DNA REPLICATION Animation gone Crazy • DNA Replicates and Replicates DNA is anti-parallel • Two strands run parallel to each other but with opposite alignments (directions) • McGraw-Hill DNA • Why is being antiparallel an advantage to the DNA molecule? DNA REPLICATION • Semi-conservative = each one of the parent DNA strands is passed to the daugher DNA + one new strand for each • Semi-conservative DNA (30 secs) SNEAK PREVIEW: DNA REPLICATION PLAYERS (enzyme review) Question: When and where does DNA Replication take place? Synthesis Phase (S phase) • S phase in interphase of the cell cycle. • Nucleus of eukaryotes S phase DNA replication takes place in the S phase. G1 interphase Mitosis -prophase -metaphase -anaphase -telophase G2 Fill out DNA Replication Enzymes CHART • Lots of enzymes are needed to start each step Enzyme Topoisomerase also called DNA gyrase • Unwinds double helix Enzyme DNA Enzyme Topoisomerase • Topoisomerase Youtube I and II (1:45) • Topoisomerase Animation (2:16) Enzyme Helicase: separates (breaking Hbonds) double helix at the replication fork DNA-RNA-Protein (see ani) YOU TUBE DNA replication (1:05) Helicase DNA Helicase • The enzyme is unwinding the chain and breaking the H-bonds between the complementary base pairs (A-T, G-C). Enzyme: Primase Helicase Primase Helicase = the enzyme that makes RNA nucleotides into a primer RNA Primer • Nucleotides for the starting point for DNA replication • Short strands of RNA DNA replication is initiated at many points in eukaryotic chromosomes. • Called Replication Bubbles • They will eventually all meet to form whole replicated strand DNA Replication Bubble: DNA duplicates in both directions EM of DNA replication Origins of Replication • sites along the DNA molecule where enzymes start the DNA replication - then proceeds in both directions to form “bubbles” Replication Forks Y-shaped regions of replicating DNA molecules where new strands are growing. SSB’s single strand binding proteins • Stabilize the DNA strands as they are being replicated • Prevents rejoining of DNA strands DNA Polymerases • DNA Polymerase I • Cuts off RNA primers and fills in with DNA (between Okazaki fragments) – lagging strand • Can proofread • DNA Polymerase III • Elongates the strand by adding DNA nucleotides on leading strand • Also proofreads and corrects the DNA strand Anti-parallel strand builds in the opposite direction (but always in 5’ to 3’ direction) Leading Strand Lagging Strand • Template strand of DNA • Continuous addition of nitrogenous bases • in 5’ to 3’ direction • McGraw-Hill Replication Fork • Other DNA strand • Forms short strands of Okazaki fragments (that will be joined later) • in the 5’ to 3’ direction • DNA Replication You Tube (1:35) • OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS • The short strands of newly made DNA fragments on the lagging strand are called Okazaki fragments after the Japanese Biochemist Reiji Okazaki. • Enzyme: DNA Ligase a linking enzyme joins the strands Example: joining two Okazaki fragments together. DNA ligase 5’ 3’ Okazaki Fragment 1 Lagging Strand Okazaki Fragment 2 3’ 5’ DNA LIGASE is the enzyme that joins the Okazaki fragments (sugar phosphate backbone) with covalent bonds DNA REPLICATION (look for ligase) 2:00 SUMMARY DNA Replication (5:45) – shows all the enzymes • Summary Youtube of DNA replication (4:11) • Good explanation of the 5’ to 3’ strands and leading and lagging strands Includes all your friendly enzymes • DNA Replication (3:56) Great animation How Fast? • Prokaryotic DNA polymerase can work at about 1000 bases per second. • Eukaryotic DNA polymerase can work at about 50 bases per second. Animation: DNA Replication • DNA makes DNA • *DNA with enzymes cartoons All Together Now • McGraw Hill Replication Fork animation DNA Replication Easy Version (3:11) • DNA Replication Youtube (7:48) • Good CLICK and REVIEW What if there is a mistake? Typically about one in a billion nucleotides is incorrectly paired DNA Replication Activity Work in Lab Groups • Card stock papers are original DNA strands • Colored paper are new DNA strands • MAKE OWN ENZYMESconstruction paper Proofreading Initial base-pairing errors are usually corrected by DNA polymerase I. Telomeres • At the ends of each chromosome is a protective cap called a telomere. • Each time a cell divides, the telomeres are snipped shorter, Telomerase • enzyme which adds DNA sequence repeats ("TTAGGG" in all vertebrates) to the 3' end of DNA strands (an overhang) • McGraw Hill Telomeres Animation Telomeres Added to ends of chromosomes Rutgers Telomere Animation QUIZ • Activity (choose your enzymes and proteins) MOVIE • Media Showcase (cool animation) • Replication Overview Movie Question: • What would be the complementary DNA strand for the following DNA sequence? DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’ Answer: DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’ DNA 3’-CGCATAC-5’ QUESTION • In this diagram of the process of DNA replication at a replication fork, the strand labeled B is the: • A template strand • B lagging strand • C leading strand • D Okazaki fragment • E RNA primer QUESTION • In this diagram of the process of DNA replication at a replication fork, the newly synthesized DNA strand labeled C is the: A coding strand • B parental DNA • C leading strand • D lagging strand ANSWER • C lagging strand • The lagging strand is the newly synthesized DNA where addition of nucleotides is on the end opposite or away from the replication fork. QUESTION • In this diagram of the process of DNA replication at a replication fork, the black boxes labeled D and E are: • A RNA primers • B DNA template strands • C Okazaki fragments • D DNA polymerase • E Newly synthesized DNA strand ANSWER • A. RNA primers • The initiation of replication always starts with a short RNA piece. The DNA replicating enzymes will only add nucleotides to the 3' end of DNA. QUESTION • For the DNA strand 5'-TACGATCATAT-3' the correct complementary DNA strand is: A 3'-TACGATCATAT-5 • 'B 3'-ATGCTAGTATA-5‘ • C 3'-AUGCUAGUAUA-5‘ • D 3'-GCATATACGCG-5‘ • E 3'-TATACTAGCAT-5' ANSWER • B 3'-ATGCTAGTATA-5'