (purine/pyrimidine, A-T, G-C,
covalent bonding of backbone, H bonding
between bases
Function?
Structure/function relationships?
Structure/Function
Why covalent bonds in backbone?

In order to code for proteins – order of the bases is
most imp. The order is maintained by the backbone
which cannot fall apart or DNA is useless
Why H bonds between base pairs?

Enough to hold the 2 strands together but easy
enough to sep. for replication and transcription
Why purine-pyrimidine pairs
Purines double ringed, pyr single ringed by pairing, all
along the DNA is the same width so the covalent bonds
of the backbone aren’t strained
Why do we need base pairing?

Ensures exact copying