“Biology is the natural science concerned with the study of
life and living organisms, including their structure, function,
growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.”
Cut and discard this bottom portion.
Electronic
Balance
Mass (g/kg)
Lab
Incubators
Stereoscope
Dissection
Equipment
Metric Ruler
Gel
Electrophoresis
Microscope
Petri Dishes
Scientific Investigation & Reasoning Skills
Micropippettors
Nucleus
Plasma Membrane
Cell Wall
Mitochondria
Ribosome
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Vacuole
Lysosome
Cilia
Golgi Apparatus
Chloroplast
Types of Solutions
Reporting Cat 1: Cell Structure & Function
Synthesis of New Molecules & Biomolecules
Cellular Growth and Replication
Binary Fission
DNA Replication
Mitosis
Lytic/Lysogenic Cycle
Meiosis
Cell Differentiation & Specialization
DNA & RNA Structure
Cell Growth Gone Wrong:
Tumors
Reporting Cat 1: Cell Structure & Function
Sex Cells
Chromosomes
Genes
DNA
Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation
The Purpose of the Process: This is the way that cells build more proteins
A=Tall
a=Short
Genotypes:
A= Dominant (strong, visible) Gene
25%
25%
A or a = alleles
AA, Aa, aa
G
e
n
e
t
i
c
s
Phenotypes:
a= Recessive (weak, hidden) Gene
25%
25%
Homozygous= same alleles= AA
Heterozygous= different alleles= Aa
3 tall and 1 short
Genotype = combination of alleles “AA”
Phenotype = the way the genotype is physically
expressed in an organism “Tall”
Monohybrid Cross
AA=homozygous dominant traits
Aa=heterozygous dominant traits
aa=homozygous recessive traits
Dihybrid Cross
NonMendelian Genetics
Studying the Genome
DNA Fingerprinting
Genetic Engineering
Chromosomal Analysis
Reporting Category 2: Mechanisms of Genetics
Mutations
Fossil Record
Biogeography
Trait Variation
H
o
m
o
l
o
g
y Anatomical
Differential Reproduction
Molecular
Developmental
Heredity
Trait Advantage
Natural
Selection &
Adaptation
Over Time
Genetic Drift- the effect of
chance on heredity through a
random event or situation.
Gene Flow- the movement
(migration) of genes from
population to population
Mutation- a mutation can
change offspring for
generations to come, by
introducing something new.
Recombination- this
process can also change
the evolutionary process.
Reporting Cat 3: Biological Evolution & Classification
Taxonomy is the science of
identifying and arranging species
into a classification.
Carl Linnaeus gives us the system
that we are familiar with today.
Each part of the classification
system is very important.
The 3 Domains and
6 Kingdoms of classification.
Domain Bacteria – Eubacteria
Domain Archaea – Archaebacteria
Domain Eukarya – Protista, Fungi
Animalia, Plantae
Eubacteria- single
celled organisms,
cell wall made of
peptidoglycan.
Archaebacteria- single
celled organisms, no
peptidoglycan in cell wall,
lipid membranes instead.
Protista- can be
unicellular or
multicellular but they
are eukaryotes.
Fungi – unicellular
or multicellular but
they are eukaryotes.
Animalia- multicellular,
nucleus, no cell walls,
heterotrophs
Plantae –multicellular,
nucleus, chloroplasts,
autotrophs
Reporting Cat 3: Biological Evolution & Classification
Enzymes play a key role in
being catalyst in chemical
reactions within the body:
1. Increase rate of reaction
2. Enzyme substrate-Product
3. Enzyme regulation (H-L, L-H)
Feedback mechanisms are a way
of an organism trying to maintain
homeostasis for example:
1. Blood glucose production
2. Body temperature
3. Plant water and CO2 levels
Reporting Cat 4: Biological Processes & Systems
The human body is a very complicated
system. It is made up of many systems
working together. Each system has a
job, and all of the systems together
keep us alive. Below are the most
important systems for you to know.
Supply blood with
oxygen for the body.
Organs that work
together to help us
reproduce
Circulate blood
throughout the body
Respiratory System
Reproductive System
Circulatory System
These systems
help the body
maintain
“Homeostasis”
Removes excess
material or waste
Circulate blood
throughout the body
Excretory System
Digestive System
Every system has a job and those jobs help
keep your body balanced or in homeostasis.
Feedback mechanisms are ways of keeping
this important balance. When you sweat
you cool down, when you eat you stop
starvation, your body tells your brain, and it
tells the body what to do.
Endocrine System
Integumentary System
Secretes hormones
into bloodstream to
regulate the body.
This system protects the
body from damage. It
uses skin, hair, etc.
Nervous System
Coordinates the
actions of different
parts of the body.
Systems
working
together to
maintain
“Homeostasis”
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Provides the body
with form, shape and
structure.
Provides the body
with the ability to
move.
Reporting Category 4: Biological Processes & Systems
Ecosystem
Ecosystems have a very delicate balance. Often times factors
beyond their control can offset the balance. Organisms then
have to choices adjust over time or perish.
Primary Succession – newly exposed
rock, sand, or lava, no previous
biotic community. New populations
will move into this area, and those
species will diversity over time as
well.
Secondary Succession – takes place
where a previous community has
been removed. New populations will
also move into this area and those
species will diversify over time.
Environmental change will bring with it changes in the
community that forms within it.
Predation – where a predator (an
organism that is hunting) feeds on
its prey (the organism that is attacked).
Parasitism – non mutual relationship
between organisms of different species
where one organism, parasite, benefits
at the expense of the other, the host
Commensalism – relationship between
two organisms where one organism
benefits but the other is neutral (there is
no harm or benefit)
Predation – the way two organisms of
different species biologically interact in a
relationship in which each individual
derives a fitness benefit (i.e., increased
or improved reproductive output).
Competition – These interactions cause
competition among organisms and helps
determine survival or extinction.
Microorganisms – These organisms
interact with others as well and cause
diseases, aid organisms, and disrupt
ecosystems as well over time.
Reporting Cat 5 – Interdependence Within Environmental Sys
Interactions in the Ecosystem
Ex. = Fungus
Decomposer- bacteria that eats the remains
Ex. = Frog
Consumer- animal that eats.
Ex. = Grass
Producer- plants that make food.
Ex. = Lion
Predator- animal that hunts
Ex = . Deer
Prey- animal that gets eaten.
3 types of consumers:
Herbivores- plant eaters
Energy is transferred in a food pyramid from
plants
herbivores
carnivores
Carnivores- meat eaters
Omnivores- eat both plants and meat
tertiary consumers
secondary
consumers
primary consumers
Hawks
(carnivores)
Frogs
(carnivores)
Grasshoppers
(herbivores)
producers
Grass
Organisms’
interactions
dictate the flow of
energy in an
ecosystem.
Simple food chains are used to
represent the way organisms
interact with one another in an
ecosystem, the type of
ecosystem is important to the
types of organisms that will be
found with in.
Food webs depict the way all of
the organisms interact, and
combine simple food chains
into one model of interaction.
Energy pyramids are a great
model for illustrating trophic
levels. The higher in the
pyramid you go, the fewer
organisms there are at the top.
Coining the phrase, “Top of the
food chain!”
Biomass is the amount of living
or organic matter present in an
organism. Biomass pyramids
show how much biomass is
present in the organisms at
each trophic level. Please
remember that energy or matter
is neither created nor destroyed.
Reporting Cat 5 – Interdependence Within Environmental Sys
Carbon Cycle: recycles O2 and CO2 on Earth for all organisms.
Water Cycle: recycles water on Earth for all organisms.
Nitrogen Cycle: recycles Nitrogen on Earth for all organisms.