For Project Proposal by Guzhen Town of Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province
as part of the World Bank Loan Project of
The Integrated Economic Development of Small Towns
Pest Management Plan
Entrusted by: South Green Exhibition Park Company Limited
Prepared by: Zhongshan City Forest Pest Control Quarantine Station
October 2011
Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1PROJECT DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 NATURAL CONDITIONS OF THE PROJECT AREA ...................................................................................... 2
1.3 SOCIAL ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ............................................................................................................ 3
1.4 CURRENT STATUS OF THE SUB-PROJECT AREA RELATING TO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ................ 4
1.5 IPM CONCEPT ........................................................................................................................................ 4
1.6 OBJECTIVES OF IPM IMPLEMENTATION UNDER THE PROJECT................................................................ 5
2 CURRENT PEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE IN THE PROJECT AREA...................................... 6
2.1 MAIN PESTS FOUND IN THE PROJECT AREA ........................................................................................... 6
2.2 PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL METHODS CURRENTLY USED IN THE PROJECT AREA ............................. 9
2.3 OVERALL EVALUATION OF THE CURRENT PRACTICE OF DISEASE AND PEST MANAGMENT .................. 12
3 POLICY AND SUPERVISION FRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES ... 13
3.1 POLICIES OF THE NATIONAL AND PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS ON PLANT PROTECTION AND IPM ...... 13
3.2 SUPERVISION FRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES..................................................... 14
3.3 OVERALL EVALUATION OF PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT CAPACITY ........................................... 15
3.4 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM AND USAGE OF PESTICIDES .......................... 16
4 OVERALL OBJECTIVES OF THIS PMP ............................................................................................. 19
4.1 OVERALL OBJECTIVES.......................................................................................................................... 19
4.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES AND OBJECTIVES OF PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL UNDER THE PROJECT ............. 19
5 RECOMMENDED MEASURES FOR PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL ........................................ 21
5.1 PURPOSES OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................... 21
5.2MAIN MEASURES RECOMMENDED IN THIS PMP .................................................................................. 21
6 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT UNDER THE PROJECT .................................................................... 26
6.1PESTICIDES RECOMMENDED FOR USE UNDER THE PROJECT................................................................. 26
6.2 PESTICIDE APPLICATION DEVICES FOR USE IN THE PROJECT AREA ..................................................... 27
6.3 MANAGEMENT ON USE OF PESTICIDES UNDER THE PROJECT .............................................................. 28
6.4CAPACITY OF PESTICIDE USERS TO HANDLE PESTICIDE WITHIN THE ACCEPTABLE RISK LIMIT .......... 28
6.5 ENVIRONMENTAL, PROFESSIONAL AND HEALTH RISKS ....................................................................... 29
6.6 MANAGERIAL MEASURES TO REDUCE RISKS CAUSED BY PESTICIDE USE IN THE PROJECT ................ 30
7 CAPACITY BUILDING FOR PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT UNDER THE PROJECT . 32
7.1 POLICIES TO BE IMPLEMENTED ............................................................................................................ 32
7.2 OBJECTIVES OF CAPACITY BUILDING ................................................................................................... 32
7.3 INFRASTRUCTURE, MANAGERIAL CAPACITY, INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT AND COOPERATION.... 33
7.4 OVERALL DESCRIPTION OF TRAINING AND HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT ............................... 34
7.5 TRAINING TO FOREST FARMERS ........................................................................................................... 34
8. MONITORING AND EVALUATION UNDER THE PROJECT ........................................................ 36
8.1. CONTENTS OF THE PROJECT MONITORING .......................................................................................... 36
8.2. CONTENTS OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION ................................................................................... 36
8.3. PLAN OF MONITORING AND SUPERVISION ........................................................................................... 37
9 COST ESTIMATE .................................................................................................................................... 42
ANNEXES:
ANNEX 1. MAIN SPECIES OF PLANTS IN THE PROJECT AREA ................................................... 46
ANNEX 2 MAIN SPECIES OF PLANTS AND PESTS/DISEASES IN THE PROJECT AREA ......... 50
i
ANNEX 3 MAIN PESTS/DISEASES IN THE PROJECT AREA AND THE CONTROL MEASURES
........................................................................................................................................................................ 54
ANNEX 4 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS PLAN TO ADDRESS MAJOR DISEASE/PEST
DISASTERSIN THE PROJECT AREA .................................................................................................... 64
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
FAO—United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization
GB—abbreviation of Guo Biao, refers to National Standards
IPM—Integrated Pest Management
PMO—Project Management Office
PMP—Pest Management Plan
ii
1 Introduction
1.1 Project Description
The project proposed by Guzhen Town of Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province includes two
sub-projects, namely green exhibition parkdevelopment sub-project and decorative lighting
industry development service platform and project management sub-project. The first
sub-project, consisting of construction of the green exhibition park and development of
biological breeding platform, will be located in the South Green Exhibition Park in Guzhen
Town of Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province. The second sub-project will be located in east
of Zhongxin Road, to the north of Town government building compound. Implementation of
the project will take 3 years. Activities to be accomplished include: construction of the green
exhibition park, development of the biological breeding platform, civil work for construction
of the project management office, procurement and installation of equipment and facilities,
institutional strengthening and capacity building, project management and monitoring and etc.
Implementation of the first sub-project will start with construction of public infrastructure and
public service facilities to build a foundation for development of the green exhibition park.
Construction of green houses, bridges, roads, water engineering facilities, buildings, ancillary
structures and etc. for the green exhibition parkwill provide it withnecessary basic
infrastructure for itsdevelopment, provision of modernized mechanical equipment and
devicesof a certain amount will strengthen its advancement in equipment and devices and
establish its high standards of mechanization, intelligentization and standardization, so that the
green exhibition park can be in a leading position in China in terms ofmanagement, production,
trading and security. Further development of the green exhibition park can be realized through
its holding China (Zhongshan) SouthVirescence Plantlet Expo at regular intervals and use of
all possible public relation channels to increase its influences. Development of the biological
breeding platform will support development of ornamental flora and fauna germplasm
resources nursery and database, development of innovation and research center for nursery
stock germplasm of flowers and plants,research and development center for breeding and
processing techniques of ornamental animals, establishment of demonstration base for
large-scale breeding and processing techniques of ornamental animals, and control and
technical extension center for nutrition, diseases and pests of ornamental animals and plants,
etc. Technical advantage of Zhongshan University, the town’s partner, will be utilized to
develop breeding and reproduction systems of orchids, Cuora trifasciata (a small water turtle
for ornamental purpose) and ornamental fish and other products, so as to establish the highest
standards for the industry and provide scientific and technical support and talents for back-end
industrialized production and thus drive and facilitate development of rare and precious
ornamental animals and plants in Southern China and even in the whole China.
Development of Guzhen Town decorative lighting development service platform will start
with a high standard and cover services for all activities ofthe decorative lighting industry,
including design, trading, training and testing. Implementation of the sub-project will favor
safe, efficient and stable development of decorative lighting industry in Guzhen Town, and
will also facilitate combined development of the advantageous industries of decorative
lighting and virescence plantlets and ornamental animals and plants in Guzhen Town, so as to
achieve integrated economic, social and ecological benefits.
The project involves construction of the green exhibition park, which relates to agricultural
production and consists of activities such as production and trading of virescence plantlets,
development of biological breeding platform, ornamental animal and plant germplasm
resources nursery and database, development of innovation and research center for nursery
stock germplasm of flowers and plants, research and development center for breeding and
processing techniques of ornamental animals, establishment of demonstration base for
large-scale breeding and processing techniques of ornamental animals, and institutional
capacity building and etc. Since all these activities relate to pest control and management
during project implementation, this PMP is preparedfor the purpose of ensuring smooth
project implementation, based on surveys to the project areas and collection of a large amount
of data and in compliance with the World Bank’s environmentalassessment procedures for
pest management and Forest Pest Control Regulations issued by the State Council.
This PMP follows the principle of “Prevention First, Scientific Control, Rule of Law,
HealthPromotion”as stipulated in the Forest Pest Control Regulations and puts forward
approaches for control and management of the main animal and plant pests and diseases
relating to the project. The proposed approaches advocate natural control of the pests and
diseases on the premise of environmental protection, and aim at promoting biological
prevention and control or environmental prevention and control by using appropriate
techniques in a coordinated way to reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides, so as to
limit pest damage within a tolerable leveland achieve optimal economic, social and ecological
benefits while preventing environmental pollution caused by chemical pesticides.
1.2 Natural Conditions of the Project Area
1.2.1 Location of the Project Area
Guzhen Town is well-known both at home and abroad as “Lighting Capital of China”.
Located in the northwest part of Zhongshan City of Guangdong province, Guzhen Town is at
the junction of three cities of Guangdong Province, including Zhongshan, Jiangmen and
Fushan and adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao.
1.2.2 Hydrological and Meteorological Conditions of the Project Area
Zhongshan City is located in the low latitude zone, with all territory situated in the south of
the Tropic of Cancer. It is characterized by sub-tropical zone monsoon climate, with plenty
of heat and light resources, abundant rainfall and solar radiation. Total radiant quantity of the
city maximizes in July, amounting to 51,141.3 Joule/cm 2 and minimizes in February,
amounting to only 23,285.7 Joule/cm 2.Over the years, the sunshine duration
averages1843.4hrs., accounting for 42% of the possible annual sunshine duration. The
maximal sunshine duration occurred in 1955, totaling 2,392.6 hrs.and accounting for 54% of
the possible annual sunshine duration, and the minimal sunshine occurred in 1994, with only
1,448.2 hrs. andaccounting for 33% of the possible annual sunshine duration. Annual
average temperature of the city is 22.0℃;its lowest monthly temperature occurs in January,
being 13.6℃; and highest monthly temperature occurs in July, being 28.5℃. Extremely
highest temperature of the city is 38.7℃, which occurred on July 18 and 19, 2005),
extremely lowest temperature is -1.3℃, which occurred on January 12, 1955). Being on the
2
verge of the South China Sea, the city has its main water source of precipitation, or the great
quantity of moisture brought about by monsoons in summer, and its annual precipitation is
1,791.3mm on average. Disastrous weather events that affect the city include typhoon,
rainstorm, low temperature, frost, low temperature and overcast and consecutive rain,
drought and thunderstorm.
1.3 Social Economic Conditions
Guzhen Town covers an area totaling 47.8 km 2, consisting of 3 naturally formed villages,
namely Guzhen, Caobu and Haizhou. Jurisdictionally, the town includes 12 administrative
villages and 1 neighborhood committee, and totally 71 thousand people registered as local
residents and 80 thousand people as transient population.
Ever since implementation of national policy of reform and opening to the outside world,
Guzhen Town has been gradually evolving from unitary agriculture dominated town to
anindustrialized town characterized by regional, featured economy, with decorative
lightingand flower and plant seedlings as itsmajor supporting industries.Comprehensive
economic and social development in Guzhen Town has brought to it lots of honors,
including the honors of “Lighting Capital of China”, “National Level Civilization Town”
and“National Level Sanitary Town”, and recognitions as one of the “Nationwide Top 100
Towns for Best Investment Environment”, “Nationwide Top 100 Towns for Best
Performance of Afforestation and Virescence”, “First Batch Industrialize Satellite Towns in
Guangdong Province”, “Provincial Level Top Towns for Education Promotion”, “Provincial
Level Demonstration Area for Agricultural Modernization”, “Provincial Level
Demonstration Area for Industrial ClusterUpgrade” and etc. In 2010, the gross output value
of industry and agriculture of Guzhen Town totaled RMB 23.653 billion, and GDP totaled
RMB 8.77 billion, per capita GDP was RMB 123.3 thousand; national and local tax revenues
totaled RMB 960 million, per capita income of farmers was RMB 22,603; at the end of the
year, bank balance of the town totaled RMB 15.6 billion, and household savings surplus was
RMB 11.7 billion. For many years, the town hasranked forefront place in the whole
Zhongshan City in terms of per capita income and deposits held in the banks.
Guzhen Town is one of the conventionaleconomic crop planting zones in Zhongshan City. In
recent years, the town increased its investments in agricultural production to improve
agriculturalinfrastructure and water engineering works,and also made great efforts in
adjusting distribution of agricultural production and agricultural product structure. As a
result, an agricultural economic structure with flower and plant seedling plantingas leading
industry and good quality aquaculture as supplementary industry has been formed in the
town and generated high output, high efficiency and high added value, and the town has
become a major production bases for flower and plant seedlings and one of the major
markets for such productsin Southern China.In 1999, Guzhen Town was recognized by
Guangdong provincial government as one of the Ten Major Demonstration Areas for
Agricultural Modernization. Currently, the town has cropping area totaling 21 thousand mu,
including 11 thousand mu for flowers and ornamental plants and 300 mu for vegetable
planting.In 2008, the South Green ExhibitionPark was planned with a total area of about 10
thousand mu, and 3times of China (Zhongshan) South Virescence Plantlet Expo have been
successfullyheld in the exhibition park, all of which were widely and highly commended by
3
leaders at all levels and all social circles. Additionally, agricultural production by farmers of
Guzhen Town in places outside the town is very prominent, with lots of farmers of the town
going to Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Xinhui and Zhanjiang and other places to conduct agricultural
production activities. At present, agricultural production area operated by farmers of Guzhen
Town in places outside the town totals above 30 thousand mu, which greatly upgradeextension
and driving-force impact of agricultural development of Guzhen Town.
1.4 Current Status of the Sub-project Area Relating to Agricultural Production
The sub-project involves agricultural production is the South Green Exhibition
Parksub-project. The South Green Exhibition Park covers an area totaling 10,050 mu,
including indoor exhibition area of 6,800 m 2 in total, mainly for exhibition of landscaping
and landscape trees, but also with stands for display of gardening material, pesticides and
fertilizers, drainage, irrigationand lighting facilities, and landscaping sketches and elements,
etc. The park has the biggest temporary planting base for camphor in Asia, over 2,000 mu of
area for exhibition of flowers and trees, as well as Longlinsha flower and tree planting base,
which covers6,800 mu of land equipped with ancillary facilities and is the largest
landscaping seedling production base in South China. Through two years of planning and
construction, all scenery spots in the exhibition areas and ancillary facilities in thepark have
become increasingly improved, and the park has attracted investors from abroad,
surrounding provinces in South China and renown enterprises in major cities in the Pearl
River Delta in Guangdong province, such as Guangdong Weisheng Gardening (Greenhouse)
Science and Technology Company Limited, Guangdong Zonglv Gardening Joint Stock
Company Limited, Spanish Philip Corporation and other corporations with foreign
capital.Nearly 138 enterprises have entered in the park, and the park has become a
comprehensive industrial parkwith landscaping seedling industry as the leading industry and
bonsai and rare rocks, shady flowers and plants, ornamental fish culture and turtle breeding
as supplementary industries.
1.5 IPM Concept
For the purpose of agricultural development, IPM is a strategic approach to pest control and
management that consists of closely related 3 stages of implementation, namely prevention,
monitoring and interference. It relies on a combination of supplementary agricultural,
physical, ecological and chemical practices to effectively reduce or put an end to use of
pesticides, so as to reduce pollution caused by chemicals to natural environment and
ecosystems.
IPM supported by the project involves the following aspects:
(1) Pest control to manage the damage to the limit of acceptable economic losses, instead of
exterminating all pests and diseases;
(2) Utilizing as much as possible non-chemical means to maintain a low level of pest
population;
(3) When it’s necessary to use pesticides, selection of the variety and application method
should ensure that hazardous impacts on beneficial organisms, human beings and
4
eco-environment can be reduced as far as possible.
1.6 Objectives of IPM Implementation under the Project
Implementation of IPM will make it possible to change the current practice of input and
application method of agro-chemicals (chemical fertilizers, pesticides) in the
production/culture processes of seedlings, ornamental fish and turtles. The Project will attend
to the potential negative impacts caused by change of input and application method of
agro-chemicals, and will mitigate them by introducing to the enterprises in the park more
effective agro-chemicals and application techniques. Meanwhile, through introduction and
demonstration of more environmentally friendly IPM techniques, the Project will help to
enlarge planting/culture areas of seedlings, ornamental fish and turtles, improve quality and
outputs of the forestry and aquatic products, so as to increase incomes of the enterprises that
have entered in the park.
Under the Project, this PMP will be implemented in the green exhibition park sub-project area
through vigorously promoting use of forest culture and management, physical and biological
methods to control pests and diseases, so as to reduce reliance of seedlingsproduction and
ornamental fish and turtle culture on agro-chemicals and thus pollution to the products and
natural eco-environment. Therefore, preparation of this PMP is very much necessary.
5
2 Current Pest Management Practice in the Project Area
2.1 Main Pests Found in the Project Area
2.1.1 Current Status of Seedling Planting and Predictable Main Pests
Nanfang Green Exhibition Park is anindustrial park with trade as the major operation and
production as supplementary activity. The enterprises in the park mainly conduct temporary
planting of seedlings transported from their own production bases or outsourcedseedlings in
the park, and selling of the living seedlings. The seedlings won’t be kept for long duration in
the park. Currently, the park has over 300 kinds of seedlings regularly planted, as shown in
Appendix 1. There are altogether over 400 kinds of pests predictable (see Appendix 2 for
details), including 6 kinds of quarantine pests, such as Brontispa longissima,Rhynchophorus
ferrugineus, Quadrastichus erythrinae, Mikania micrantha, Solenopsis wagneri,Opogona
sacchari Bojer.
2.1.2 Current Status of Ornamental Fish and Testudinate Culture and Predictable Pests
There are mainly 7 kinds of ornamental fish in the Green Exhibition Park,
includingCyprinidae, Tetra, Aphyosemion, Cichlaidae, Anabas testudineus, Hornpout and
other ornamental fish (see Table 2-1 for details). Main culture varieties of Testudinate
include Platysternidae, Emydidae, Testudinidae, Cheloniidae, Dermochelyidae and
Trionychidae, etc., as shown in Table 2-2.Due to reasons relating to pond environment, water
quality, feed and own conditions of the fish and turtles, diseases would occur at any stages of
the culturing process, the disease and control methods are shown in Table 2-3.
Table 2-1 Main Varieties of Ornamental Fish
No.
Name of
Family
1
Cyprinidae
2
Tetra
3
Aphyosemion
4
Cichlaidae
5
Anabas
testudineus
6
hornpout
Varieties
Golden carp, Danio rerio, leopard cheeta, Danio rerio, Big zebra fish, Rose bartlos, Double
Color labeo, Red tail black shark, Red fin labeo, Rainbow shark, Black fin
Balantiocheilosmelanopterus, Scaly Four Brotula, Side Line Four Brotula, Puntius tetrazona
Chubby Pleco, cowfish, Rasbora heteromorph Duncker, Red stripe rasbora
Quasi labiodental tetra,labiodental tetra, Eye spot line half characin, Moenkhausia
sanctaefilomenae, Red eye fish, Glass bloodfish, Astyanaxscabripinnis,Rose Tetra, Red dot
tetra, Dotted tetra, Congo tetra, Silver dollar tetra, Black pacu, Flag tail lip tetra,
Gasteropelecidae
Guppy, Broadtail, Swordtail, Spot Swordtail
Angel fish, Disc Cichlids, Malawi gold porgy, Minefield butterfly color cichlid, A color's butterfly
cichlid, Eye spot star Cichlids, Green crown, Brinell tilapia, Solemn Cichlids, Crater Cichlids,
Blue point Cichlids, Grand head Cichlids, plena fish, Beautiful Cichlids, Crown with Cichlids,
-Electric yellow cichlid, Blood parrot fish, Colorful porgy
Luo Betta, Silk foot thick perch, Nile perch, Pearl Gourami,Three star Gouramis、
Osphronemus goramy
Hypostomus multiradiatus, Quasi wide mouth catfish, Red tail catfish, Glass catfish, Crystal
Bardeen
6
7
Other
Ornamental
Fish
Scleropages formosus（Dragon fish, Red dragon fish）, Osteoglossum ferreirai（Silver
Arowana, Silver Belt）, Chitala chitala, Fine scale quasi tripletail, archerfish, Lepomis
cyanellus, Gold gyrinochelilus aaynonieri, Potamotrygon motoro, Arapaima, Cuban Gar,
Longnosed Elephant Fish, Rainbow fish
Table 2-2Main Varieties of Testudinate in the Park
No.
1
Name of Family
EmydidaePlatysternidae
Categories
Platysternon
Chinemys
Cistoclemmys
Cuora
2
Emydidae
3
EmydidaeTestudinidae
4
EmydidaeCheloniidae
5
EmydidaeDermochelyidae
6
Trionychidae
Cyclemys
Geoemyda
Mauremys japonica
Ocadia
Pyxidea
Sacalia bealei
Testudo graeca
Cherisin angulata
Manouria
Caretta
Chelonia
Hawksbill turtle
Lepidochelys
Emydidae
leatherback turtle
Palea
Trachemys
Trionyx
Rafetus
Varieties
Platysternon megalorcephalum
Big head turtle, black neck turtle, turtle
Chinese box turtle, Flower back box turtle
Yellow head box turtle, McCord’s box turtle, Golden
coin turtle, Yunnan box turtle, Zhou’s box turtle
Asian leaf turtle
Geoemyda spengleri
Mutica turtlebr
Chinese stripenecked turtle
Pyxidea mouhotii
Beal’s eyed turtle, Four eyed turtle
Central Asian Tortoise
Elongated tortoise
Impressed tortoise
Loggerhead turtle
Sea turtle
Hawksbill turtle
Olive ridley sea turtle
Leatherback turtle
Mountain Trionyx
Loggerhead turtle
Trionyx sinensis
Refetus swinhoei
7
Table 2-3 Main Disease and Control Methods of Ornamental Fish and Testudinate
Categories
Main Diseases
Saprolegniasis
Fin rot
Ornamental
Fish
Enterritis
Red skin disease
Leprnorthsis
Red neck disease
Saprlegniasis
Testudinate
Ulcerate disease
Mucormycosis
Hemorrhage
Prevention and Control Methods
① Soak in malachite green (0.2ppm～0.4ppm)；
② Soak in formalin ( 0.5ppm)；
③ Put sick fish in a small pond filled with a mixture of table salt
(400ppm～500ppm) and Sodium bicarbonate (400ppm～500ppm).
① Soak in bleaching powder (1ppm)；
② Soak in furacilin (1.5ppm～2ppm)；
③ Soak in erythrocin (0.3ppm)；
④ Splash copper sulfate (0.5ppm～0.7ppm) in fish pond.
① Soak in furazolidone (0.1ppm ～ 0.7ppm) and mix feed with
oxytetracycline；
② Orally feed with furazolidone (1g～2g/100kg) for 3 consecutive days,
③ Mash a small amount of garlic and put and add into feed for 3
consecutive days.
① Use caution in feeding to avoid injury of fish body;
② Use bleaching powder (1g/liter) in outdoor pond to prevent and control
the disease;
③ Use furan medicine (10mg／liter) to soak and wash fish body.
① Use furacilin (1ppm);
② Put in water with table salt (0.5%) and stop feeding for 2 days, and
then use sulfadiazine (0.6g/per fish) in feed;
③ Soak in table salt (2%) for 10 minutes;
④ Soak and wash using erythrocin (2.0ppm～2.5ppm) for 30 min.～50
min.
① Intramuscular injection using aureomycin, chloramphenicol and
etc.(150 thousand U/kg), and injection site is between hind leg base and
sternum at depth of 1.5cm; ②Replacement method: immune vaccine
made from liver or spleen of sick turtle (100ml/kg).
① Sterilize pond with sick turtle usingsolution of formalin (100 mg/l ) or
malachite (2 mg/l);
② Soak sick turtle using malachite (100 mg/l) for 15 min.;
③ Mix feed with antibiotics and sulfanilamides.
After have removed thefocus of infection part, applyChlorotetracycline
oculentum one time each day. If the sick turtle takes feed, add
oxytetracycline in feed; if it has stopped taking food, apply aureomycin to its
infected part and isolate it from others. Avoid putting it in water to
aggravate the sickness. Only put it in pond after its recovery.
Prevention is the first thing. It is a must to apply fertilizer in pond and
maintain certain degree of fertility, so as to restrain mold. Need to take
cautions in all practices to avoid injury of turtle body. Sunshine platform
needs to be constructed in the pond to allow the turtle of bask and dry
shells, so as to effectively prevent moldparastisu. Apply sulfanilamide
ointment to sick turtle.
Use antibiosis medicines, i.e. sulfanilamide (0.2g/kg as per weight) to mix
with feed, and make the sick turtle to finish the feed to achieve therapeutic
effect; or use oxytetracycline (7.5g/100kg as per weight) to mix with feed;
8
or use other antibiotics.
① Avoid high-density temporary culture and pile up of the turtles in
Sternite red and
swollen disease
Shothole disease
Branchial gland
adenitis
Parasitic disease
Feed-related
diseases
Disease relating to
deterioration of water
quality
transportation process;
② Rinse or apply the sick turtles usingmalachite green solution (1mg/l);
③ Inject 150 thousand U/kg of antibiotic.
① Ade Vitamin E in feed;
② Dip in bleaching powder solution.
① Isolate the sick turtles once found, to avoid spread of the disease;
② Thoroughly disinfect the pond using bleaching powder (200mg/l).
Soak the sick turtle in copper sulfate (8mg/l) or potassium permanganate
(20mg/l) for 30 minutes to remove ectozoa.
Avoid use of deteriorate feed, add vitamin E in feed, preferable use eel
feed.
Replace water in the entire pond and the turtles will recover in about 10
days.
Death in
hibernation period
Before putting turtles in pond in winter, use bleaching powder solution
(100mg/l) to disinfect the pond and then drain water out, dry and solarize
the pond, improve sedimentat the bottom of the pond.
Pests and enemies
to turtles
Reinforce dykes of the pond, conduct frequent check and plug holes and
cracks; cast proper amount of pesticides around the spawning ground of
the turtles to prevent against damage to eggs by ants. Additionally,
heighten the fence walls and raise dogs to prevent theft.
2.2Pest and Disease Control Methods Currently Used in the Project Area
2.2.1 Pest and Disease Control Methods Currently Used for Seedlings, Ornamental Fish and
Testudinates
2.2.1.1 Pest and Disease Control Methods Currently Used for Seedlings
Use of chemical pesticides is the main measure currently used in the project area to control
pests and diseases of seedlings. The types and usage amounts of pesticides used in the
project area is listed in Table 2-4.
2.2.1.2 Types and Usage Amounts of Pesticides and fungicides Used in the Project Area for
Control of Pests and Diseases of Seedlings
Table 2-4
Types and Usage Amounts of Pesticides and Fungicides Used for Control of
Pests and Diseases of Seedlings
Pests and
Diseases
Diseases
Pests
Types of Pests and
Diseases
Rust, anthracnose, leaf
spot, leaf blight, stem rot,
etc.
Chilades pandava
Types of Pesticides and Fungicides
Usage Amounts/year
Chlorothalonil, carbendazim, mildothane,
triadimefon, chloroisobromine cyanuric acid
200 Boxes of each type
Supracide
200 Boxes of each type
9
Mmesoneura rufonota
Rohwer
Autumn maple leaf cicada
Quadrastichus erythrinae
Banian thrip
Stem pests
Subbterranean pests
Defoliators
Harmful plants
Other pests
Daotech, phoxim
Imidacloprid, DDVP, heterophos 2000
DDVP
Imidacloprid
Dursban
Abamectin, carbofuran
Dipterex, DDVP
Glyphosate, butchlor, paraquat,
fenoxaprop pethyl
Flolimat, rogor, difenoconazole,
emamectin benzoate, acetamiprid
Mospilan, colloidal sulfur, cymbush,
Glyphosate,Yunfu, etc.
200 Boxes of each type
200 Boxes of each type
200 Boxes of each type
200 Boxes of each type
200 Boxes of each type
200 Boxes of each type
200 Boxes of each type
200 Boxes of each type
200 Boxes of each type
2.2.1.3 Pest and Disease Control Methods for Ornamental Fish and Testudinates
Measures currently used in the project area for control of pests and diseases of ornamental
fish and testudinates are shown in Table 2-3.
2.2.2 Types of Pesticides for Use of Pest and Disease Control
(1) Organic pesticides: also called organic synthetic pesticides, artificially synthesized using
organic synthesis materialsincluding benzene, alcohol, fatty acids and organic amine.
Depending on composition, chemical pesticides can be classified as organochlorine pesticides,
organophosphorus pesticides and organic nitrogen pesticides, etc., such as carbaryl,
chlodimeform, thiophanate and carbendazim, etc.
(2) Inorganic pesticides: also called mineral pesticides, e.g.sulfur, Bordeaux mixture, etc.,
made of raw mineral materialssuch as arsenic, fluorine and sulfur as main compositions.
(3) Botanical pesticides: made of plant ingredients. Its main active ingredient is the alkaloid
(such as the nicotine in tobacco and stemonine in radix stemonae, etc.) and glycosides.
Through chemical actions in insect bodies, these substances can change to toxic substances
that will kill the insects. Being harmless or of small virulence to humans and animals and no
injury to plants, botanical pesticides are safe in use and are thuswidely advocated and applied
in forest pests/diseases control.
(4) Microbial pesticides: made of microorganisms or metabolite of microorganism. The active
ingredients are the spores or antibiotics, such as Beauveria bassiana and kasugamycin, etc.
Safety in use is the outstanding feature of microbial pesticides, they are harmless to humans
and animals, without resistance of pests.
Beauveria bassiana,i.e., entomogenous fungi, also called“white zombie worms’fungi”because
of thewhite,stiff looking of pests dead after their being infected by such fungithat arenow
widely used in production.
10
Bacillus thuringiensis(B.t): a broad spectrum bacterial pesticides, now used for control of up
to a hundred kinds of pests, particularly Lepidoptera spp., such as Apocheima cinerarius and
Malacosoma neustria testacea, which is safe to humans, animals and natural enemies, and no
injury to plants.
(5)Chlorbenzuron pesticides:they arehighly effective to kill lepidopterous larvae, with best
control period of 3 instar or earlier stages and advantages of long residual effect and no harm
to natural enemies, etc.
(6) Insect pheromones：chemical substances of special smell released by insect adults and
mainly used to attract insects to mate with the same species of opposite sex.In terms of the
principle, traps with pheromone can be set in the forest to kill pests.
2.2.3 Types of Pesticides That Are Banned or Restricted for Use
For the purpose of safe and effective use of pesticides, “Regulations on Pesticide
Management”promulgated by the state council of the People’s Republic of China and
“Regulations on Safe Use of Pesticides” promulgated the Ministry of Agriculture provide:
（1）Pesticides applicable for pests/disease control in agricultural production (very dangerous
and highly toxic pesticides are banned for use);
（2）Pesticides of high effectiveness, low toxicity and low residue recommended for
application when other control methods have failed to work effectively；
（3）No access to markets for any agricultural products with pesticide residues exceeding the
standards;
（4）Safe application methods for pesticides, including scope of the pesticide application, safe
and proper application methods, concentration (or dosage), frequency and safety interval of
pesticide application, etc.
The “Regulation on Pesticide Management” encourages use of pesticides which are highly
effective, low toxic and with low residue, and defines the standards for pesticides marketing.
Use of some pesticides is forbidden as per the “Regulations on Safe Use of Pesticide” and
the“Regulation on Pesticide Management”.
2.2.3.1 Banned/restricted Pesticides
The Chinese government has banned by explicit order use of 23 kinds of pesticides, namely,
Benzex, DDT, toxaphene, dibromochloropropane, chlordimeform, dibromoethane, nitrofen,
aldrin, dieldrin, mercurial compounds, arsenic compounds, lead-bearing compounds,
Bis-A-TDA, fluoroacetamide, glyftor, Tetramine, Frato, silatrane, Methamidophos,
Parathion-methyl, parathion, monocrotophos, Dimecron.
2.2.3.2 Pesticides for Restricted Use
11
Pesticides (totally 19 kinds) for restricted use for vegetables, fruit trees, tea and medicinal
herbs are: omethoate for cabbage; dicofol and fenvalerate for tea; hydrazide (B9) for peanut;
tert-parathion for sugar cane; phorate, isofenphos-methyl, terbufos, posfolan-methy, sulfotep,
systox, carbofuran, aldicarb, phosphorus, posfolan, coumaphos, dyfonate, isazofos and
fenamiphos for vegetables, fruit trees and herbal materials
2.3 Overall Evaluation of the Current Practice of Disease and Pest Managment
Biological and non-polluting chemical prevention and control of pests and diseases are
currently the prevailing methods in Guzhen Town, Zhongshan City of Guangdong province,
but use of pesticides for control of pests and diseases of seedlings has the advantages of
beingeffective, convenient for machine-based application and etc. In cases of large scale of
pest incidence, pesticides can help to exterminate pests in short time period, and therefore
are being widely used in control of pests and diseases of seedlings.
Through consultations with relevant departments of the project area and field surveys to the
farmers, it is understood that, due to the special geographic environment, dynamic
international and domestic economic and trade activities, an abundance of tree varieties, and
warm and humid climate in the project area,pests and diseases exist in the project area are of
great varieties, causing serious damages. It was also learned that, a complete system of
disease and pest prediction and forecasting has been established by agricultural plant
protection department of Guzhen Town Agricultural Office and equipped with matured
techniques that are in the leading position in the region. However, problems relating to use of
pesticides still exist in the project area, including:
(1)Reliance on chemical control methods;
(2)Arbitrary disposal of agro-chemicals and their packaging material, which forms latent plane
source pollution;
(3) Incidents of illegal use of highly toxic agro-chemicals are still found;
(4) Improper use of and management on pesticides;
(5) Inadequate compulsory execution of relevant laws and rgualtions on labeling and
marketing of agro-chemicals;
(6) Lack of awareness of safe use of pesticides and of personal safety measures;
(7) Insufficient understanding of IPM of the agricultural extension staff, agro-chemical seller
and farmers.
12
3 Policy and Supervision Framework and Institutional Responsibilities
3.1 Policies of the National and Provincial Governments on Plant Protection and IPM
At the national level, the State Forestry Administration subordinating to the State Council is
responsible for forest pest/disease control and quarantine, while the Ministry of Agriculture is
responsible for the registration and supervision of pesticides. Main relevant laws and
regulations on forest pest and disease control by the People’s republic of China and
Guangdong province are summarized as follows:
(1) Forest Law of the People’s Republic of China (adopted by the Standing Committee of the
National People’s Congress in September 1984);
(2)Law of P.R. China on Quality and Safety of Agro-Products（adopted by the Standing
Committee of the National People’s Congress in April, 2006）;
(3) Regulations on Implementation of the Forest Law of the People’s Republic of China
(promulgated by the State Council in January 2000);
(4) Regulations on Forestry Pest Control (promulgated by the State Council in December
1989);
(5)Regulations on Pesticide Management of the People's Republic of China (promulgated by
the State Council on January 29,2001);
(6) Regulations on Plant Quarantine (revised and promulgated by the State Council on May
13,1992);
(7) Guangdong Provincial Regulations on Agricultural Environmental
Protection(promulgated bythe Ninth Session of Standing Committee of the People’s Congress
of Guangdong Province in June 1998);
(8)Methods for Implementing the Regulations on Pesticide Management (revised by Decree
No. 9 (2007) of the Ministry of Agriculture on December 8, 2007);
(9)Norms for Use of Pesticides in Green FoodProduction( NY/T393-2000) (issued by the
Ministry of Agriculture in March 2000);
(10) Detailed Rules for Implementing the Regulations on Plant Quarantine (Forestry Volume)
(issued by the Ministry of Forestry in July 1994);
(11) Standards for Safe Application of Pesticides(GB4285-1989) (issued by the State
Environmental Protection Administration in September 1986);
(12) Standards for Safe Application of Pesticides (GB8321.2—1987) (issued by the State
Environmental Protection Administration in September 1986);
13
(13) Norms for Proper Application of Pesticides (Volume 1 to 8) (GB/TB8321.1～
8321.8)(issued by the Ministry of Agriculture);
(14) Anti-poison Standards for Storage, Selling and Usage of Pesticides (GB 12475-2006）
(issued by the Ministry of Agriculture)；
(15) Methods for Management on Production of Pesticides in Guangdong Province(issued
by Guangdong Province Economic and Trade Committee in April 2007).
Along with implementation of the Standards for Safe Application of Pesticides and
Regulations on Pesticide Management of the People's Republic of China, implementation of
IPM has been promoted.
3.2 Supervision Framework and Institutional Responsibilities
3.2.1Institutions Responsible for Supervision and Management on Pesticides
City Agricultural Bureau
City Quality Supervision Bureau
City Industr.& Commer.
Adm.Bureau
City Plant Protection and
Testing Station
TownshipAgro-tech.
Service Center
City Agricultural Laws’
Enforcement Team
Town/District Agro-Laws’
Enforcement Team
Figure 3-1
Institutions Responsible for Supervision and Management on Pesticides
Responsibilities of the Institutions:
Agricultural Bureau: responsible for registration of and supervision and management on
pesticides used in Guangdong province; and for defining or participating in defining
agriculture-related provincial, national and industrial standards for safe pesticide usage,
quality of pesticides and pesticide residues;
Industrial and Commercial Bureau: responsible for management on marketing of pesticides;
Quality and Supervision Bureau: responsible for management on production of pesticides;
Agricultural Laws’ Enforcement Team: responsible for supervision and management on
quality of agro-chemicals in the marketing places.
14
3.2.2 Organizational Structure for Testing of Pesticide Residues
City Agro-Forest Product Quality&
Safety Testing Center
Town/Distrct
Monitoring Station for
Agro- Forest Pro. Qlty. &
Safety
Agro-Forest Pro.Qlty &
Sfty. Testing Stations at
Wholesale Markets &
Supermarkets
Agro-Forest Pro. Quality
Testing Points at
Production Bases
Figure 3-2 Organizational Structure for Testing of Pesticide Residues
Town/District Agro-Forest Product Quality Monitoring Center/Station: responsible for
supervision and management on quality and safety of agro-forest products produced within its
administrative territory
Agro-forest Product Quality Testing Station at wholesale markets and supermarkets:
responsible for quality testing of agro-forest products for market access purpose;
Agro-forest Product Testing Point at agro-production base: responsible for quality testing of
agro-products at the production base for their selling to outside.
3.3 Overall Evaluation of Pest and Disease Management Capacity
3.3.1 Current Status and Trend of Pests and Diseases of Seedlings
Guzhen Town of Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province is located in the northwest part of
Zhongshan City, adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, and is only a little bit more than 1 hour
ride to Guangzhou Municipality. Being an important hinterland area of the Pearl River Delta
Economic Zone, Guzhen is featured by mild and humid weather and an abundance of plant
varieties that, unfortunately, also bring along pests of great varieties, wide distribution and
serious damages.Quarantine pestsfound in the town include Quadrastichus erythrinae,
Mikania micrantha, Brontispa longissima, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus and etc. Over recent
years, along with increase of plantation area of seedlings, varieties and incidence area of
forest pests has been increasing, with the problem of abrupt incidences of forest pests
becoming more and moreoutstanding. Given the frequent international and national seedling
trade in the town, major damages caused by intrusion of forest pests are increasingly serious.
3.3.2 Problems Existing in Pest and Disease Management
(1) Lagging behind in using updated prevention concept: seedling health concept has not
been incorporated in the current practice of preventing pests for forest production, and forest
15
culture and management techniques and effective measures to strengthenresistance capacity
of seedlingsin line with ecological systemconsideration are still lacking;
(2) Backward prevention measures: traditional ground investigation methods are still the
primary approaches used for monitoring of forest pests, resulting in higher time and labor
input and poor accuracy. Advance monitoring techniques need to be promoted for better
accuracy in monitoring and prediction.
(3) Capacity building system is not well established: training of forest pest IPM techniques
is still lagging. Because of inadequate introduction, demonstration and extension of
advanced monitoring and prevention techniques, awareness of risks of forest pests is not yet
well understood, making it impossible to realize real time monitoring and early warning of
forest pests within the whole region.
3.3.3 Measures Needed for Pest and Disease Management under the Project
Due to limited technical staff and inadequate fiancial input,progress in research and extension
of non-chemical control techniques includingphysical and biological ones, is kept at a slow
pace, with only single prevention and control method used and the resulted unsatisfactory
results. Additionally, non-chemical prevention and control accounts for a smaller proportion,
so further efforts are needed in carrying out extensive publicity, training and extension. During
project implementaiton, the following aspects should be strengthened:
(1) Upgrade the level of pest management through training to technicians in the green
exhibition park and in the seedling production enterprises;
(2) Provide training to farmers on basic knowledge about identification, prevention and
control of pests, based on local situation and actual needs of the farmers;
(3) Prepare practical training material and supplement it with necessary audio-visual aids;
(4) Strengthen support to research on and extension of IPM of major forest pests.
3.3.4Development of Pest and Disease Prevention and Control System in the Project Area
At present, 3relatively completed systems, including a monitoring and early warning system,
a quarantine and prevention system and a non-polluting prevention and control system, have
been established in the project area, with monitoring sites of various amounts set up at each
of themonitoring and prediction stations for the purpose of ensuring real time, dynamic
monitoring of pests and diseases, so as to provide data support to comprehensive prevention
and control. Professional staff has been teamed up to conduct quarantine, prevention and
control of pests and diseases.
3.4 Pesticide Management and Distribution System and Usage of Pesticides
In line with the Regulations on Pesticide Management of the P. R.China, agricultural
administration of Zhongshan Citygovernment shall be responsible for assisting agricultural
administration of the State Council to register pesticides and conducting pesticide
16
supervisionand administrationin its jurisdictional area; the agricultural administrative
departmentof the town/district shall take responsibilities for supervision and administration on
pesticides in the administrative area. Other relevant departments of the city shall be
responsible for the supervision and administration on pesticides in their respective scope of
duty.
3.4.1 Pesticide Distribution System
In the project area, Guzhen Town government shall be responsible for supervision and
administration of pesticides unitedlyprocured by the project management office (PMO).In
cases of pesticide procurement by seedling enterprises themselves, standardized
managementin compliance with the national and local laws and regulationsof the producers
and retailers is required, including registration of pesticides and control methods to ensure
compliance with the safety, quality and environmental pollution control standards.
Any pesticide retailer can operate only after having obtained a permit, and can only sell those
pesticidesproduced under registered contracts. Highly toxic and toxic pesticides cannot be
produced or sold for production.
Pesticides with residues in excess of the standards (especially in vegetables, fruits and food
crops) have been banned in the market for sale.
Packaging of a pesticide product must be labeledor enclosed with instructions indicating
name of the pesticide, name of manufacture, product lot number, registration number or
temporary registration number, production license number or production approval document
number, active ingredients, contents, weight, performance, toxicity, purposes,application
techniques and methods, date of production, useful life and precautions and etc. Before
delivery, pesticide products should go through quality inspection and beara quality acceptance
certificate.
Companies and units that are eligible for pesticide operations are:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Agro-production material businesses of theSupply and Marketing Cooperatives;
Plant Protection Station;
Soil and Fertilizer Station;
Agricultural and forestry technology extension organizations;
Forest pests/diseases prevention and control organization;
Pesticide manufacturers;
Other operation units specified by the State Council.
For marketing dangerous chemicals, the operation unit should have a special certificate
granted to it following procedures requiredby relevant national regulations.
3.4.2 Measures for Proper Usage of Pesticides
Pest occurrence pattern, ecological concept, site conditions, types of pesticides and the forms
of pesticides form the base for determination of proper measures of pesticide applications, as
shown in Table 3-5.
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Table 3-5
No.
Proper Measures for Pesticide Usage in the Project Area
Measures
1
Scientific Selection
2
Optimal Timing
3
ProperFrequency
4
Appropriate
Application Method
5
Safe Application
Contents
Accurately identify the types of pests/diseases and determine the control object according to
morphology, symptoms, biology and ecology of pests/diseases, select the most cost-effective
pesticide or formulations, which are safe, economic and effective.
In the critical period of prevention and treatment, according to indicators of pesticide control, result in
economic losses in the prior. Disease control must grasp to the principles of protection for the first,
protective agent spraying before the disease occurrence, and therapeutic agents have to spray after
the occurrence of disease. Pest control in young stages.
In the case of ensure the control effect, in the range of effective concentration should make use of low
concentrations of drugs for prevention, the number of control according to the degree of residual
validity and the occurrence of pests/diseases to be. Cannot only effective control of pest damage, but
also not produce injury and no pollution to the environment.According to the duration of
pests/diseases, the amount of occurrence and the length of agents to determine the number of
persistence spraying.
Different formulations of pesticides should be used in different application methods. General emulsion
and dissolve powder mainly by spray and splash water; powder mainly by spray; granule mainly by
applicator or deep basal; strong absorption within the pharmaceutical mainly by powder, spray,
splashed water and smear.Different action mechanism of pesticides, should take a different
application methods to achieve maximum control effect for the purpose. According to the part of
disease occurrence, insect activity patterns and different pesticide formulations to choose the different
methods and time of application.
According to state pesticide regulations, strictly control the use of highly toxic pesticides, determined
disable high-residue and the "three-induced effects of pesticides, earnestly implement the safe use of
pesticides and crop safety procedures interval requirement, and make sure safe medication, to avoid
environmental pollution, to prevent livestock poisoning.
18
4 Overall Objectives of this PMP
4.1 Overall Objectives
Objectives of this PMP are to:
(1) Ban use of highly toxic pesticides by seedling and aquatic product businesses;
(2) Reduce sales of improperly or incompletely labeled pesticides to forest farmers;
(3) Improve awareness, knowledge and capacity of integrated pest management (IPM);
(4) Upgrade capability of safe pesticide application and management.
Under the project, the following measures will be used to increase awareness and
understanding of IPM:
(1) Introduce to the seedling operators that apply for the project loans the quality
standards of pesticides as required by the project procurement policies;
(2) Upgrade capacity-building of governmental organizations for IPM extension service;
(3) Provide training to pesticide distributors and retailers on IPM.
4.2 Basic Principles and Objectives of Pest and Disease Control under the Project
4.2.1 Basic Principles
Basic principles are: to persevere interritoriality of management, with local government
toassume the administrativeresponsibility and relevant governmental departments to perform
respective functions as per clearly defined responsibilities for protection and development of
seeding resources; to adhere to puttingprevention first and combining prevention and control,
so as to strictly restrainspread of epidemic; to stick to the approach of preventing pests and
diseasesin all areas and eliminating pests and diseases inkeyareas to ensure safety of those key
area; to implement rational zoning and differentiated measures based on local situation to
upgrade effectiveness of prevention and control; to abide by the laws and standardize
management to enhance scientific prevention and control of pests and diseases.
4.2.2 Specific Objectives of Pest and Disease Prevention and Control
(1) Integrate non-polluting pest and disease control techniques and demonstrate for
extension, gradually reduce agro-chemical input;
(2) Ban use of agro-chemicals that are banned for use by the national government and
upgrade farmers’ ability to adopt scientific pesticideapplication methods;
(3) Increase awareness and application ability of farmers of IPM and thus upgrade the
degree of IPM application;
19
(4) Gradually standardize behavior of pesticide producers and sellers and promote safe
production and marketing of agro-chemicals;
(5) Ensure no serious losses will occur in the project area even with major pest or
disease incidence of seedlings, fish or testudinate.
20
5 Recommended Measuresfor Pest and Disease Control
5.1 Purposes of the Recommendations
The purposes of recommending measures for pest and disease control under the project are to
demonstrate and extend to a maximal degree use of IPM methods to reduce reliance on synthetic
chemical pesticides in the entire project area. The recommended measures include: plant
quarantine, pest prediction andforestry measures,, physical, biological and chemical measures
andetc., and, more specifically, disinfection of ornamental fish ponds and seedlings, biological
disease control, polyculture of fish and turtles, planting of floating vascular bundle plant (Pistia
stratiotes), proper use of microbial ecological agents to recover water environmental ecology.
5.2Main Measures Recommended in this PMP
5.2.1 Recommended Measures for Pest and Disease Control of Seedlings
5.2.1.1 Plant Quarantine Measures
Plant quarantine should be strengthened in the project area. Plant quarantine at places of origin,
for export or transport purpose and re-quarantinesystems should be strictly observed, so as to
secure effectiveelimination of pests and diseases. Introduction of seeds, scions or seedlings from
the pest/disease affected areas is prohibited. For purpose of standardizing the production and
marketing of the seedlings, registration of forest seedlings, seedling production permit, seedling
quality certificate and seedling production license systems should be implemented. Quarantine of
imported wood and wood products should be strengthened, and on-the-spot elimination of
quarantine object(s) should be performed once discovered,so as to prevent its/their entering into
the project area.
5.2.1.2 Pest Prediction Measures
Guzhen Town Agricultural Office shall provide information on pest incidence to the enterprises
in the green exhibition park in a timely manner, including object of control, control measures,
technologies and types of pesticides for use, etc. Such information shall be provided 7-10 days
prior to commencement of implementation of the control measures. Guzhen Town Agricultural
Office should ensure that the control measures are implemented in parallel in the nearby
towns/townships to enhance effectiveness.
5.2.1.3 Forestry Measures

Selectingpests/disease resistant tree species to upgrade self-resistance capability of the
seedlings;

Applyingintercropping or mixed planting to have proper allocation of species and crops,
so as to damages;

Breeding sturdy seedlings by sterilizing the seeds and soil, culling unhealthy seedlings,
so as to cultivate high-quality and strong seedlings；
21

Matching sites with trees, i.e. selecting tree species that best adapt to local
environmental conditions of the site;

Planting in time, i.e. selecting proper planting season;

Rationalizing use of fertilizers by applying adequate organic manure, minimalizing
use of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and increasing up-take of calcium;

Cleaning seedling land by deep plowing of soil to expose pests to extreme weather
and removing infected plants, branches or leaves.
5.2.1.4 Physical Measures

Capturing pests: such as using black light trap to capture moths, beetles and orthoptera pests;
using sweet and sour solution to capture moths; artificial capturing and removal of coleoptera
adults, lepidoptera larvae, pupae and egg masses; artificial clearing of overwintering pupae in
the earth; prunning the infected/impacted plant to remove pests/diseases and so on.

Cutting off routes of pests: this is to use specific habits of some pests to prevent damage,
such asstickingon a tree trunk a plastic apron to prevent damage by some kinds of pestswith
the habit of overwintering under the tree, or climbing up and damaging trees at night but
going down and hiding underneath the tree during daytime.
5.2.1.5 Biological Measures
Biological measures include: use of biological pesticides, such as matrine, Bt, SNPV, etc; use of
natural enemies such as the Sclroderma guani, Chouioia cunea, Cerambycid Parasitoid, ladybird
beetle; and use of sex attractant traps to kill pests, such as Monochamus alternatus .
5.2.1.6 Chemical Measures
Cost-effective measures by combining pesticide use with other control measures should be
promoted to increase effectiveness of pest and disease control. Useof pesticides should be on
the premise of applying only those pesticides that are of good quality, low toxic or non-toxic
pesticides to humans and livestockand safe to seedlings.
The main measures to improve effectiveness of pesticides include: prohibiting use of highly toxic,
toxic or highly residual pesticides; using different pesticides to control various pests and
forbiddinguse of broad-spectrum pesticides; adopting proper application frequency based on pest
occurrence; applying pesticides of proper amount; mixing pesticides with appropriate proportions
and alternating pesticides properly; strictly implementing national regulations on pre-harvest
interval (GB4285-89).
Use of chemical control measures should abide by the following principles:
(1) Use cost-effective non-pesticide chemicals;
22
(2) Use highly effective, low toxic and low residual pesticides (Category III pesticides defined by
the WHO );
(3) Promote use of pest and disease control techniques that are low toxic to humans, livestock
and plants and withless pollution to environment, including:
①Use of low toxic and low residual pesticides;
②To ensure optimal effectiveness of pesticide application, timely use of high effectiveness and
low concentration pesticides to control various pests is recommended in pest source area with
high density of pests, focal area of pest occurrence, and at larval stages of pests. Pesticides which
have lethal effect on the natural enemies will be prohibited to increase natural enemies at the late
stage after rampant occurrence of pests;
③ Ensuring safe interval for use of pesticides;
④ Instead of long-term continuous use of a single type of pesticide, alternative pesticide use is
recommended for pest control.
(4) Use of safe spraying devices (such as shouldered sprayers, optimized nozzle dimension) and
methods to enhance effectiveness of the pesticide application and pest control;
(5) Strengthening publicity and education on safe and proper use of pesticides, extending safe
application of pesticides through training, strictly following regulations on pesticide application
and paying attention to safety in use of pesticides;
(6) Safe storage of chemicals (e.g. keeping pesticides away from food and children);
(7) Dumping invalided and obsoleted pesticidesinto natural waters and cleaning containers or
application instruments of chemicalsin natural waters should be banned, proper disposal (such as
deep burial) at safe locations should be chosen.
5.2.2Recommended Measures for Pest and Disease Control of Ornamental Fish and Turtles
5.2.2.1 Recommend Measures for Disease Control of Ornamental Fish
(1) Disinfection of Fish Pond
Either dry pond disinfection method or with-water pond disinfection method can be applied. For
the dry pond disinfection method, first thing to do is to drain the pond, and then use quicklime
2250kg/ha or bleaching powder (150 kg/ha)to disinfect the pond. For with-water pond
disinfection,solution of quicklime (5250kg/ha)or bleaching powder (225kg/ha)can be used to
splash pond with water depth of 1m.
(2) Fingerling Disinfection
23
Before putting the fingerlings into pond, disinfection of the fingerlings should be conducted to
kill microbes and parasites on their bodies and thus benefit prevention and control of fish
diseases.
(3) Biological Prevention of Fish Diseases
Polyculture of various varieties of fish can be used to allow three-dimensional use of the space
and mutualistic symbiosis and mutual benefit of the fish varieties forming a food chain, so as to
reduce and prevent fish disease and increase productivity.
Proper aquatic plants can be put in pond, such as proper amounts of water hyacinth, Azolla
Filiculoides Lamk, to control nitrogen concentration and thus fertility level of water in the pond,
absorb harmful substances, mitigate water qualitydeterioration, and cool the pond water in hot
summer, for a good ecological environment of cultured fish.
Periodical disinfection of water in fish pond.June to October is the time period of high
incidence of fish diseases, when disinfection of pond water should be strengthened. The
prevention methods include: splashing the entire pond using bleaching powder solution
(1mg/kg) once every 15 days to prevent bacterial diseases of fish (such as red skin, rotten
branchia, enteritis and etc.); splashing the pond with copper sulfate (0.5mg/kg) +ferrisulphas
(0.2mg/kg) once every month to prevent parasites including Trichodina, Crytocia branchialis,
Bodo globasus and Sinergasilus and etc.; crystaldipterex (0.3-0.5mg/kg) to kill larvae of
Lernaea, Sinergasilus and etc.in the fish pond.
Oral medicine to be added in feed for fish disease prevention and control: Since disinfection of
pond water alone will not be adequate for prevention of some diseasesof fish (such as
Hemorrhage and enteritis), oral medicines to be added in feed or stuck onto waterweeds are
also necessary.
5.2.2.2 Recommended Measures for Disease Control of Testudinate
(1)Maintaining a well-adjusted water environment to stabilize water quality, water color and
transparency, reduce environmental stress and the resulted hypoimmunity, so as to reduce
disease incidence of the turtles;
(2) Conducting strict monitoring and control of fingerlings, feed and medicinesput in turtle
ponds and the input methods in compliance with technical standards stipulated by the national
government, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangdong province, so as to prevent against diseases
and damage to quality of final products resulted from import of pathogens from outside and
improper use of feed or medicines.
(3) Performing integrated disease prevention and control of turtles by using methods including:
mixed culture, planting of floating vascular bundle plant (Pistia stratiotes), and proper use of
microbial ecological agents to recover water environmental ecology；control of turtle-raising
density to reduce intimidate reaction and optimal densities of ponds for young and adult turtles;
and use of panimmunity activatorand growth promoting agents, called jointly as
immunopotentiator, to upgrade turtles’ stress resistance capacity. Scientific use of fishery
medicines within limitsof national and local governmental regulations and sectoral
24
regulationsshould be applied by using Chinese herbal medicine as priority choice and combining
it with chemical medicines, and using suitable medicine with accurate dosage based on drug
sensitivity tests, for the purpose timely prevention and control of diseases.
25
6 Pesticide Management under the Project
6.1Pesticides Recommended for Use under the Project
For the purpose of further promoting non-polluting prevention and control of forest pests and
diseases, protecting eco-environment and biodiversity, the State Forestry Administration has
recommended use of a batch of highly effective, low toxic and low residual pesticides based on
development level of pesticides in China.
Included in the recommended pesticides are:
 biological and natural enemies, such as Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), Dendrolimus punctatus
virus, gypsymoth virus, Apocheima cinerarius virus, Hyphantria cuneavirus, Ectropis
obliqua virus, matrine, Azadirachtin, nicotine, rotenone, celangulin,abamectin, spinosad,
Beauveria Vuillemin, green muscardine fungus, microsporidia, pyrethrin and parasites or
predative natural enemies such as Scleroderma guani, Trichogrammal, Chouioia cunea,
coccobius azumai and Coccinellidae.
 Attractants for Monochamus alternatus, Dendroctonus valens LeConte, Parathrene
tabaniformis Rottenberg, Dendrolimus punctatus, Hyphantria cunea, Holcocerus renicola
and etc.
 Synthetic pesticides (chemical pesticides): Cyfluthrin, chlorbenzuron, Triflumuron,
Hexaflumuron, Fluorine carbamide, Diflubenzuron, Tebufenozide, imdidacloprid,
Fenoxycarb,Methylamino Avermectin, Chlorfenapyr, lime sulphur, mancozeb, carbendazim,
chlorohalonil, triazolone, Myclobutanil, iprodione, Flumorph, chemosterilant and repellents.
Machines for plant protection use are: engine-driven sprayers-dusters (for balanced medicine
application, electrostatic machine), built-in vehicle wide rangesprayers, smoke sprayers,
punchingmachines for medicine injection, forest medicine injection and sampling machines,
pest-killing lamps.
(1) Use of pesticides during project implementation should combine with forest culture and
management, physical and biological measures, and should follow the principle of economy,
safety and effectiveness.
In case pesticide is necessary, biological, vegetative, bionic and non-polluting pesticides should
be the choice.In accordance with IPM principle and OP 4.09 of the World Bank, pesticides and
relevant prevention and control measures recommendedunder the project are listed in Table 6-1.
Table 6-1 Pesticides Recommended Under the Project
Recommended Pesticides
Type of Trees
Main Pests
Biological Pesticides
26
Chemical Pesticides
Low Toxic
Moth , Rhopalocera
Chrysomelidae （ e.g.
longissima）
Brontispa
Zadirachtin, Bt
SNPV
Chlobenzuron No.3, Chlorfluazuron,
Cyfluthrin, Permethrin, Imidacloprid,
Bacillus Thruringlensis
Green muscardine fungus
Yejiaqing Powder
Piercing and sucking pests (Scale
pests) and mites
Landscping
Seedlings
Phylloxerae
Phytophthira
Shieldbug
Tetranychus urticae Koah
Nicotine microemulsion (5%)
Chlorfluazuron，Imidacloprid
Imidacloprid，phoxim
Chlorfluazuron
Phoxim，Chlorfluazuron
Pests on Branches and in Trunk
Hieroxestidae(Opogona
Bojer）
Imidacloprid
sacchari
Nematode pesticides
Trichogramma dendrolimi,
Steinernema, Bacillus
Thuringiensis (Bt.)
Anthracnose, Scab, Rust, Brown
blotch, Powdery mildew, Leaf apex
blight, Root rot, Botrytis, Rhizoctonia
solani and etc.
Phoxim
Dipterex
Chlorothalonil, Carbendazim, Triadimefon,
Mildothane
(2) Pest and disease control measures of each of the tree varieties incorporates main measures
of IPM, though with a strong dependence on pesticides.
(3) Non-chemical control measures are mainly silvicultural, physical and biological measures.
Biological control measures that have been tested and proven to be effective will be introduced
into and extended in the projectby Zhongshan City Forest Pest Control and Quarantine Station.
Asupplementary, coordinated and integral prevention and control system shall be established in
the project area by incorporating forestry, physical, biological and chemical measures with other
effective ecological measures and thus giving full play to advantages of each of the measures.
Integrated IPM techniques for seedlings formed under the project will be used to guide pest and
disease control in the whole city.
In selecting pest and disease control measures, forest culture and management measures, physical
measures (e.g. pest-killing lamps, pheromone traps), biological measures orbiological pesticides
that are of equally cost-effective tosynthetic pesticides should all have priority over use
ofsynthetic pesticides (Table 4).Use of chemicals without registration or including Type I active
constituents defined by WHO shall be strictly banned in the project area.
6.2 Pesticide Application Devices for Use in the Project Area
In order to guide safe, scientific and proper use of pesticide application devices, further promote
non-polluting prevention and control of forest pests and protect eco-environment and
biodiversity,the State Forestry Administration has recommended use of a batch of pesticide
application devicesbased on development level of pest prevention and control devices in China,
27
among them are engine-driven sprayers-dusters (for balanced medicine application, electrostatic
machine), sprayers-dusters, built-in vehicle wide range sprayers, smoke sprayers,
punchingmachines for medicine injection, forest medicine injection and sampling machines,
pest-killing lamps.
6.3 Management on Use of Pesticides under the Project
(1)In line with the plant protection principle of “prevention first and integrated prevention and
control”, the Green Exhibition Park Pest and Disease ManagementCenter shall provide technical
training to enterprises in the park at regular intervals. Topics included in the training are:
extension of safe and highly effective pesticides, upgraded pesticide application
techniques,knowledge on pests and diseases of seedlings, fish and turtles, and on the damages,
emergency control, prevention and relevant laws and regulations.
(2) The Green Exhibition Park Pest and Disease Management Center shall strengthen guidance
on safe and proper use of pesticides, ensure procurement of approved chemical pesticides, and
monitor rate of use of pesticides and medicines. At the same time, it shall formulate rotational
pesticide use plan based on incidence of pests and diseases in the park, so as to mitigate drug
resistance of pests and improve control effectiveness.
(3) The Green Exhibition Park Pest and Disease Management Center shall ensure sales of
pesticides in the vicinity of the park all accord with standards for labeling and examination ( of or
below Category II), and ensure that enterprises in the park and neighboring farmersare aware of
IPM methods and able to have properdosage and safe applicationof pesticides and safe disposal
of the waste, so as to prevent against environmental pollution caused by pesticide uses and
pesticide poisoning accident.
(4) Guzen Town Agricultural Office of Zhongshan City shall conduct periodical inspection to
ensure use of pesticides in compliance with nationalregulations in its jurisdictional area,
including the users’ compliance with specified dosage, frequency, application methods and
pre-harvest internal for safe and proper use of pesticides and prevention of pollution to
agro-products.Highly toxic and toxic pesticides are not allowed to be used for hygienicpests,
vegetables, fruits, melons, tea or Chinese medicinal herbs.Use of pesticides should consider
protection of environment, beneficial organisms and rare species. Use of pesticides to poison fish,
shrimps, birds and animalsand etc. is strictly banned.
(5) The Project Leading Project of established for implementation of the project in Guzhen Town
of Zhongshan City shall facilitate making of environmental protection policies relating to
agro-chemical marketing and use.
6.4Capacity of Pesticide Users to Handle Pesticide within the Acceptable Risk Limit
As indicated in Section 2.3 “Overall Evaluation of the Current Practice of Disease and Pest
Management”of this PMP, there is a discrepancy of capacity to handle pesticides within the
acceptable risk limit (e.g. safe storage, safe application machines or devices, safety protection
clothes, safe disposal of wasted pesticides and their packing material) among the seedling
production enterprises in the park and pesticide retailers. To effectively address this problem, a
training plan targeted at farmers and pesticide retailer is prepared as described in Chapter 7 of
28
this PMP.In addition to this, a monitoring and evaluation plan (see Chapter 8.1) will be
implemented to monitor at regular intervals pesticide use and disposal capacity of farmers and
pesticide retailers, and further training shall be provided to address improper use or unsafe
disposal if any.
6.5 Environmental, Professional and Health Risks
6.5.1 Environmental Risks
(1) The main environmental risks of pesticide useunder the project include:
 potential risk of reduction of the number of aquatic organisms (such as fish and aquatic
insects) due to water quality deterioration;
 Contamination of water source due to spray, overflow or leakage of pesticides or
chemicals near the drinking watersource;
 Impacts on non-targeted species (especially bees, birds, livestock, natural enemies) due to
the use of highly toxic pesticides;
 Increased resistance of pests due to long-term use of certain types of pesticides;
 Soil contamination due to pesticide residues in soil.
(2) Measures to Mitigate the Above-mentioned Risks

To train the town leaders, farmers,seedling/fish/turtle producers, pesticide retailers on
potential impacts of particular agro-chemicals on environment, and recommend to them
suitable and safe spraying methods and devices;

To monitor spray of pesticides to ensure no use of highly toxic pesticides in places close
to water sources;

To procure safe and verified pesticide spraying devices with support of the project;

To select onlyhighly effective but low toxic pesticides for use;

To use pesticidesof low residue and shorter half-life;

To enhance promotion of biological control measures for minimizing use of pesticides;

To integrate use of various pest and disease control methods (silvicultural, physical,
biological, and chemical measures) to ensure no increase of pest resistance.
6.5.2
Professional /Health Risks
(1) The major occupational/health risks of pesticides application include:
29

Physical discomfort will occur if inhaling vapors of pesticide(s) when compounding or
spraying pesticide(s)without wearing protective masks;

Skin burns caused by overflow or leakage of pesticide(s)if withoutwearing protective
clothing;

Pollution of drinking water source due to spray, or overflow/leakage of pesticide in
places close to the water source.
(2) Measures to Mitigate the Above-mentioned Risks

Train the town leaders, farmers, seedling/fish/turtle producers, pesticide retailers on potential
professional/health impacts of particular agro-chemicals, and recommend and display to
them: suitable and safe spraying methods, approved devices and their usages(such as
sprayers, nozzle size, etc.), wearing safety clothing (long sleeves, masks, hats, gloves,
trousers and footwear); static spraying (no wind); safe storage of pesticides in locked
cabinets to keep away access by children; safe disposal of wasted chemicals and their
packaging material by deep burying or incineration;

Monitor implementation of the above measures and conduct further training if without full
compliance.
6.6 Managerial Measures to Reduce Risks Caused by Pesticide Use in the Project
(1) Establish the Green Exhibition Park Pest and Disease Management Center to take
responsibility forinspecting at regular intervals uses of pesticides by project beneficiaries, so as to
ensure:

Their Production, packaging, labeling, transportation, storage, application and handling
are in line with standards of the World Bank;

To avoid use or preparation of pesticidecompound that isof Category IA or IB as
classified by the WHO (World Health Organization), or use of pesticides of Category II
with concentration of active ingredients exceeding the WHO standards.
(2) Examine and verify pesticide(s) purchased by project beneficiaries to ensure compliance with
standards, including examination and verification of:

Risks and the severity of risks caused by pesticide usage method or pesticide users;

Reliability of the usage method and the application capacity of user(s);

Classification and preparation of pesticide(s) in line with Risk-based Pesticide
Classification Method and Procedures (Geneva: WHO2004-05) and latest pesticide
classification references.
(3) Select pesticide(s) in accordance with requirements defined in the World Bank policy OP
4.09 to ensure the pesticide(s) to be used is/are:
30

Of minimal damage to human health;

With proven effectiveness to control of target pest or disease;

Of minimal impact on non-target species and natural environment. Application method,
timing and frequencymust have minimal damage to natural enemies. Pesticides for
public health programs must be proven to be safe to residents, local species and users.
31
7 Capacity Building for Pest and Disease Management under the Project
7.1 Policies to Be Implemented
7.1.1 Pest and disease management policies to be implemented under the project include:

Reducing ratio of chemical pesticides in currently used pesticides;

Recommending to the government to strengthen supervision over pesticide use through
legislation and enforcementof relevant laws;

Implementing administrative regulations on use of pesticides;

Banning use of highly toxic and highly residual pesticide or use of pesticide without a
license in the project area;

Prohibiting use of Category I pesticides classified by the WHO and replacing them with
low toxic pesticides.
7.1.2 The following regulations shall be strictly followed:
(1) FAO proceduresfor pesticide standards, distribution and usage (or corresponding
Chinese norms)；
(2) FAO specifications for pesticide packaging and storage (or corresponding Chinese
norms)；
(3) FAO specifications for labelingof pesticide package (or corresponding Chinese norms)；
(4) FAO specifications for disposal of remaining pesticide on application site and the
packagingcontainer (or corresponding Chinese norms)；
(5) Standards for discharge of pesticide pollutant defined by the State Environmental
Protection Administration (SEPA);
Financial support or support through implementing other program of Guzhen Town government
of Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province shall be requested for implementation of IPM under
this project.
7.2 Objectives of Capacity Building
7.2.1 Awareness Raising
Through project implementation, awareness of IPM policy in the project area will be
strengthened, which can be embodied by:

Reduced amount and frequency of daily use of chemical pesticides in the project area;

Use of pesticides without registration prohibited in the project area;
32

Use of highly toxic pesticides (of category I, as defined by WHO) forbidden or replaced
with lowtoxic ones;

FAO procedures for pesticide standards, distribution and usage (or corresponding
Chinese norms) implemented in the project area;

FAO specifications for pesticide packaging and storage (or corresponding Chinese
norms) implemented in the project area;

FAO specifications for labelingof pesticide package (or corresponding Chinese norms)
implemented in the project area;

Standards for discharge of pesticide pollutant defined by the State Environmental
Protection Administration (SEPA) implemented in the project area；

Project shall prepare to formulate norms or standardsthat correspond to FAO
standards/guidelines if such corresponding Chinese norm or standards is not available;

PMP of the project prepared for implementation.
In addition, the town government shall be encouraged to promote and support implementation of
IPMbydiscussions and benefits of IPM implementation (especiallythe long-term benefits)under
the project.
7.2.2 Strengthening Forest Protection Capacity at Grass-Root Level
Through project implementation, plant protection capacity of the surroundingtowns of the project
area will be strengthened because of:

Training provided to technicians in the seedling/ornamental fish/turtle
production/culture enterprises, technical extension staff and farmers in Guzhen Town,
Xiaolan Town and Henglan Town;

In the process of project implementation, technicians in the seedling/ornamental
fish/turtle production/culture enterpriseswill be enabled to familiarized with and utilize
IPM methods and farmers will develop understanding of IPM;

Through project implementation, contact and cooperation for pest and disease control
among the city, town and villages will be strengthened, which will facilitate
implementation of IPM plan.
7.3 Infrastructure, Managerial Capacity, Institutional Arrangement and Cooperation
The project will strengthen construction of basic infrastructure for pest and disease control and
supervision over pesticide use and distribution, so as to control marketing and utilization of
pesticides.Under the project, the following activities will be implemented:
33
(1) Experts of agricultural, forestry and fishery bureaus of the Zhongshan City shall strengthen
training to agricultural technical extension staff and farmers in the towns/districts (see Section
7.5);
(2) Monitoring plan will be prepared (see Chapter 8) for evaluation of pest and disease control
and integration of IPM techniques in the project;
(3) Project Management Office (PMO) shall appoint a full-time staff to supervise over
implementation of IPM methods;
(4) PMO shall establish cooperation with Zhongshan City Forest Pest and Disease Control and
Quarantine Office and other organizations, such as Guangdong Province General Station for
Forest Pest and Disease Control and Quarantine, Guangdong Province Fish Research Institute,
Guangdong Province Wild Animal Research Institute, Guangdong Province Agricultural
Information and the Research Institute, so as to broaden knowledge on pest and disease
control and upgrade IPM capacity;
(5) Exchange of pest and disease control techniques and experience among the farmers in the
project area shall be strengthened to ensure sharing of benefits;
(6) Leaders of relevant towns/districts and villages will be encouraged and supported to promote
and adopt safe pest/disease control methods and IPM techniques.
7.4 Overall Description of Training and Human Resources Development
Suggestions on capacity building and human resources development for pest and disease control
are as follows:
(1) Obtaining information on new pest and control method of the new pest by consulting
plant protection experts and technicians;
(2) Conducting regular training to agricultural technical extension staff of Guzhen Town to
ensure effective implementation of regulations on pesticide uses;
(3) Conveying to farmers new pest and disease control methods by organizing farmer field
schools by agricultural technicians and engaging pest and disease control experts to
participate in the training wherever necessary;
(4) Preparing practical training material and supplementing with necessary audio-video
means.
7.5 Training to Forest Farmers
The objective of training staff and other relevant people working in the green exhibition park is to
enhance their ability of safe and effective control of pests/diseases (as described in the project
implementation plan). The training includes pest identification, appropriate management
decisions and application of appropriate control measures.
34
A 4-day training course will be held in each quarter of the years to each forestry/fish or turtle
cultureenterprise (50 enterprises/day). The annual training plan and budget is shown in Table 9-3.
7.5.1 Topics of Training
(1) Pest/disease features;
(2) Losses caused by different pests ordiseases;
(3) Natural enemies of main pests;
(4) Methods for field investigation and sampling of pests and diseases;
(5) Scope anddensity of control measures ( thresholds of pests and diseases for taking control
measures);
(6) IPM techniques, including forest culture, physical, biological and chemical control
techniques;
(7) Safe storage and disposal of pesticide, pesticide packaging material and waste;
(8) Methods of pesticide application and standardized use of protection clothes.
The trainees will include:

Bigger enterprises that can play a leading role;

Forestry technical extension staff in Guzhen Town;

Pesticide retailers.
7.5.2 Organizations Capable to Provide the Training
(1) Trained agricultural administrative departments at town level;
(2) Pesticide producers and retailers;
(3) Forest pest and disease control and quarantine organizations at province and city
levels;
(4) Other national and provincial organizations capable for the training, including
universities and scientific research institutes at or above provincial level.
35
8. Monitoring and Evaluation under the Project
8.1. Contents of the Project Monitoring
During project implementation, it is required to conduct field monitoring of: (i) the
implementation of this PMP, (ii) pesticide use patterns, (iii) product quality (growth of
seedlings, fishes, turtles in comparison with the control groups), (iv) the dynamic population
changes of the main pests and their natural enemies and (vi) the environmental impacts after the
project implementation. The specific procedures of the project monitoring are shown below:
M&E Contents
Eco-system change
Pesticides Use
Safety protect
Product quality
Toxicity
Seedling
growth
Pesticide
varieties
Growth of fish
and turtles
Pesticide use
quantity
Pests
DIY buy
Control cost
Natural enemies
Proposed buy
Fig. 8-1 Chart of the Project Monitoring
8.2. Contents of Monitoring and Evaluation
In the process of project supervision, the World Bank supervision group shall conduct
fieldsurveyand inspection to understand:
(a) Status of pesticide registration (evidence documents);
(b) Whether Category I pesticide is used in the project area ;
(c) Implementation of relevant policies;
(d) Implementation of field monitoring plan, analysis results and remedial measures.
The World Bank supervision group shallconduct twice a year field supervision and inspectionto
the project area, preferably during time periods of high incidence of pests and diseases to observe
the field implementation of pest control.
36
The World Bank supervision group shall be composed of experienced pest control experts and
funded by the World Bank.
Monitoring in the project areashould be done by staff of local agricultural technical extension
office, with support of technicians of forest pest prevention and control and aquatic culture
institutions at the city level.
Expert(s) to be sent by the World Bank shouldhelpestablish, as soon as possible, an appropriate
monitoring system and sampling procedures and provide training on monitoring and analysis.
8.3. Plan of Monitoring and Supervision
8.3.1. Monitoring Plan of Pest Management
8.3.1.1. Implementation of Monitoring Plan
The monitoring should be done with the joint efforts of Guzhen Township Agricultural Office
and the Project Management Office as well as the enterprisers of seedling nurseries, forest
farms and aquaculture farms. Once the incidence of pests is observed, it should be timely
reported and managed. Expert sent by the World Bank should, as soon as possible, help establish
an appropriate monitoring system and sampling procedures and provide training on monitoring
and analysis.
37
Agriculture,
aquaculture and
forestry bureaus of
ZhongshanMunicipal
ity
Guzhen T. Agri Office
Pest Monitor Points
Frequent pests
Sudden-burst
pests
Occasional
pests
Pests in
quarantine list
Pest data collection
and analysis
Pest control
measures
Effect of pest
control
Fig. 8-2 Illustration of Pest Management and Monitoring
8.3.1.2 Monitoring Points and Items
On the basis of the actual situation in the project area, at least the project will have the
following monitoring sites: (i) Guzhen Green Exhibition Park (focusing on seedlings); (ii)
Longlingsha Flower and Seedling Production Base (focusing on seedlings); (iii) Zhennan
Flower and Seedling Production Base (focusing on seedlings); (iv) Zone of Ornamental Fishes
in Guzhen Green Exhibition Park (focusing on ornamental fishes); and (v) Zone of Testudinate
in Guzhen Green Exhibition Park (focusing on tortoises and turtles).
Table 8-1Monitoring Items and Quantity (15 mu = 1 ha)
Items
Monitoring Sites
Area to BeMonitored (mu)
Guzhen Green Exhibition Park
11,000
Longlingsha Flower and Seedling Production Base
8,000
Zhennan Flower and Seedling Production Base
11,000
Ornamental Fishes
Zone of Ornamental Fishes in Guzhen Green Exhibition Park
1,500
Tortoises and Turtles
Zone of Tortoises and Turtles in Guzhen Green Exhibition Park
Seedlings
38
300
8.3.1.3. Data Collection and Sampling
Data collection and sampling is designed as in Table 8-2.
Table 8-2Data Collection and Sampling
Indicators
1. Product quality
2. Pesticides use
3. Main pests and the
natural enemies
4. Pesticide residues
5. Pesticide poisoning
Data Collection and Sampling
Data are collected from all the monitoring points in the
project area. The data include the growth of all the main
products in comparison with the controls.
Data are collected from all the monitoring points in the
project area. The data include the type, dosage and use
frequency of pesticides as well as the disposal of pesticides
and packaging.
Data are collected from all the monitoring points in the
project area. The data collection focuses on the pest types,
the hosts, the occurrence area, damage degrees,
occurrence timing and the natural enemies on the main
products to be monitored.
Data are collected from all the monitoring points in the
project area. The data include pesticide residues in soils.
Data are collected from all the monitoring points in the
project area.
Frequency
Once a year
Twice a year
Once a month, 12
times a year
Once a year
Once a year
8.3.1.4. Monitoring and Evaluation System
(1)Adoption degree of IPM Measures
 Number of households involving in demonstration of IPM measures;
 Area of the productswith IPM measures adopted;
 Number of householdsable to identify main pests and the natural enemies;
 Number of households participating in IPM training; and
 Effectiveness of IPM measures on the main pests/diseases.
(2) Safe Use of Pesticides
 Frequency of pesticides application on the main species of seedlings, fishes, and turtles
(times/year);
 No. of varieties and quantity of pesticides applied on the main species of seedlings,
fish and turtlesper mu per year;
 Cost of pesticides per mu per year for pest and disease control of main species of
seedlings, fish and turtles;
39
 Number of households with safe use and management of pesticides (e.g. safe storage,
proper use of appliances for labor protection); and
 Poisoning accidents on human and livestock due to pesticide use.
(3) Growth of the Products
 Growth of the main species of seedlings, fishes and turtlesafter implementation of IPM
under the project (in comparison with the control groups); and
 Profits of the main species of seedlings, fishesand turtles after implementation of IPM
under the project.
(4) Impacts on Ecosystem
 Incidents of and damage by the main pests in different demonstration zones of main
species of products;
 The dynamic changes of the types and quantity of the beneficial organisms in each of
the IPM plots (thebeneficial organisms include predatory insects, parasitic insects and
so on);
 Impacts of IPM on wild animals, honey bees, water, soils and so on.
(5) Other Indicators
 Frequency of visit by dealers of agricultural chemicals to project area;
 Frequency of agricultural chemicaladvertisementson media including TV, radio and
newspapers;
 Frequency at which brands of agricultural chemicals are observed in the project area
through retails; and
 Frequency of exhibitions of acceptable brands of agricultural chemicals.
8.3.2. SupervisionPlan
8.3.2.1. Implementation of the Supervision Plan
Project offices at all levels should be responsible for ensuring regular supervision activities.
Project offices at all levels and the local agricultural extension center should closely supervise
and monitorimplementation of the IPM plan, particularly at the incident peaks of pests and
diseases, and provide support and cooperation to World Bank Supervision Groupduring its field
inspection and supervision. World Bank Supervision Group should be composed of experienced
pest control expert(s) and conduct its work at a frequency of 1~2 times a year, preferablyduring
high incidence of pests and diseases.
8.3.2.2. Contents of Supervision and Monitoring
40
(1) Pesticide Use
 To check whether the pesticides in sales by dealers and in use by farmers in the project
area are officially registered and recommended by the pest management plan;
 To check whether Category I pesticides are in sales or in use in the project area;
 To check registration status of new pesticides;
 To check whether protective measures are taken by farmers in pesticide use; and
 To check waste disposal of pesticides and packaging by the farmers.
(2) Policy
 To monitor governmental subsidy (if ever) for pesticide use;
 To monitor implementation of the policies and regulations on pesticide use and IPM
technical extension by the local government; and
 To monitor the joint enforcement of the relevant regulations by agricultural, forestry
and aquatic culture departments at the city level.
(3) Implementation of the Field Monitoring Plan
 To evaluate the implementation of the field monitoring plan in each of the projectsites
inspected by the World Bank Supervision Group;
 To help the project staff solve problems in the implementation of the field monitoring
plan; and
 To train localproject staff on field monitoring, data analysis and result interpretation,
and help them improve pest management.
8.3.3. Responsibilities
Bureaus of agriculture, aquiculture and forestry at city level should be responsible for
technicalguidance, supervision, monitoring and training for the implementation of IPM plan.
Green Exhibition Park Pest Management Centre will be responsible for identifying and
reporting pest incidents and implementing IPM measures according to the actual situation.
8.3.4. Technical Support
Agricultural technical extension centers, forestry and aquiculture institutions at all levels shall
be responsible for providing IPM technology andmethodology.
41
9Cost Estimate
Pest Management Plan (PMP) is an important part of the World Bank loan projectin Guzhen
Town.Considering its specificity in main tasks, objectives and technical approaches, the PMP
should be managed as a separate component of the daily work of the project office in the
process of overall project implementation. For effective implementation of the PMP, 1~2
special researches should be conducted to solve the key problems in the non-pesticide control
of the main pests. Costs for PMP implementation and the relevant researches should be
budgeted as part of the overalladministrative expenses of the PMO and agricultural, forestry
and aquatic culture institutionsto support technical training, information dissemination, safe
pesticide application, pest and disease monitoring, prediction and early warning, supervision
and monitoring, special researches and management.Costs for PMP implementation are
estimated to be 5.88 millionYuan, with breakdowns illustrated in the following tables:
Table 9-1Cost Estimation for IPM Equipment
Items
Quantity (set)
Unit Price (Yuan)
Cost (Yuan)
Computer for biological microscope
1
7,000
7,000
Computer for stereomicroscope
1
13,000
13,000
Electronic balance
Tools for insect collection and specimen
making
1
10,000
10,000
1
40,000
40,000
Trapping lamp
20
400
8,000
Drying cabinet
Alarm lamp
1
3
10,000
15,000
10,000
45,000
Dehumidifier
Glass ware
Biological microscope
Chemicals
Stereomicroscope
Duster
Sprayer
Vehicle for pest monitoring and quarantine
Subtotal
2
1
2
1
1
10
10
1
2,800
10,000
5,000
46,400
5,000
5,000
5,000
100,000
410,000
5,600
10,000
10,000
46,400
5,000
50,000
50,000
100,000
42
Table 9-2 Cost Estimation for IPMTrainingin 2012~2017
Quantity
(person-time)
Target Group
Contents
Extension technicians in the
stations of plant protection,
forest protection and aquiculture
at municipality and township
levels
IPM concept, project pest management
plan, latest IPM technologies for the
main products, safety use and
management of pesticides
20
Farmer technicians, farmers and
pesticide dealers in the project
area
Technologies of identification,
prevention and control of the main
pests; safe use of pesticides and proper
disposal of waste pesticides and
packing
700
Total
Note: The project office will be responsible for the implementation.
Patterns and
Frequency
Year
3
Intensified
training, twice
a year
2011~2017
(5 yrs)
500
300,000
1
Once in 2
months, or 6
times a year
2012~2017
(5 yrs)
150
3,150,000
4
8
5
Day(s)
Unit Cost
(Yuan/Day/Time)
Total Cost
(Yuan)
3,450,000
Table 9-3 Cost Estimation for Workshops, Researches, Consulting Service, Management and Monitoring in 2012-2017
Budget Items
Target Group
Project Launch Workshop
Participants will be the World Bank experts as
Time, Place, Frequency and Number of
Participants
The workshop (1 day) will be held for project
well as the experts and technicians from the
start-up in the project area, to be attended
project offices and agricultural society at
by 40 people.
Expenses
Total Costs
(Yuan)
30,000
30,000
20,000 Yuan×5 year
100,000
provincial, municipality, county and township
levels
Annual Meeting
Participants will be the project staff; technicians in
One day meeting with 40 participants, at end
43
forSummaryand
the stations of plant protection, forest protection
Experience
and aquiculture at municipality and township
Exchange
of Implementation of IPM
levels; farmer technicians, farmers and pesticide
Strategy and Action Plan
dealers in the project area
of each year.
in the Project Area
Training materials
To be prepared by the experts and professors
Before the project implementation, IPM
Training materials: 5
(handouts, video discs,
from research institutes and universities of
training materials on IPM of the 5 categories
sets ×800 copies× 30
posters) and
forestry and agriculture as well as the extension
of products will be prepared and completed,
yuan; video discs and
consumables
institutions of plant protection, forest protection,
in the form of video discs and posters.
Poster: 500
aquiculture and agriculture.
sets×2×30 yuan
Special researches on
The researches will be done by capable research
To solve the major problems in the forestry
1~2 researches;
pest management for
institutes and universities.
and aquiculture development in the project
0.5~0.8 million yuan;
seedlings, fishes,
area, special research on “Integration and
resultsdue in3~5
tortoises and turtles in the
Demonstration of IPM Technologies for the
years
project area
Main Products” will be done.
Consulting service
150,000
The consulting service will be renderedby known
3-4 expertswill be engaged to conduct field
2 times ×10,000
international and national experts of forestry,
guidance and trainingduring cropgrowing
Yuan/time ×5 year
agriculture, plant protection, forest protection,
season, twice a year and 3-4 days each time
650,000
100,000
aquiculture, pesticides and ecology.
Technical service by
Participants will be the farmer technicians,
As per the training plan, 6 training courses a
20 people×6
technicians
farmers and pesticide dealers in the project area.
yearplanned for 5 year duration, one day and
times×1day×5year×20
20 traineesfor each of courses, 200 yuan
0 yuan/day
120,000
allowance per person.day
Pest M&E and pesticide
Fixed monitoring staff assigned by
5 people to conduct 12 investigations
5 people×12 times
supervision in the project
agriculture,forestry, plant protection, forest
annually for 5 years, 200 yuan allowance
×200Yuan/person×5
44
60,000
area
protection, aquiculture institutions in the project
each time,
year
2 people
2
area
Quarantine Planting
Fixed experimental staff assigned by the project
Experiment and
area for quarantine planting
50,000
people×5000Yuan/per
Monitoring
son ×5 year
Import-export quarantine for
Plant and aquiculture quarantine technicians in
seedlings, Brocarded carp
the project area
2 people
50,000
50,000
and turtles
Total
1,310,000
Note: Theproject officewill be responsible for the implementationand the World Bankwill be responsible for supervision..
Table 9-4Operational Costs for the Implementation of Pest Management Plan in 2012~2017
Items
Expenses (yuan)
Cost (yuan)
8 people×10000 yuan/person.yr ×5years
400,000
Consumables
4000 yuan/yr ×5years
20,000
Chemical reserve for emergency uses
10000 yuan/yr ×5years
50,000
Maintenance and repair of equipment anddevices
6000 yuan/yr ×5years
30,000
Vehicle costs
30000 yuan/yr ×5years
150,000
Construction and maintenance of monitoring sites
12000 yuan/yr ×5years
60,000
Management staff (8 people)
Total
710,000
Note: The implementation will be done by the project office under the supervision of the World Bank.
45
Annex 1. Main Species of Plants in the Project Area
No.
Species
No.
Species
1
Hibiscus mutabilis
157
Clausena lansium
2
Lagerstroemia indica
158
Schefflera actinophylla
3
Michelia alba
159
Canna generalis
4
Cassia surattensis
160
Sabina chinensis ‘Kaizuca’
5
Erythrina crista-galli
161
Agave americana
6
Dimocarpus longan
162
Sabina chinensis
7
Osmanthus
163
Cassia fistula
8
Alstonia scholaris
164
Nolina recurvata
9
Hibiscus mutabilis
165
Rhapis multifida
10
Dracontomelon duperreanum
166
Butia capitata
11
Prunus cerasifera
167
Pandanus utilis
12
Sophora japonica “Golden Stem”
168
Bombax ceiba
13
Bauhinia blakeana
169
Ravenea rivularis
14
Bougainvillea spectabilis
170
Caryota maxima
15
Melaleuca bracteata ‘Revolution Gold’
171
Carvota mitis
16
Tabebuia chrysantha
172
Homalium hainanense
17
Lagerstroemia speciosa
173
Brachichyton bottlewoodiana
18
Pittosporum tobira
174
Antidesma bunius
19
Cinnamomum camphora
175
Artocarpus heterophyllus
20
Bischofia javanica
176
Aphanamixis polystachya
21
Plumeria rubra
177
Litsea monopetala
22
Camellia japoica
178
Citrus grandis
23
Mangifera indica
179
Cleistocalyx operculatus
24
Excoecaria cochinchinensis
180
Saraca dives Pierre
25
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
181
Pachira macrocarpa
26
Lxora chinensis
182
Schima superba Gardn et Champ
27
Hamelia patins
183
Liquidambar
28
Loropetalum chinensis
184
Syzyglum hancei Merr.Et Perry
29
Ervatamia divaricata
185
Mangifera persiciformis
30
Ficus microcarpa‘Golden leaves’
186
Ficus benjamina
31
Cordyline fruticosa cv.
187
Bambusa multiplex
32
Pachystachys lutea
188
Phyllostachys nigra
33
Kalanchoe blossfeldiana
189
Phyllostachys iridescens
34
Quisqualis indica
190
Bambusa textilis
35
Gardenia jasminoides
191
Liriope palatyphylla
36
Cuphea ignea
192
Liriope palatyphylla
37
Rhododendron pulchrum
193
Podocarpus macrophyllus
38
Casin bicapsularis
194
Kigelia aethiopica
39
Alternanthera dentata cv.Ruliginosa
195
Washingtonia filifera
fragrans
46
formosana
Hance
40
Schefflera arboricola
196
Glyptostrobus pensilis
41
Murraya paniculata
197
Elaeocarpus hainanensis
42
Cycas revoluta
198
Kaya senegalensis
43
Salix babylonica
199
Lagerstroemia indica
44
Chrysalidocarpus lutescens
200
Araliaceae
45
Diospyros kaki
201
Ficus hisPida L·f·
46
Carmona microphylla
202
Salvia spcendens
47
Ginkgo biloba
203
Euphorbia pulcherrima
48
Ficus retusa
204
Tagetes patula
49
Podocarpus macrophyllus
205
Petunia hyhrida
50
Syzygium jambos
206
Impatiens holstii
51
Dalbergia odorifera
207
Viola tricolor
52
Araucaria cunninghamia
208
Cleome spinosa
53
Terminalia mantaly
209
Coleus blumei
54
Lagerstroemia indica
210
Melampodium paludosum
55
Elaeocarpus apiculatus
211
Tagetes erecta.
56
Rhododendron pulchrum
212
Cosmos sulphureus
57
Jatropha integerrima
213
Impatiens balsamina
58
Duranta repens
214
Begonia semper
59
Aglaia odorata
215
Senecio cineraria
60
Philodenron selloum
216
Antirrhinum majus
61
Codiaeum variegatum
217
Tabebuia rosea
62
Zephyranthes candida
218
Prunus yedoensis
63
Phoenix sylvestris
219
Pongamia pinnata
64
Michelia macclurel
220
Taxodium distichum
65
Livistona chinensis
221
Cassia siamea
66
Olea ferruginea
222
Kaya senegalensis
67
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
223
Sterculia lanceolata
68
Murraya paniculata
224
Mallotus paniculatus
69
Sterculia lanceolata
225
Dillenia turbinata
70
Artocarpus heterophyllus
226
Elaeocarpus serratus
71
Celtis sinensis
227
Symplocos caudata
72
Sophora japonica
228
Syringa oblata
73
Nerium indicum
229
Toona ciliata
74
Cerbera manghas
230
Ficus elastica
75
Polyalthia longifolia
231
Diospyros glaucifolia
76
Eugenia uniflora
232
Randia spinosa
77
Sansevieria trifasciata
233
Serissa japonica
78
Fagraea ceilanica
234
Viburnum tinus
79
Rhapis excelsa
235
Viburnum plicatum
80
Hamelia patins
236
Viburnum dilatatum
81
Lantana camara
237
Ligustrum sinense
82
Hymenocallis americana
238
Fraxinus hupehensis
47
83
Sanchezia nobilis
239
Psychotria rubra
84
Codiaeum variegatum
240
Diospyros rhombifolia
85
Rhoeo discolor
241
Castanea henryi
86
Arachis duranensis
242
Daphniphyllum oldhami
87
Michelia figo
243
Sloanea sinensis
88
Syngonium podophyllum
244
Syzygium araiocladum
89
Excoecaria cochinchinensis
245
Tutcheria spectabilis
90
Calliandra haematocephala
246
Camellia semiserrata
91
Phoenix roebelinii
247
Pittosporum tobira
92
Wodyetia bifurcata
248
Pittosporum illicioides
93
Roystonea regia
249
styrax benzoin
94
Dypsis decaryi
250
Embelia undulata
95
Bambusa vulgaris
251
Canthium dicoccum
96
Erythrina indica
252
Gardenia jasminoides
97
Ficus lacor
253
Fraxinus insularis
98
Ficus altissima
254
Helicia hainanensis
99
Podocarpus
255
Artocarpus hypargyreus
100
Ficus religiosa
256
Ilex triflora
101
Ficus binnendijkii
257
Ilex cornuta
102
Ficus lyrata
258
Stewartia gemmata
103
Ficus benjamina ‘Variegata’
259
Ilex pubescens
104
Pterocarpus indicus
260
Ilex szechwanensis
105
Ficus microcarpa var.crassifolia
261
Ziziphus jujuba
106
Delonix regia
262
Toona sinensis
107
Artocarpus altilis
263
Skimmia reevesiana.
108
Magnoliaceae glanca
264
Toona ciliata
109
Macaranga denticulata
265
Eurycorymbus cavaleriei
110
Magnolia delavayi
266
Sapindus mukorossi
111
Cleidiocarpon cavaleriei
267
Koelreuteria bipinnata
112
Ormosia pinnata
268
Toxicodendron verniciflum
113
Grevillea robusta
269
Swida paucinervia
114
Dolichandrone canda-felina
270
Terminalia myriocarpa
115
Tsoongiodendron odorum
271
Ferreous mesua
116
Araucaria heterophylla
272
Fatsia japonica
117
Ilex chinensis
273
Camellia cuspidata
118
Cinnamomum burmannii
274
Eurya alata
119
Heteropanax fragrans
275
Camellia pitardii
120
Bauhinia blakeana
276
Ternstroemia gymnanthera
121
Chukrasia tabularis
277
Machilus veltina
122
Koelreuteria elengans
278
Callicarpa giraldii
123
Podocarpus nagi
279
Tectona grandis
124
Callistemon viminalis
280
Symplocos tetragona
125
Annona glabra
281
Symplocos urceolaris
fleuryi
48
126
Wisteria sinensis
282
Symplocos setchuensis
127
Myrtaceae
283
Viburnum odoratissimum
128
Spathodea campanulata
284
Kopsia lancibracteolata
129
Hibiscus tiliaceus
285
Sabina squamata
130
Terminalia muelleri
286
Machilus chinensis
131
Thevetia peruviana
287
Michelia maudiae
132
Madhuca longifolia
288
Elaeocarpus sylvestris
133
Radermachera hainanensis
289
Taiwania flousiana
134
Myrica rubra
290
Phyllostachys vivax
135
Syzygium samaragense
291
Phyllostachys heterocycla
136
Ficus carica
292
Bambusa multiplex
137
Syzygium jambos
293
Bambusoideae cerosissima
138
Lucuma nervosa
294
Phyllostachys viridis
139
Eriobotrya japonica
295
Phyllostachys spp
140
Annona squamosa
296
Phyllostachys helva
141
Punica granatum
297
Phyllostachys aureosulcata
142
Citrus sinensis
298
Bambusa remotiflora
143
Castanea mollissima
299
Phyllostachys bambusoides
144
Canarium album
300
Bambusa multiplex
145
Citrus limon
301
Bambusa spp.
146
Litchi chinensis
302
Bambusa tuldoides
147
Manilkara zapota
303
Monstruocalamus sichuanensis
148
Verrhoa carambola
304
Oligostachyum oedignatum
149
Prunus salicina
305
Phyllostachys bambusoides
150
Wrightia pubescens
306
Pseudosasa orthotropa
151
Sterculia nobilis
307
Bambusa lenta
152
Morus alba
308
Bambusa wenchouesis
153
Catharanthus roseus
309
Bambusa eutuldoides
154
Jasminum sambac
310
Bambusa pervariabilis
155
Ligustrum sinense 'Variegatum'
311
Phyllostachys bissetii
156
Synsepalum dulcificum
312
Bambusa diaoluoshanensis
49
Annex 2 Main Species of Plants and Pests/Diseases in the Project Area
No.
Plant Species
1
Bombax ceiba
2
Bauhinia blakeana
Main Pests and Diseases
Anthrax, Spot disease, Loranthaceae, Wooden cotton moth，Cotton leafhopper，Celadonite
weevils，Glenea cantor
Gray leaf spot disease，Leaf spot，Shoot blight，Stem rot，Yellowing disease，Flowers
rot， Xystrocera globosa，Cotton ancient moth，Arbela bailbarana
Anthrax，Blast skin disease， Black spot，Gray leaf spot disease，Pseudaulacaspis
3
Michelia alba
caspiscockerelli，Graphium doson，Graphium agamemnon，Blue textured thrips，Leopard
Holcocerus，Formosaphis micheliae
4
5
Magnolia Grandiflora
Spot disease，Algal leaf spot
Ficus virens
Rust，Black spot，Leaf spot，Perina nuda，Ridge gill beetles
Ait.var,sublanceolata
6
Ficus elastica cv.Deco-ra
Anthrax
7
Ficus benjamina var
Anthrax
8
Ficus Spp.
Yung Purple Butterfly
9
Ficus microcarpa
10
Ficus altissima
Gray moth，Yung psyllid eggs mole，Gynaikothrips
ficorum，Androthrips，Backbone rot，
Gynaikothrips uzeli
Root rot，sooty blotch，Anthrax，Aleuidolobus marlatti
Anthrax，Gray leaf spot disease，felt disease，Yellowing disease，Mesoneura rufonota，
11
Cinnamomum camphora
Mimothestus annulicornis，Helionothrips aino，Aulacaspis yabunikkei，Backbone rot，
Shoot blight，Eriogyna(Saturnia)pyretoum，Termite
Leaf spot，Exobasidium sawadae，algae-spot disease ，fengdie，Bactrothrips brevitubm，
12
Cinnamomum burmannii
13
Roystonea regia
Dry rot，Leaf spot，dieback
14
Cocos nucifera
dry crack disease，Bud rot disease，Gray leaf spot disease
15
Archontophoenix alexandrae
Dasychira mendosa
16
Chrysalidocarpus lutescens
leaf blight
17
Caryota ochlandra
Black spot，Anthrax
18
Hyophore lagenicaulis
Rhynchophorus ferrugineus
19
Trachycarpus fortunei
Dry rot
20
Livistona chinensis
black-dot disease，Chondracris rosea
21
Washingtonia filifera
damping-off ，Bronlispa Longissima
22
Phoenix Spp
black-dot disease ，Curculionidae
23
Mangifera indica
24
Prunus persica
Deporaus marginatus，leaf blight
25
Swietenia macrophylla
leaf tip blight
26
Artocarpus heterophyllus
Anthrax，soft rot，fruit rot，Icerya aegyptiaca
27
Artocarpus altilis
Anthrax，Bread tree beetles
28
Acaciaconfusa
Rust，leaf tip blight，Root rot，Callosobruchus
29
Albizia falcataria
Viscum coloratum，Geometrodae
30
Cassia surattensis
Rust，Psychidae
psyllidae，Aleurocanthus spiniferus
Anthrax，Leaf spot，powdery mildew ，shoot-blight，Black spot，Chlumetia transversa，
Aspidiotus destructor，Rhytidodera Bowringii，Brown thrips，Scirtothrips dorsalis
50
31
Lagetstroemia speciosa
Spot disease，Anthrax，Trabala vishnou
32
Casuarina equisetifolia
powdery mildew ，Bacterial wilt，Anoplophora chinensis
33
Manilkara zapota van Royen
Leaf spot，swollen shoot
34
Sabina chinensis
Rust，leaf blight
35
Podocarpus macrophyllus
leaf blight
36
Dalbergia odorifera
Phyllachora
37
Albizia lebbeck
Rust
38
Salix babylonica
Rust
39
Bischofia javanica
Pseudococcidae，Euproctis bipunctapex，Holcocerus
40
Ormosia pinnata
Chalin larminati，Leaf spot
41
Syzygium hainanense
Carea subtilis
Dracontomelon
Lawana imitata，CMoropulvinaria psidii
42
duperreranum
43
Winchia calophylla
Diaphania angustalis
44
Delonix regia
Pericyma cruegri
45
Cassia fistula
Catopsilia
46
Cassia siamea
Catopsilia pomona
47
Cleidiocarpon cavaleriei
Latoia lepida
48
Syzygium jambos
Triozidae
49
Taxodium distichum
Clania minuscula
Phyllachora，witches broom disease，Artona funeralis，Algedonia codesalis，Latoia bicolor，
50
Bamboo
Microstegium ciliatum，Amathusiidae，Ceracris kiangsu，Hieroglyphus tonkinensis，
Cytotrachelus longimanus，Cyrtotrachelus buqueti
51
Pinus massoniana
leaf blight
52
Homalium hainanensis
Clostera anachoreta
53
Quercus palustris
powdery mildew ，Anthrax
Ficus superba Miq. var.
Butt-rot Disease
54
，Lophodermium sp
japonica
55
Dimocarpus longan
Felt disease
56
Araucaria cunninghamii
leaf blight
57
Celtis sinensis
powdery mildew
58
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
59
Rhododendron
60
Osmanthus fragrans
Leaf spot，leaf spot disease，Anthrax，Parainsulaspis laterochtinosa，Panonychus citri
61
Euphorbia pulcherrima
Botrytis cinerea ，Leaf spot，damping-off ，root-knot nematode，phytophthora blight
62
Cycas revoluta
63
Camellia japomica
64
Michelia figo
Anthrax，leaf blight，Unaspis yanonensis
65
Jasminum sambac
Anthrax，sclerotium blight，Nausinoe perspectata，Psilogramma menephron，Thrips flavus
Flowers rot，Anthrax，Leaf spot，root-knot nematode，Haritalodes derogata，Phenacoccus
fraxinus
Leaf spot，leaf blight，Exobasidium japonicum，Yellowing disease，Rosette disease，
Stem rot，Arge similis，Stephanitis typica
Spot disease，Anthrax，Leaf spot，Stem rot，sooty blotch ，fruit rot，Whitening disease，
Chilades pandava，Coccus hesperidum，Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
Anthrax，Gray leaf spot disease，Leaf spot，Spot disease，Sooty mould，algae-spot
disease ，Yellow spot，Thrips japonicus，Taeniothrips lefroyi，Chrysomphalus aonidum
51
66
Jasminum mesnyi
Shoot blight，Leaf spot
67
Lagerstroemia indica
Leaf spot，powdery mildew ，sooty blotch ，Chalioides kondonis
68
Nerium oleander
Leaf spot，witches broom，aphids，
69
Punica granatum
Leaf spot，fruit rot
70
Prunus persica
mosaic virus，hole disease，Gummosis，aphids，Stephanitis nashi
71
Grendarussa valgaris
Rust，witches broom
72
Gardenia jasminoides
Leaf spot，Yellowing disease，Cephonodes hylas，thrips
73
Murraya exotica
Gray leaf spot disease，powdery mildew ，Chelidenium ar gentatum，Panonychus citri
74
Aglaia odorata
Anthrax，Aulacaspis cratcii
75
Fuchsia hybrida
Shoot blight
76
Ixora chinensis
Gray leaf spot disease，Dappula tertia，Psychidae
77
Bougainvillea spectabilis
China Dodder，witches broom
78
Lantana camara
root-knot nematode
79
Pittosporum tobira
Icerya purchasi
Black spot，powdery mildew ，Wilt disease，damping-off ，Spot disease，Anthrax，
80
Dendranthema morifolium
Gray leaf spot disease，stalk rot， Leaf blight nematode disease，Macrosiphoniella
sanborni，Phytoecia rufiventris，Microcephalothrips，Haplothrips chinensis
81
Zinnia Linn
White star disease，Porthesia scintillans
82
Chin Chu
Leaf miner
83
Pericallis hybrida
Aphis gossypii
84
Dahlia pinnata
85
Impatiens balsamina
Leaf spot，powdery mildew ，Leaf spot， Black spot
86
Impatiens holstii
root-knot nematode
87
Impatiens Guinea
Botrytis cinerea ，Achatina fulica
88
Celosia cristata
Anthrax，Leaf spot，ring spot
89
Celosia cristata
root-knot nematode，Wilt disease ，Cassidinae
90
Dianthus caryophyllus
Wilt disease ，Anthrax，leaf blight
91
Begonia
Leaf spot，Stem rot，root-knot nematode，Botrytis cinerea
92
Gladiolus gandavensis
Blight，brown rot，leaf streak，mosaic disease，Frankliniella intonsa
93
Largeleaf Hydrangea
Anthrax
94
Pelargonium hortorum
sclerotinia sclerotiorum ，Leaf spot，crown gall
95
Canna indica
96
Dieffenbachia picta
Anthrax
97
Hippeastrum rutilum
red spot
98
Hedychium coronarium
nematode disease，leaf blight，Udaspes folus
99
Gomphrena globosa
Leaf spot
10
Catharanthus roseus
phytophthora blight，Yellowing disease
101
Magnolia coco
Anthrax
102
Lilium brownii var. viridulum
Southern blight
103
Vallota speciosa
Stem rot
104
Sinningia speciosa
Rot disease，Physiological browning
powdery mildew ，Leaf spot，mosaic disease，stalk rot，Argyrogramma agnata，Brevipapus
obovatus
，piebaldism，Tetranychus cinnabarinus
Rust，Black spot，Anthrax，Bud rot，stalk rot，root-knot nematode，mosaic disease，
Southern blight ，Whitefly
52
105
Cleome spinosa
Pierisrapae
106
A. zerumbet
Acanthopsyche subferaloa
107
Cymbidium sinensis
Anthrax，Black spot，Southern blight，Flowers rot，Virus disease，armoured scale，
Aulacaspis pseudospinosa
Black spot，Gray leaf spot disease，powdery mildew ，Rust，Shoot blight，Flowers
108
Rosa chinensis
rot， tumour disease，Arge pagana，Anomala cupripes，cotton spider mites，Thrips
hawaiinensis
109
Monstera deliciosa
Rust，Gray leaf spot disease，Anthrax
110
Pachira macrocarpa
stem blight，Leaf spot
111
Spathiphyllum floribundum
brown rot，phytophthora blight
112
Daffodi
Leaf spot，Rot disease，nematode disease
113
D．Concinnacv
Anthrax，Opogona sacchari
114
Solanum pseudo-capsicum
Southern blight，Rot disease，Black spot，root-knot nematode
115
Aspidistra elatior
Anthrax，Pinnaspis aspidistrae
116
Asparagus plumosus
Shoot blight，Yellowing disease，Epicauta chinensis
117
Parthenocissus tricuspidata
Rust，Spot disease，Anthrax，leaf blight，Oides decempunctata
118
Wisteria sinensis
Anthrax
119
Lonicera Japonica
powdery mildew，Spot disease，Epilachna vigintioctopunctata
Hedera nepalensis K,Koch
Aspidiotus nerii
120
121
122
var.sinensis
grapes
Ampelophaga rubiginosa
Passionfora edulis f.
phytophthora blight，Stem rot
flavicarpa
123
Zoysia tenuifolia
Rust，leaf blight，damping-off，Phyllachora，Spodoptera pecten，mealybugs，Grub
124
Axonopus affonis
Anthrax，leaf blight
125
Arrhenatherum elatius
Black rot
126
Eremochloa ophiuroides
head smut，Rust
127
Ophiopogonjaponicus
Anthrax，nematode disease
128
Wedelia chinensis
Leaf spot
129
Syngonium podophyllum
Bacterial soft rot，Anthrax
Altemanthera Ficoidea
Rot disease
130
cv.'Ruliginosa'
131
Epiphyllum oxypetalum
Rot disease
132
Renwangwan
Anthrax
133
Liulengzhu
root-knot nematode
134
Echinopsis tubiflora
Bacterial heart rot
135
Notocactus magnificus
Stem rot
136
Opuntia stricta
Pinnaspis aspidistrae，Spider mites
137
Nelumbo nucifera
Leaf spot，leaf blight，Spodoptera litura
138
Nymphaeu tetragona
Spot disease，Rhopatosiphurm nymphaeae
139
Victoria cruziana
Leaf spot
53
Annex 3 Main Pests/Diseasesin the Project Area and the Control Measures
1. Plant Diseases in the Project Area and Control Measures
1.1. Powdery Mildew
1.1.1. Symptoms
The most significant symptom of powdery mildew is a layer of white or greyish powder on the
leaves, fruits or tender branches of the infected plant.
1.1.2. Methods of Control
(1) At the end of growing season, the infected plants should be collected and turned;
(2) The cultivation should not be an environment of too much humid and shading. It should be a
sunny place of good ventilation.
(3) Too much application of nitrigen fertilizer should be avoided and suitable pesticides should be
timely applied to control this disease. The commonly used agents include lime sulfur, triadimefon,
sulfur powder, colloidal sulfur, carbendazim WP, mildew treasure, Teflon WP, thiophanate-methyl
and so on.
1.2. Sooty Blotch
1.2.1. Symptoms
The symptoms can be observed at the above-ground parts of the infected plant. The surface of the
infected branch and leaf looks coal-polluted. At the beginning, black powder gradually accumulates
at the both sides of leaf veins and finally forms a layer of black film, covering the surface of the
infected leaf and branches. In a serious case, the whole tree looks a black victim without flowering,
and its value of ornament and green beautification is lost.
1.2.2. Methods of Control
(1) In winter pruning, the infected branches are removed and the ground litter is collected for
burning.
(2) In spring and early summer, control measures are taken against aphids, scale insects, whiteflies
and other pests to keep down the rapid growth of pest population and density.
(3) Commonly used pesticide can be used. 1 to 2 times a week. The dilution follows the procedures
of normal operation. In addition, the pesticides with copper ion should not be used to control the
54
disease on Lagerstroemia indica, since these pesticides are likely to injure the plant by resulting in
leaf yellowing and drop-off.
1.3. Rust Disease
1.3.1. Symptoms
Rust disease occurs mainly on the leaves. At the early stage, yellow brown or yellow-white spots
are observed, while at the late stage, herpes-like protuberances appear. After the protuberances
break, orange-brown or brown powder is released.
1.3.2. Methods of Control
(1) Quarantine should be strengthened. It is prohibited to introduce planting materials from the
infected growing areas so as to reduce the infection source. In autumn and winter, dead leaves and
diseased leaves should be cleared up. At the early stage of incidence, infected leaves should be
timely removed, burned or deep buried.
(2) The nursery should be kept away from the forest stand. For the case of alternate hosting, a
separation belt should be arranged around the nursery.
(3) In the spreading period and early stage of the disease, pesticides should be timely applied. The
commonly used agents include triadimefon, carboxin, sodium p-aminobenzenesulfonate, triazine,
sulfur suspensions, triadimefon WP, double benzene triadimefon WP, tridemorph EC, etc.
1.4. Leaf Spot Disease
1.4.1. Symptoms
There are varieties of spot diseases on leaves and fruits, the diseases such as mosaic disease,
powdery mildew, rust, sooty blotch and malformation. The symptoms of such diseases usually
present local tissue necrosis, leaving the leaves, fruits (or stems) to generate a variety of shapes and
colors of dry spots. The spots are normally circular, angular or irregular in shape as well as dark
brown, black, gray, purple or other colors.
1.4.2. Methods of Control
(1) The infection sources should be cleared up by means of removing and burning the diseased
branches, shoots, leaves and fruit. Deep plowing in the winter can help bury the pathogens deep in
soils to reduce the infection source the second year.
(2) Plant management should be strengthened to reduce or control the humidity of local
environment. By appropriate increase in the application of phosphorus and potassium, the resistance
to disease will be reinforced.
55
(3) The pesticides to be used include difenoconazole, thiophanate-methyl, mancozeb WP and so on.
1.5. Soft Rot
1.5.1. Symptoms
Bacterial soft rot occurs on the petioles, leaves and bulb base. At the early stage, the lesions on
petioles are small light brown spots. With the expansion ofhygrophanous soft rot, the infected tissue
becomes soft-rotting, tumefacient, breaking, epidermis peeling off and smell releasing. When a bulb
is infected, the tissue becomes dark brown, soft rot and paste-like. At the early stage, the infected
leaves look white or dark green. It gradually becomes brown. On sunny days, the infected petioles
or leaves will gradually dry up. In wet days, the infected parts become rot, releasing smell.
1.5.2. Methods of Control
(1) Proper ventilation and light are required;
(2) The infected parts should be timely removed to reduce infection source;
(3) At early stage, streptomycin, oxytetracycline or penicillin can be applied on the plants and soils;
and
(4) Water quantity should be proper. It should be noted that the water should not applied directly on
plants to prevent the water from accumulating at leaf center and to prevent the infected soils
splashing on the leaves.
1.6. Virus Disease
1.6.1. Symptoms
Most of the plant virus diseases are of systemic infection. Therefore, the symptoms are usually
manifested by the whole plant with leaves as the most obvious infection. The symptoms of virus
diseases are color changing in leaves and flowers, necrosis, malformations and so on.
1.6.2. Methods of Control
(1) When introducing planting materials, regulations of quarantine should be highly respected to
prevent artificial spreading;
(2) Vectors of disease spreading should be controlled. The commonly used insecticides to control
aphids include Malathion 50% EC, while nematicides include phoxim for soil disinfection;
(3) The planting materials should be virus-free;
56
(4) When it becomes necessary to use infected planting materials, they must be disinfected by
heating before use; and
(5) At the early stage, virus disease can be controlled with Dioctyl divinyltriamino glycine and
Virus-killing A.
1.7. Shoot blight, Abscess and dry rot
1.7.1. Symptoms
Shoot blight occurs mainly on soft shoots, shoot ends and weak branches. When the lesion ring is
formed, the upper part of the shoots and branches become dryonly to result in dieback.
The typical symptoms of abscess and dry rot are abscess or rot on tree bark, resulting in shoot blight
and plant death.
1.7.2. Methods of Control
(1) To strengthen plant management to enhance growth vigor for higher resistance to plant disease;
(2) To remove and burn diseased branches and shoots to reduce infection source;
(3) To control the shoot blight with chemicals in case of need. The chemicals include Bordeaux
mixture, DACOTECH, thiophanate, Sporgon, Score and so on;
(4) Abscess and dry rot is prevented mainly by improving the growing conditions for higher vigor;
and
(5) Mechanical wounds from natural damage or managing activities such as pruning should be
timely treated.
1.8. Wilt disease and Root rot
1.8.1. Symptoms
After invasion, the pathogen of wilt disease would live and multiply in the conduit system, where
toxins are produced only to result in the plant wilting.
For root rot disease, the plant roots or stem base are infected by the pathogen to result in rot and
plant death.
1.8.2. Methods of Control
57
(1) The basic measure to prevent these diseases is to produce disease-free seedlings on
pathogen-free soils or other mixture. It is proposed to produce seedlings on new lands. When old
lands have to be used, the pre-crop should be non-host plants.
(2) Soils can be disinfected by heating or chemicals. Before sowing, it is proposed to sunburn the
soils several times or disinfect the soils with chemicals such as bleach powder or potassium
permanganate.
(3) In case of need, chemicals are applied to control the diseases. The commonly used chemicals
include Miejuncuzhangji, Curzate.
1.9. Root-knot nematode
1.9.1. Symptoms
Root-knot nematode disease is widely distributed over 1700 species of hosts of herbs, crops and
trees.
The disease main damages plant roots. When the roots are severely affected, the upper parts wilt
and die only to cause serious economic losses. When a big tree is affected, it will be in poor growth.
The infection with root-knot nematode will often lead to the development of other root diseases.
1.9.2. Methods of Control
(1) To strict follow the regulations of quarantine to prevent disease spread;
(2) To choose proper lands for nursery, to manage the lands with reasonable rotation, and to
increase the application of nitrogen fertilizers (especially urea, which can inhibit the occurrence of
nematodes disease);
(3) To select nematode-free healthy planting material. When the planting materials are to be treated
with heat, the combination of temperature and time should be properly handled;
(4) The chemicals for soil treatment include phorate;
(5) The chemicals for leaf treatment include fenitrothion.
2. Main Pests of Trees and the Control in the Project Area
2.1. Defolia Pest Insects (Encleidae, Psychidae, moths, noctuids, Pyralidae, Bombycidae,
Geometrodae, Chrysomelidae)
2.1.1. Commonly Used Chemicals to Control Defolia Pest Insects
58
When to control medium and small larvae, it is proposed to use 20% fenvalerate-trichlorphon
emulsifiable concentrate or 50% malathion (1000~1500 times). When to control big population, it is
proposed to use 90% trichlorphon or 5% chlorfluazuron EC (1000~2000 times). The eggs can be
controlled by 10% etofenprox (6000 times). The other measures to control the pests include 50%
phoxim EC (1000 times), 50% fenitrothion EC (800 times), 3.2% emamectin benzoate ME (5000
times), 25% chlorbenzuron Ⅲ (1500 times), 1.8% avermectin EC (3000 times), insecticidal
bacteria liquid (500 times), Wanelin (1000 times), B.t. (500 times).
2.1.2 Control Methods against Defolia Pest Insects of Chrysomelidae (Chrysomelidae)
According to the insect population, the methods of control can include (i) picking-off heart leaves +
chemical application, (ii) making heart leaves open + chemical application, or (iii) chamical bag
hanging.
Commonly used agents are: 90% Dipterex; 80% carbaryl (1500 timnes); 8% Chongxianqing EC
(1000 times). In controling the pests, spraying should be focused on central leaves. One spraying in
10~15 days. After 3 sprayings, the control effect can be over 90%.
Method of Bag Hanging with Pesticides: Hanging pesticide bag is one of the effective methods in
controlling Brontispa longissima. The pesticides can be those of contact toxicity and systemic
agents. The bags of chemicals are fixed on central leaves. The pesticide can leach out in rainwater
and be absorbed by plants to kill pests.
2.2. Control Methods against Sucking Insects and Mites (e.g. scale insects, psyllidae, aphids, stink
bugs, Quadrastichus erythrinae and spider mites)
2.2.1. Control Methods against Scale Insects
(1) Reasonable thinning for better ecological environment of ventilation and photopermeability to
reduce the damage. For instance, this method is effective to control Icerya purchasi on Begonia;
(2) Removing infected branches in the pruning in winter or early spring;
(3) Chemical Control: (i) rubbing with kerosene cloth (e.g. controlling scale insects Cycas); (ii)
application of petroleum spray oils; (iii) application of chemicals such as imidacloprid on tree
crown and branches.
2.2.2. Control Methods against Psyllidae (Macrohomotoma sinica)
(1) The pesticides include cyfluthrin, imidacloprid and so on;
(2) Special attention of pest control should be paid when Ficus microcarpa is grwoing new shoots.
The pesticides include 50% Imidacloprid WP (800-1000 times);
59
(3) For serious damaged Ficus microcarpa, a girdling of 3 cm width is made at stem base (no
damaging phloem) and 20% imidacloprid EC is brushed on the wound. When the pesticide dries up,
the pesticide is brushed again and wrapped with plastic film.
2.2.3. Control Methods against Aphids
(1) Proper management measures are made for better ecological environment of ventilation and
photopermeability;
(2) Spraying with tobacco water to control and pests and protect natural enemies;
(3) To control the pests with 5% nicotine micro-emulsion and imidacloprid;
(4) The other measures include imidacloprid 10% WP (3000-5000 times), derris (1000-2000 times).
2.2.4. Control Methods against Stink Bugs
The chemicals to control stink bugs include 50% fenitrothion EC 2000 times applied have certain
effect.
2.2.5. Control Methods against Quadrastichus erythrinae
(1) To strengthen quarantine and monitoring surveys to prevent pest spreading;
(2) For slightly infected plants, Chongxianqing EC can be sprayed to control the pests. The infected
leaves and branches should be removed and burned;
(3) Seriously infected plants should ne removed and burned immediately after spraying pesticides;
(5) It has been observed in tests that the Erythrina indica without pruning is more resistant to the
pest; and
(6) Hanging yellow sticky insect board is a successful measure to trap and kill the pest.
2.2.6. Control Methods against Leafhoppers
The measures include 10% imidacloprid WP 2500 times.
2.2.7. Control Methods against Spider Mites
The measures include avermectins and cyfluthrin.
2.3. Trunk Borers (e.g. Cerambycidae, Hieroxestidae and Weevils)
60
2.3.1. Control Methods against Cerambycidae
(1) When tree trunk is painted white with the following mixture, there will be less Cerambycidae
eggs on the tree. The mixture is made of 10 kg of lime + 1 kg of sulfur + 10 grams of salt + 20~40
kg of water;
(2) When the bore hole is not deep, the larvae can be pick out with a wire hook. When the infection
is slight, the affected branches can be cut off;
(3) Chemical Control. (i) injecting 80% Dipterex EC 500 times into the bore holes; (ii) blocking the
bore holes with pesticide cotton plug and clay sealing; (iii) thrusting poison stick into the bore holes.
Fumigants include cyfluthrin.
2.3.2. Control Methods against Hieroxestidae (Opogona sacchari)
It is a good chance to control the pests when the larvae is overwintering in soils. The pesticides
include 50% Phoxim EC 1000 times, 50% fenitrothion EC 1000 times, 80% trichlorfon 8000 times.
The soils can be treated with 50% carbaryl powder or 90% trichlorfon powder at the proportion of
1:200.
2.3.3. Control Methods against Weevils
(1) For severe cases, the infected plants should be removed and burned;
(2) Root treatment with systemic pesticides such as 80% trichlorfon at the rate of 20~50 g per plant.
(3) Stem Injection: at the height about 50 cm on the stem, 4 holes are drilled, each hole is 10×0.1
cm in size, the dosage per plant is 20 ml (original pesticide) or 40 ml (1:1 diluted liquid).
Commonly used pesticides are: 50% phoxim EC 500 times One application in 15 days, successively
2-3 times.
2.3.4. Control Methods against Cossidae
(1) To strengthen the management of water and soil fertility, and timely remove the infected
branches;
(2) When the bore hole is not deep, the larvae can be pick out with a wire hook;
(3) To control larval, pesticides can be injected into the bore holes, the pesticides such as 80%
dipterex EC. Another measure is to block the bore holes with dipterex clay.
2.3.5. Control Methods against White Ants
(1) Measures of Prevention
61
(a) Forestry measures should be taken for healthier and stronger plants and higher resistance to the
pests;
(b) Soils can be disinfected with 20% imidacloprid 200 times;
(c) Seedling rots are dipped in slurry before planting. The slurry is made of 30% soil + 70% water
added with 0.1% phoxim;
(d) For container seedlings, the nursery soils are treated with phoxim, or Metarhizium anisopliae
complex; and
(e) Pesticides are applied in the planting pits, the pesticides such as 25% carbaryl WP (30~45 kg per
ha.).
(2) Control Methods against White Ants
(a) Trapping + Chemical Control: In autumn and winter, piles of straw + loose soil are prepared to
attract white ants for concentrated chemical control with 50% Mirex powder;
(b) Poisenous Baits: (1) 75% mirex + powder of smilax tubers and ferns + sugar at proportion of
1:6:1); (ii) ASP bait of mirex powder 2.5% + acetone + brown sugar + pine pollen + water + track
pheromone powder (97.5%);
(3) Trapping Pit: After soaking in 5% sugar water, eucalyptus bark and sugar cane are put in
trapping pits (40×40×40 cm). The pits are covered with plastic film and soil. When it is observed
that white ants are attracted, the ants are sprayed with an appropriate amount of mirex powder, so
that the ants would take the drug back to the nest to poison other ants.
2.4. Underground Pests
2.4.1. Control Methods against Scarabaeoidea (Awmala cupripes)
(1) Larvae can be controlled with soil treatment. The pesticides include 50% phoxim granules, 50%
phoxim 200 times; and
(2) The adults can be control by spraying 90% trichlorfon 800-1000 times, 2.5% trichlorfon powder
or 10% imidacloprid WP 2000~3000 times.
2.4.2. Control Methods against Limax and Snails
(1) Physical Control: Tree leaves, weeds and vegetable leaves are piled in the field to trap Limax for
concentrated control. At the places Limax frequently appear, lime powder belts are made to protect
the crops (75~110 kg/ha);
62
(2) Chemical Control: (i) weeds and vegetable leaves are piled in the field to trap Limax for
concentrated control with 90% crystal trichlorfon; (ii) snails can be controlled with Metaldehyde.
2.4.3. Control Methods against Solenopsis invicta
(1) The pest is control with poisonous baits. The baits are made of maize and soybean oil and
pesticides such as Pyriproxyfen, avermectin and fipronil.
(2) The systemic pesticides include carbaryl and avermectin. Two applications a year. The first time
in Apr.~May, while the second – Sep.~Oct.
63
Annex 4Emergency Preparedness Plan to Address Major Disease/Pest Disasters
in the Project Area
For the purposes of timely handling of major disease/pest disasters in the project area, proper
prevention and control of pests and diseases of seedling, fish and turtle products, effective
prevention of spread of quarantine and hazardous pests and diseases and guaranteed ecological
security of the project area, this Emergency Preparedness Plan to Address Major Disease/Pest
Disasters in the Project Areais hereby formulated.
1. Principles
1.1. Prevention First: Information publicity will be conducted to upgrade knowledge and awareness
of the enterprises in the green exhibition park and the public of the prevention and control of
the quarantine and dangerous diseases and pests of forests, fishes and turtles. Daily monitoring
will be strengthened to ensure observation and identification of the diseases and pests in a
timely manner, so that effective and immediateactionscan be taken to cut off the routes of
spread and have overall control the diseases/pests.
1.2. Rapid Response: Mechanism for rapid response will be established by strengthening reserves
ofpersonnel, material and financial resources upgrading emergency settlement capacities. Close
linkage of identification, reporting, control and extermination will be established to allow rapid
response and timely processing once pest/disease disaster is spoted.
1.3. Rule by Law: Management on prevention, reporting, control andextermination of quarantine
and hazardous diseases and pests in the project area shall be exercised in strictly compliance
with the relevant national laws and regulations. Any offense shall be held accountable.
1.4. Scope of Application
This emergency preparednessplan applies to occurrence of major diseases or pests on seedlings, fish
and turtles in the project area and shall be activated once any of the following situations emerges:
(1) When one of thequarantine and hazardous diseases or pests of the seedlings, fish and turtles in
the project area outbreaks; and
(2) When one of the conventional diseases or pests outbreaks.
2. Command System and Responsibilities for Emergency Settlement
Headquarters of Disease and Pest Management will be responsible to deal with emergency cases of
diseases and pests ofseedlings, fish and turtles in the project area.
2.1. Headquarters of Disease and Pest Management and the Affiliated Expert Group
The headquarters is headed by the director of the project office, and the deputy commander is the
deputy director of the project office. Members of the headquarters include relevant departments in
the project area, such as project management office, Guzhen Town Agriculture Office and Guzhen
64
Green Exhibition Park Management Centerand etc. The expert group will be composed of the
experts from the institutions of plant protection, forest protection and aquiculture at provincial and
municipality levels. The headquarters is located in Guzhen Green Exhibition Park Management
Center.
2.2. Responsibilities
(1) Decision-making and guidance for the prevention and control of the quarantine and dangerous
diseases and pests on seedlings, fish and turtles in the project area;
(2) Mobilizing and coordinatingresources to prevent and control the major diseases and pests in the
project area;
(3) Dealing with importance issues in the prevention and control of the major diseases and pests in
the project area;
(4) Replying toemergencyreporting and requests by all relevant institutions in the project area and
making arrangements to address the emergency;
(5) Collecting and analyzing information on the major disease and pests in the project area, and and
reporting in a timely manner to town government;
(6) Implementing decision(s) of town government and adopting a unified manner in organizing,
coordinating, guiding and inspecting emergency control activities in the project area.
3. Disease and Pest Monitoring
Full play of the full-time and part-time monitoring and predicting staff should be ensured to
strengthen monitoring of pests and diseases at regular and irregular intervals. Monitoring of
quarantine and hazardous pests and diseases should be conducted based on features of pest and
disease occurrence relating to seedlings, fish and turtles in the project area.Three times of
comprehensive surveys of the dangerous pests and diseases should be conducted annualy in the
project area, and any abnormal phenomenon of seedlings, fish and turtles in the project area should
be identified in a timely manner.
The full-time and part-time monitoring staff members are responsible for timely reporting ofmajor
diseases and pests. If having spotted pest or disease disaster, enterprises in the park and
individualsshould report to the headquarters. The headquarters should immediately organize the
expert group to visit the spot for confirmation and report to town government for further actions.
4. Mobilization of Emergency Prepardness Plan
4.1. When it has been confirmed that a major disease or pest disaster relating to seedlings, fish or
turtles has seriously broken out, the headquarters shall immediately organize a meeting of all the
relevant member institutions, and report in a timely manner to the town government for immediate
actions.
65
4.2. The on-the-spot headquarters should keep the site in good order to prevent spread of the
disaster, keep a close watch on the disaster development status and report in a timely manner to the
town government. At the same timeand based on the spot situtations, the on-the-spot headquarters
should make immediate emergency settlement decision for rapid atctions. Relevant institutions and
individuals should actively and closely cooperate to take joint actions to resolve the emergency.
5. Personnel and Technical Support
A pest control team of 20 staff has been established under the headquarters. Whenever a disease or
pest disaster breaks out, the team will be mobilized immediately for rapid treatment on the spot of
disaster to minimize the losses.
Training to the full-time and part-time monitoring staffshall be provided by the headquarters, with
support by bureaus of forest and aquiculture at city level. The training will be conducted at regular
intervals to introduce to the trainees knowledge and techniques needed for emergency handling,
especially new knowledge and advanced techniques.
Technical and comprehensive ability of the monitoring, quarantine and survey technical staff will
be upgraded through 1~2 times of intensive training each year, so that they will better-equippedwith
knowledge of the symptoms and characteristics of the major diseases of pests and diseases of
seedlings, fish and turtles in the project area, which will upgrade their field survey and judgement
capabilities.
Target-oriented rehearsals will be organized focusing on different pests and diseases (especially
features of the major pest and disease disasters), so that effective and rapid measures can be taken to
protect, to the maximal degree, seedling, fish or turtle resources once occurrenceof a disaster is
identified.
66