Information Systems in
Business and Management
Information Systems in
Business and Management
• Origins in a number of Disciplines
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Management
Operations Research
Computer Science
Accounting
Organisation Development
• Taxonomy of Information Systems
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Transaction Processing
Management Reporting Systems
Decision Support Systems
Executive Information Systems
Management Information Systems
Information:
The most valuable resource
What is an Information
System?
Five Main Resources
• Personnel
• Material
• Machines
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– (including facilities and energy)
• Money
• Information (and data)
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Physical
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How Resources are Managed
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Acquire
Assemble, or prepare
Maximize use
Replace
Factors Stimulating Interest in
Information Management
• Increasing complexity of business
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International economy
Worldwide competition
Increasing complexity of technology
Shrinking time frames
Social constraints
• Improved computer capabilities
Who are the Users?
• Managers
• Nonmanagers
• Persons & organizations in the firm’s
environment
Where Managers are Found
• Various management levels
• Various functional areas of the firm
The Nature of Management
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Functional Activities
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Accounting
Marketing
Production
Personnel
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Levels of Management
(Anthony 1965)
Strategic Planning
Management control
Operational Control
Levels of Managers
• Strategic planning
• Management control
• Operational control
• Management in Organisations
Strategic Planning
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Relates to the Organisation as a Whole
Occurs on an Irregular Basis
Relies on External Information
An Exercise in Applied Economics
Small Numbers Involved
Provides the Framework for Mgt Control
Management Control
• Elements
• Process
• Managers
• Goals
• Efficiency and Effectiveness
• Characteristics
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Focus on Responsibility Centres
General Types of Information
Comprehensive
Expressed in Financial Terms
Defined Patterns and Timetables
Coordinated Integrated System
Operational Control
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Restricted to Narrowly Defined Activities
Occurs in the Content of Mgt Control
Based on a Financial Structure
Relates to Individual Transactions
Requires a Formal Model of Operation
The Influence of Management Level on
Information Source
Strategic planning level
Environmental
Management control level
Operational control level
Internal
The Influence of Management Level on
Information Form
Strategic planning level
Summary
Management control level
Operational control level
Detail
Managers Can Be Found on All Levels
and in All Functional
Areas of the Firm
Strategic planning level
Management Control Level
Operational Control
Level
Finance
Function
Human
Resources
Function
Information
Services
Function
Manufacturing
Function
Marketing
Function
Managerial Roles
• Fayol
• Mintzberg
• Stewart
Planning , Staffing, Controlling etc
What Managers do -Fayol’s Functions
Strategic
Management
Operational
Planning Level
Control Level
Control Level
Plan
Direct
Organize
Control
Plan
Control
Staff
Organize
Direct
Staff
Control
Staff
Organize
Direct
Plan
What Managers do -Mintzberg’s Roles
• Interpersonal roles
– Figurehead
– Leader
– Liaison
• Informational roles
– Monitor
– Disseminator
– Spokesperson
Mintzberg's Managerial
Roles
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Decisional roles
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Entrepreneur
Disturbance handler
Resource allocator
Negotiator
Problem
Solving
Business Meals
Tours
Voice Mail
Written Media
Telephone
Internal
Sources
Unscheduled Meetings
Scheduled Meetings
Electronic
mail
Periodical
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Noncomputer
reports
Letters & Memos
Computer Reports
Problem Solving Information Comes in
Many Forms
External Sources
Oral Media
Management Skills
• Communications
• Problem solving
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How can an
information
specialist help?
Transaction Processing
Systems
• A focus on data storage processing and flows
at the operational ;
• Efficient Transaction Processing
• Automation of High Volume Routine Tasks
• Minimum Participation by Users
• Summary reports to Management
• Ryanair, EBay, Google
Management Reporting
Systems
• An Information Focus aimed at Middle
Managers
• Structured Information Flow
• Inquiry and Report Generation off a Database
• Planning and Control
• Summary Details
• Rhythmic in Nature
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