The Rise of Nationalism
Please pick up Class Notes #14 and remember to sit in your
new seat. Take out Class Notes #13 from last class.
Take the first five minutes of class to complete the warmup at the start of class notes #14 on your own.
We will:
*explain how Thomas Jefferson brought about a
“revolution” in American politics and helped
to expand the nation
*introduce the second quarter exhibit
*analyze how the War of 1812 and the “Era of Good
Feelings” contributed to rising nationalism
Warm-up: Federalists vs. Republicans
Position/Description:
Federalist or Republican?
Favored full repayment and central management of both
national and state debts
yes
Sought to locate the national capital in the South
Distrustful of the French and the French Revolution
yes
yes
Considered states’ rights as necessary to check and limit
federal power
yes
Supported creation of the First Bank of the U.S.
yes
Favored excise taxes and protective tariffs to raise federal
revenue and protect American industry
yes
Opposed the Alien & Sedition Acts as an assault upon First
Amendment rights
Loosely interpreted the Constitution as giving extensive
powers to the national government
Received extensive support in the South and rural areas
yes
yes
yes
Election of 1800
• The “rematch” presidential election campaign
between Adams and Jefferson was one of the
most contentious in America political history.
• With your partner, take 10 minutes to examine
the source assigned to you (either “A
Providential Detection” or “Jefferson and
Liberty”) and complete the accompanying
questions. Be prepared to discuss your source
with the class.
“The Providential Detection”
Close Reading
Who is the man represented in the image?
How do you know?
What symbols or words stand out in the
image? What do they represent?
What is the overall tone or message of the
image?
Sourcing
Who would you guess created this image?
Is the source reliable?
Contextualizing
Why did the author create this image?
Who was the intended audience?
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/images/vc136.jpg
The Mazzei Letter:
Why would the words below have been troubling to
Federalists?
Monticello April 24, 1796
My Dear Friend,
…The aspect of our politics has wonderfully changed since
you left us. In place of that noble love of liberty and
republican government which carried us triumphantly thro'
the war, an Anglican, monarchical and aristocratical party
has sprung up, whose avowed object is to draw over us the
substance as they have already done the forms of the
British government. The main body of our citizens
however remain true to their republican principles, the
whole landed interest is with them, and so is a great mass of
talents...
Thomas Jefferson
http://www.princeton.edu/~tjpapers/mazzei/transcription.html
“Jefferson and Liberty”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5-h19sNJy_0
“The gloomy night before us lies,
The reign of terror now is o'er;
Its gags, inquisitors and spies,
Its hordes of harpies are no more.”
Chorus:
“Rejoice, Columbia's sons, rejoice!
To tyrants never bend the knee;
But join with heart, and soul and voice
For Jefferson and Liberty!”…
•
http://www.traditionalmusic.co.uk/songmidis/Jefferson_and_Liberty.htm
Close Reading
What words or phrases stand out in the
song lyrics?
What is the overall tone or message of the
song?
Sourcing
Who would you guess created this song?
Contextualizing
Why was the song created?
Who was the intended audience?
Election of 1800 Results
John Adams,
2nd U.S. President
(1797-1801)
Thomas Jefferson ,
3rd U.S. President
(1801-1809) and
2nd U.S. Vice-President
(1797-1801)
Aaron Burr,
3rd U.S. Vice-President
(1801-1805)
Charles
Cotesworth
Pinckney,
Vice Presidential
Candidate
(1800)
The “Revolution” of 1800
• Republicans won both the presidency and control of
Congress from Federalists – first peaceful transition
of national power in our history
• Support came from the South and West but
Republicans also won New York’s electoral votes
• Jefferson and Aaron Burr of New York (his presumed
running mate for Vice-President) tied in electoral
votes and it took a vote of the House of
Representatives to break the tie in favor of TJ
• Led to ratification of the 12th Amendment by 1804,
which divided elector votes between presidential and
vice-presidential candidates
Jefferson’s Presidency
• Jefferson served two terms (1801-1809) and worked
to heal the political divisions of the country – what
tone did he set in his first inaugural address?
•
http://10.120.2.41/SAFARI/montage/play.php?keyindex=121742&chapterskeyindex=402485&keyco
nceptskeyindex=-1&sceneclipskeyindex=-1&location=local
• As president, he:
– Reduced the size of the federal government
– Pardoned those sentenced under the Sedition Act
– Cut the size of the military
– Paid down America’s debt
– Took a moderate course (not the radical that some
Federalists thought he would be)
The Louisiana Purchase of 1803
Despite his views on limited executive power, Jefferson
sent envoys to Paris to negotiate purchase of New Orleans
– fearing that any nation that controlled the port controlled
America’s destiny
Napoleon of France offered to sell the entire Louisiana
Territory (recently acquired from Spain) for ready cash
($15 million) to help fund his plans for conquest of Europe
Jefferson realized that the deal was too good to pass up
(despite his strict interpretation of the Constitution)
Result: U.S. doubled in size and Lewis & Clark went west
in 1804-06 and made first U.S. claim to Oregon Country
American Expansion to 1803
http://10.120.2.41/SAFARI/montage/play.php?keyindex=121742&chapterskeyindex=402485
&keyconceptskeyindex=-1&sceneclipskeyindex=-1&location=local
Nationalism on the Rise: “The Virginia Dynasty”
Following Jefferson’s victory over
John Adams in the “Revolution”
of 1800, three Virginians served as
president and helped to shape the
new nation for a quarter century
(1801-1825)
All three were DemocraticRepublicans, slave owners, and
lawyers. They were also good
friends who lived within a day’s
journey of each other in central
Virginia.
Thomas Jefferson
1801-1809
Greatest Event:
Louisiana Purchase
(1803)
James Madison
1809-1817
Greatest Event:
War of 1812
(1812-15)
James Monroe
1817-1825
Greatest Event:
Monroe Doctrine
(1823)
American Neutrality Under Threat
• With the start of the Napoleonic Wars in 1805, British and
French naval vessels resumed impressment of American
sailors and seizure of cargoes bound for enemy ports
• Jefferson’s response was the ill-advised Embargo Act (1807)
that halted all trade with foreign nations in the expectation that
Britain and France would be compelled to desist and agree to
negotiate with the U.S. (they didn’t and New England suffered
an economic depression, angering the Federalist opposition)
• James Madison (Jefferson’s hand-picked successor) signed
Macon’s Bill #2 (1810) stating that, if either Britain or France
agreed to respect American rights, the U.S. would cut off trade
with the other country
• France agreed and the U.S. cut off trade with Britain in 1811,
resulting in a British blockade of U.S. ports
The War Hawks
• Meanwhile, back on the trans-Appalachian
frontier, Native Americans (led by such
tribes as the Shawnee and Creek), resisted
westward settlement by American pioneers
• Britain supplied the Shawnee leader,
Tecumseh, with money and weapons
• Newly-elected “War Hawks” in Congress,
such as Henry Clay of Kentucky and John
C. Calhoun of South Carolina, called for an
invasion of Canada to break the back of the
British-Native American alliance
• Congress declared war on Britain on June
18, 1812; Madison called up the army
The War of 1812 (1813, 1814, & 1815)
http://10.120.2.41/SAFARI/montage/play.php?keyindex=121612&location=005849&chapterskeyindex=401463&filetypeid=7
“Mr. Madison’s War” (as the Federalists called it) was
a comedy of errors that almost resulted in defeat:
1. Attempted invasions of Canada failed miserably
2. Tecumseh wreaked havoc on the Northwest frontier,
until defeated by General Harrison in late 1813
3. British expeditionary force occupied Washington and
burned the White House and the Capitol (1814)
Bright Spots (we won! - a nearly-fatal military draw):
1. “The Star-Spangled Banner” (F. Scott Key)
2. Andrew Jackson’s defeat of the Creek and his
victory over the British at New Orleans after the
war formally ended (January 1815)
3. Treaty of Ghent (1814) secured British recognition
of American interests and ended the war “status quo
ante” – no winner, no loser
Political Nationalism:
“The Era of Good Feelings”
• Nationalism increased as a result of “victory” in
the War of 1812 and the downfall of the
Federalists after the Hartford Convention (1814),
where some radical Federalists proposed peace
with Britain and secession from the Union
• James Monroe won overwhelming electoral
college and popular majorities in the elections of
1816 and 1820
• Effective one-party rule resulted and lasted
through Monroe’s presidency (1817-1825)
• Even former New England Federalists supported
Monroe – his visit to New England in 1817
inspired the phrase “Era of Good Feelings”
Monroe’s Elections: 1816, 1820
Monroe won by some of the
biggest electoral college
totals in U.S. political
history; Federalist Party did
not even exist by 1820
Note the addition of five new
states between 1816 and 1820;
reflects the growth of the U.S.
Economic Nationalism
• After the War of 1812, Americans
quickly spread west, helped by a
“Transportation Revolution” that
encouraged the building of roads
and canals to connect east and west
(e.g. National Road and Erie Canal)
• In 1816, Henry Clay of Kentucky
pushed for passage ion Congress of
the Hamiltonian “American
system,” sought to encourage
economic growth through:
1. federal support for infrastructure
2. protective tariffs
3. a new central bank (Second Bank
of the United States)
Henry
Clay of
Kentucky
Judicial Nationalism:
The Marshall Court
*Chief Justice John Marshall led the Supreme Court
for 35 years after his 1801 appointment by President
John Adams; checked the power of the Republicans
*Marshall’s Federalist views helped to establish the
power of the Court as an independent branch of
government and asserted the power of the federal
government over the states
Marbury v. Madison (1803): established the Court’s
power of judicial review – the ability of the Court to
declare a law or action of the Congress and/or
President as unconstitutional
Significant Marshall Court Cases
• Other decisions of the Marshall Court supported
Hamiltonian views on the economy, such as the
Court’s defense of the Second Bank of the United
States in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), Marshall
upheld the right of the Bank to exist (under the
elastic clause) and confirmed that national law is
supreme to state law (Maryland couldn’t tax the
Bank’s transactions)
• In Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819), Marshall
ruled that the state of New Hampshire could not
take over private Dartmouth College, thus
supporting the rights of private corporations
• In Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), Marshall ruled that only
Congress had the right to regulate interstate trade
under the power of the commerce clause
America’s “victory”
in the War of 1812
was followed by
several diplomatic
agreements that
secured the country’s
borders:
*Rush-Bagot Treaty
(1816): U.S./Britain
demilitarize the
Great Lakes
*British-American
Convention (1818)
established the
northern border at
the 49th parallel
*Adams-Onis Treaty
(1819): with Spain,
gave Florida to the
U.S. and established a
clear southwestern
border
Diplomatic
Nationalism
The Monroe Doctrine
• By 1823, many colonies in Latin
America had won their
independence from Spain and
Portugal
• The U.S. wanted to be sure that
European powers did not
interfere in the affairs of these
new countries, which would
make great trading partners for
the U.S.
• President Monroe issued the
Monroe Doctrine to declare the
Western Hemisphere “off-limits”
to European powers and pledged
that the U.S. would stay out of
European conflicts; this policy
became the cornerstone of U.S.
foreign policy
The Missouri Compromise
• In 1820, Missouri territory petitioned to enter the Union as a
slave state; Northern political resistance to this threatened to
create a North-South sectional divide
• Henry Clay hammered out an agreement in Congress whereby
Missouri would be permitted to enter as a slave state and Maine
would enter as a free state (to keep the balance between North
and South in the U.S. Senate)
• The Compromise deal also identified the southern border of
Missouri as the dividing line between slave and free territory
west of the Mississippi River (with the exception of Missouri)
What is the
geographic
identification
of the line
that divides
slave and free
territory as a
result of the
compromise?
How many slave
and free states
made up the
Union after the
compromise in
1821? Why was
this balance so
important?
Before we leave…
• Remember that we will meet in the library on Friday
to begin researching for the Civil War exhibit
• Arrive prepared with a topic and an alternate or two
that you would like to research – everyone will have
their own topic
• Complete Homework 7 for next Tuesday’s class