Lecture PowerPoint to accompany
Inquiry into Life
Twelfth Edition
Sylvia S. Mader
Chapter 11
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
11.1 Types of Tissues
11.1 Types of Tissues
• A tissue is composed of similarly specialized
cells that perform a common function in the
body.
11.1 Types of Tissues
• Four Types of Tissues in the Human Body
– Epithelial: lines body surfaces and cavities
– Connective: supports and bonds body parts
– Muscular: moves the body and its parts
– Nervous: receives stimuli and conducts impulses
11.1 Types of Tissues
• Epithelial tissue protects underlying structures;
functions may also include:
– Secretion (glands)
– Absorption
– Excretion
– Filtration
11.1 Types of Tissues
• Epithelial Tissue can be Classified According to
Cell Type:
– Squamous: Outer cells are flattened
– Cuboidal: Outer cells are cubed shaped
– Columnar: Outer cells are rectangular
• Epithelial Tissue can also be classified
according to the number of layers in the tissue.
– Simple: Single layer of cells
– Stratified: Multiple cell layers
Epithelial Tissue
Junctions Between Epithelial Cells
11.1 Types of Tissues
• Connective Tissue
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–
–
–
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Binds organs together
Provides support and protection
Fills spaces
Produces blood cells
Stores fat
11.1 Types of Tissues
• Components of Connective Tissue
– Matrix: solid, semisolid, or liquid
– Fibers: collagen,elastic, reticular
– Cells: various types
11.1 Types of Tissues
• Connective Tissue Continued
– Fibroblasts are cells that produce fibers and other
substances.
– Loose fibrous tissue support epithelium and many
internal organs.
– Dense connective tissue is found in structures such
as tendons and ligaments.
11.1 Types of Tissues
• Connective Tissue Continued
– Adipose Tissue
• Fibroblasts enlarge and store fat
– Fat is used for energy, insulation, and organ protection
– Reticular Connective Tissue
• Forms the meshwork of lymphatic tissue in:
– The spleen
– The thymus
– Bone marrow
11.1 Types of Tissues
• Connective Tissue Continued
– Cartilage
• Cells lie in small chambers called lacuna
– Three Types of Cartilage
• Hyaline: contains very fine collagen fibers
• Elastic: has a higher proportion of elastic fibers, flexible
• Fibrocartilage: contains strong collagen fibers
11.1 Types of Tissues
• Connective Tissue Continued
– Bone
• The most rigid connective tissue
• Consists of a matrix of calcium salts deposited around
collagen
• Functions: Support, protection, mineral storage, blood cell
formation
– Two Types of Bone
• Compact bone (shafts of long bones)
• Spongy bone (end of long bones)
Examples of Connective Tissue
11.1 Types of Tissues
• Connective Tissue Continued
– Blood
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•
•
•
Transports respiratory gases
Transports nutrients and wastes
Involved with many aspects of homeostasis
Helps protect us from disease
11.1 Types of Tissues
• Components of Blood
– Red Blood Cells
• Contain hemoglobin for transport of oxygen
– White Blood Cells
• Fight infection
– Platelets
• Are cell fragments involved with blood clotting
Blood
11.1 Types of Tissues
• Muscular Tissue
– Muscle cells are called muscle fibers
– Muscles fibers contain actin and myosin filaments
• Interaction of actin and myosin accounts for movements
– Types of Muscle Tissues
• Skeletal
• Smooth (visceral)
• Cardiac
11.1 Types of Tissues
• Skeletal Muscle
– Occurs in muscles attached to the skeleton
– Cells are striated and multinucleated
– Is voluntary
• Smooth Muscle
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–
–
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Occurs in blood vessels and walls of the digestive tract
Cells are spindle-shaped, each has a single nucleus
Striations are not present
Is involuntary
• Cardiac muscle
– Occurs in the wall of the heart
– Has branching, striated cells, each with a single nucleus
– Is involuntary
Muscular Tissue
11.1 Types of Tissues
• Nervous Tissue
– Neurons (nerve cells)
• Conduct impulses
– Sensory input, integration, motor output
• Neuron structure
– Dendrites
– Cell body
– Axon
– Neuroglia
• Support and nourish neurons
– Microglia: phagocytic
– Astrocytes: provide nutrients
– Oligodendroglia: form myelin
Neurons and Neuroglia
11.2 Body Cavities and Body
Membranes
• Cavities
– Ventral Cavity- Divided by Diaphragm
• Thoracic cavity
– Lungs
– Heart
• Abdominal cavity
– Visceral organs
– Bladder
– Reproductive organs
– Dorsal Cavity
• Cranial cavity
– Brain
• Spinal cavity
– Spinal cord
Mammalian Body Cavities
11.2 Body Cavities and Body
Membranes
• Body Membranes
– Mucous Membranes
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•
•
•
Line digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organs
Epithelium overlies loose fibrous connective tissue
Goblet cells-produce mucus
Protective function
– Serous Membranes
• Line thoracic and abdominal cavities
• Epithelium overlies loose fibrous connective tissue
• Specific names according to location
– Pleural- lines thoracic cavity and lungs
– Pericardial-encloses heart
– Peritoneal- lines abdominal cavity and forms mesentery
11.2 Body Cavities and Body
Membranes
• Body Membranes Continued
– Synovial membranes
• Loose connective tissue
• Line freely movable joints
• Secrete synovial fluid
– Meninges
• Line the dorsal cavity
• Protect brain and spinal cord
• Connective tissue
11.3 Organ Systems
11.3 Organ Systems
11.3 Organ Systems
11.3 Organ Systems
11.3 Organ Systems
11.3 Organ Systems
11.3 Organ Systems
11.3 Organ Systems
11.3 Organ Systems
11.3 Organ Systems
11.3 Organ Systems
11.3 Organ Systems
11.3 Organ Systems
11.3 Organ Systems
11.4 Integumentary System
• The Integumentary System
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Skin
Hair
Nails
Sweat Glands
Sebaceous Glands
11.4 Integumentary System
• Functions of the Integumentary System
– Protects underlying tissues from trauma, pathogen
invasion, and water loss
– Helps to regulate body temperature
– Synthesizes Vitamin D
– Helps us to be aware of our surroundings
11.4 Integumentary System
• Regions of the Skin
– Epidermis
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•
•
•
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Stratified squamous epithelium
Basal layer produces new cells
Cells harden and die as they push to the surface
Keratin - hardens cells, waterproof
Melanocytes - produce pigment
11.4 Integumentary System
• Regions of the Skin
– Dermis
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•
•
•
Contains collagen fibers that help prevent tearing
Contains elastic fibers that maintain tension
Contains blood vessels that nourish the skin
Contains sensory receptors for touch, pain, pressure,
temperature
11.4 Integumentary System
• Subcutaneous Layer
– Loose connective tissue
– Adipose tissue
• Insulation
• Energy storage
Human Skin Anatomy
11.4 Integumentary System
• Accessory Organs of the Skin
– Nails
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•
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Protect digits
Nail root- grows new nail
Cuticle- protects nail root
Lunula- white half-moon at base- thick layer of cells
Nail Anatomy
11.4 Integumentary System
• Accessory Organs of the Skin
– Hair Follicles
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•
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Extend from dermis through epidermis
Arrector pili muscles-erect hair shaft- “goose bumps”
Epidermal cells in hair root form hair
Cells become keratinized and die as they are pushed away
from root
– Oil Glands
• Associated with hair follicles
• Lubricates hair and skin
– Sweat Glands
• Some open into hair follicles, others onto skin
• Thermoregulation
11.5 Homeostasis
• Homeostasis is the relative constancy on the
body’s internal environment.
• Even if external conditions change dramatically,
internal conditions stay within a narrow range.
11.5 Homeostasis
• Negative Feedback
– Primary mechanism that keeps a variable close to a
set point.
– Two components (minimum)
• A sensor
• A control center
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Negative Feedback
A Mechanical Example
A Human Example
11.5 Homeostasis
• Positive Feedback
– A change brings about a greater change in the same
direction
• Example: A fever brings about changes in the
body that cause body temperature to increase
even more (can be fatal)
• Beneficial examples include blood clotting and the
birthing process
11.5 Homeostasis
• Homeostasis and Body Systems
– The Transport Systems
• Cardiovascular system-pumps blood to and from capillaries
for exchange
• RBC’s- carry oxygen
• Platelets-clotting
• Lymphatics-collect excess tissue fluid / Purify Lymph
– The Maintenance Systems
• Respiratory system-brings in oxygen and removes carbon
dioxide
• Digestive system-digests nutrients and removes wastes
• Liver- manufactures products, detoxifies
• Kidneys- fluid balance, pH regulation, waste removal
Regulation of Tissue Fluid Composition
11.5 Homeostasis
• Homeostasis and Body Systems Continued
– The Support Systems
• Integumentary system produces vitamin D
• Skeletal system stores minerals, produces blood cells
• Muscular system produces heat
– The Control Systems
• Nervous system and endocrine system function as control
centers
• Direct effectors to become active
– Muscles
– Glands
11.5 Homeostasis
• Disease
– Breakdown in self regulation
– Body no longer functions properly
– Local disease
• Restricted to one part of the body
– Systemic disease
• Affects entire body
– Acute disease
• Occur suddenly
• Usually short duration
– Chronic disease
• Long term, less severe
• Develop slowly