‫*‬
‫الحال‬
* 1. the adverb is a word joined to a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb to express some
quality or circumstance respecting it.
‫ كلمة تضاف لفعل أو صفة أو حال أخرى للتعبير‬:‫* الظرف‬
.‫عن خاصية أو حالة معينة تختص به‬
* Ali writes well
‫علي يكتب جي ًدا‬
writes ‫ يصف الفعل‬well ‫نجد في هذا المثال أن الحال‬
‫ويأتي بعده‬
*
* Adverbs can be confused with adjectives,
which also modify things. However, adjectives
modify nouns and pronouns. If you said "I have
a nice dog," dog is the noun which is being
modified by the adjective nice. On the other
hand, if you said that "My dog quickly ate his
dinner," the adverb "quickly" would modify the
verb "ate."
* In addition to verbs, adverbs also modify
adjectives and other adverbs. So, when you say
"I have the most beautiful dog," the dog is the
noun, beautiful is the adjective describing the
noun, and most is the adverb describing
beautiful.
‫‪* Samia is exceedingly beautiful‬‬
‫سامية غاية في الجمال‬
‫نجد في هذا المثال أن الظرف ‪ exceedingly‬تصف الصفة‬
‫‪ beautiful‬ويأتي قبلها‪.‬‬
‫‪Sami speaks very correctly.‬‬
‫يتحدث سامي بدقة كبيرة‬
‫نجد في هذا المثال أن الحال ‪ correctly‬تصف الفعل‬
‫‪ speaks‬وتأتي بعده وأن الحال ‪ very‬تصف الحال‬
‫‪ correctly‬وتأتي قبله‪.‬‬
‫ولهذا يجب على المترجم أن يراعي هذا الترتيب عند‬
‫الترجمة إلى اللغة اإلنجليزية‪.‬‬
* Adverbs generally express some circumstance of
time, place, manner or quality.
* Adverbs express in a single word what would
otherwise require two or more words.
‫ويعبر الظرف في كلمة واحدة ماكان يمكن التعبير عنه‬
.‫بكلمتين أو أكثر‬
Where → in what place
whence→ from what place
Too → in an excessive degree
Elegantly → in an elegant matter
* Adverbs are divided into several classes:
* Adverbs of number:
* Examples:
once, twice, thrice
‫ ثالث مرات‬،‫ مرتين‬،‫مرة واحدة‬
First, secondly, thirdly
ً
‫ ثال ًثا‬،‫ ثانيًا‬،‫أوًل‬
‫‪* Adverbs of time:‬‬
‫‪Examples:‬‬
‫منذ وقت مضى‪ ،‬قدي ً‬
‫ما →‪Ago‬‬
‫مسب ًقا‪ ،‬منذ فترة وجيزة →‪Already‬‬
‫يوميًا →‪daily‬‬
‫إلى األبد →‪ever‬‬
‫في كل ساعة →‪Hourly‬‬
‫اآلن →‪Now‬‬
‫ثم →‪Then‬‬
* Adverbs of place:
Here→ ‫هنا‬
There→ ‫هناك‬
Where→ ‫ في مكان‬،‫حيث‬
Hence→ ‫من هذا المكان‬
Thence→ ‫من ذلك المكان‬
Upward→ ‫إلى أعلى‬
Downward→ ‫إلى أسفل‬
Elsewhere → ‫مكان آخر‬
* Adverbs of manner or quality:
* Such as; well, ill, how, softly, sweetly, etc.
* Example:
My words were ill-chosen.
Adverbs of quality are generally formed from
adjectives by adding –ly e.g. quick→ quickly
Examples:
He is a quick runner.
‫هو عداء سريع‬
He runs quickly.
‫إنه يجري بسرعة‬
* Adverbs of quantity:
Very→ ‫ج ًدا‬
Exceedingly→ ‫في منتهى‬
Too→ ‫بدرجة عظيمة‬
Enough→ ‫بدرجة كافية‬
Examples:
It is too difficult to solve.
‫إنها صعبة ج ًدا لدرجة ًليمكن حلها‬
She is exceedingly beautiful.
‫إنها غاية في الجمال‬
* Adverbs of affirmation, negation, and doubts:
Yea, yes→‫ موافق‬،‫نعم‬
Verily, truly→‫ حقيقة‬،‫بالريب‬
Surely, undoubtedly, certainly→ ‫ بالشك في‬،‫بالتأكيد‬
‫ذلك‬
Nay, no, not→‫ ليس‬،‫ ًل‬،‫كال‬
Perhaps, possible→‫ من المتوقع‬،‫ من المحتمل‬،‫ربما‬
Examples:
Perhaps, he’ll do it.
‫ربما سيقوم بأدائها‬
Verily, he is a man of war.
‫حقيقة إنه رجل محارب‬
He will undoubtedly come.
‫سوف يحضر بال ريب‬
* Some adverbs are compared like adjectives:
ً
Soon, sooner, soonest→ ‫حاًل‬
Sweetly, more sweetly, most sweetly→ ‫برقة‬
•
She spoke more quickly than he did.
The following adverbs are compared irregularly:
Positive
comparative
superlative
‫ سيء‬ill or bad
worse
worst
‫ كثير‬Much
more
most
better
best
‫جي ًدا‬/‫حس ًنا‬Well
* Examples:
She appears more sweetly than ever before.
.‫تبدو أكثر عذوبة من أي وقت مضى‬
She is much better than a week ago.
‫هي اآلن أفضل بكثير عما كانت عليه منذ أسبوع مضى‬
You're driving worse today than yesterday !
‫قيادتك اليوم أسوأ من قيادتك باألمس‬
* Some adverbs are formed by prefixing a to a noun
or an adjective.
Afar ‫بعي ًدا‬
Ashore ‫باتجاه الشاطئ‬
Two or more words together are sometimes used as
adverbs . Such a union of words is called an adverbial
phrase:
Now and then ‫من حين آلخر‬
At best ‫ في أحسن األحوال‬،‫في أحسن ظروفه‬
Translate the following:
* He swims well.
* He ran quickly.
* She spoke softly.
* The child ran happily towards his mother.
* I have nowhere to go.
* She ran towards me.
* He worked abroad.
* This magazine is published monthly.
* I am still hungry.
* The water was extremely cold.
* You are walking too slowly.
* This coffee is too hot.
* We seldom cross the river after sunset.