The Cardiovascular
System
The Lymphatic System
And Respiratory
System
The transfer of nutrients
throughout our body
Some Latin Prefixes & Suffixes
You Should Know!
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Hemo/a-: blood
Anti-: against
Erythros-: red
Leukos-: white
-cyte: cell
• -penia: poverty,
not enough
• -osis: too many
• Thrombos-: clot
• -stasis: halt, stop
Blood…
the fluid of the cardiovascular system
• Provides to cells/tissues:
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Nutrients
Oxygen (O2)
Hormones/enzymes
Removal of wastes
Special cells to protect against
disease & infection (WBCs &
antibodies)
• Regulates:
http://brucemhood.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/blood_cells.jpg
– pH & ion composition of cellular fluids
– Clotting capabilities to restrict blood loss
– Body temperature
• What kind of tissue is
blood?
– Connective Tissue
• What are the 3 “formed
elements” of blood?
Plasma proteins
Water 92%
Albumins
Plasma proteins 7%
Other solutes 1%
• What makes blood
fluid?
– Plasma
Plasma
BLOOD
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Formed
elements
Regulatory proteins
Platelets
Other solutes
Electrolytes
– Platelets
– White blood cells –
leukocytes (WBCs)
– Red blood cells erythrocytes (RBCs)
WBCs
Organic nutrients
Organic wastes
Neutrophils
RBCs 99.9%
Lymphocytes
Monocytes Eosinophils
Basophils
Functions of
Blood
components
• RBCs –
– Most abundant
– Transport of O2
• WBCs –
– Body’s defense mechanism
against disease & infection
• Platelets –
– Contain enzymes important
for clotting
• Formed elements made
through
hematopoiesis
• Blood…
– Temperature = ~38°C
(100.4°F)
– 5x more viscous than
water
– Slightly alkaline; pH 7.357.45
– Adult male = 5-6 L
– Adult female = 4-5 L
Structure & Function of RBCs
• Each RBC has ~280
million Hb molecules
• Hemoglobin (Hb)
molecule responsible for
transporting O2 & CO2 to
& away from tissues
– Single pigment molecule
of heme
• Iron (Fe) ion that interacts with
O2 molecule =
oxyhemoglobin
– Bright red
• Fe not bound to O2 =
deoxyhemoglobin
– Dark red/burgundy
Human Tetris
• Antigens –
– Your Blood type
surface antigens (A, B & Rh)
– Rh antigen (Rh factor)
– Rhesus Protein
• Plasma contains antibodies that
will attack antigens on “foreign”
RBCs
– Causes agglutination (clumping
together of RBCs) & hemolysis
(breaking apart of RBCs) =
cross-reaction
Type AB (~4%) =
• Blood type determined by presence universal recipients
or absence of surface antigens
Both Antigens A & B
– Type A (~40%)
• Antigen A present
• Anti-B antibodies
– Type B (~10%)
• Antigen B present
• Anti-A antibodies
present
Type O (~46%) =
universal donors
Neither Antigens A & B
present
Both Anti-A & Anti-B
antibodies
Blood Types
Make sure you understand the genotypes and
the Rhesus Factor for all the bloodtypes.
Lecture on Bloodtypes
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Anemia
– Shortage of RBCs or hemoglobin
– Affects delivery of O2 to tissues
– Can result in heart palpitations & failure
Sickle cell anemia
– Hemoglobin disorder caused by abnormally
shaped RBCs
Thalassemia
– Inherited disorder resulting in mutation of
hemoglobin gene
– Bone marrow transplants & blood
transfusions are methods used to combat the
disorder
Jaundice
– Yellowish-brownish staining of skin & sclerae
(whites of eyes) caused by high levels of
chemical called bilirubin in blood
– Bilirubin is a waste product that comes from
old, destroyed RBCs & is removed from blood
by liver (eliminated in the feces, giving it its
brown color)
Conditions
associated
with Blood
Normal RBCs
Sickle cell RBCs
White Blood Cells
(leukocytes)
• Structure –
– No hemoglobin
• Functions –
– Defend body against
pathogens
– Remove toxins, waste &
damaged cells
• Location & Movement –
– Most WBCs in body in CTP or
lympathic organs
– Circulating WBCs only small
fraction of total population
– Use bloodstream as mode of
transportation to area of
infection/injury
http://www.lymphomation.org/images/leukocytes-normal.gif
Conditions associated with WBCs
Leukopenia –
 Inadequate number of
WBCs
Leukocytosis –
 Excessive number of WBCs
Leukemia –
Cancer of the blood or bone marrow
characterized by an abnormal
production of WBCs
Platelets (aka – thrombocytes)
• Functions:
– Cell fragments that play major role in
clotting system
• Release chemicals important to clotting
process
• Formation of temporary patch in walls of
damaged blood vessels
• Active contraction after clot has formed
– Continuously
removed &
replaced every
9-12 days by
phagocytes in
spleen
Hemostasis
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Hemostasis – stopping of bleeding through
damaged vessels (clotting)
3 Phases:
– Vascular Phase –
• Local blood vessels constrict to stop loss of
blood – “vascular spasm”
• Lasts ~30 mins.
– Platelet Phase –
• Platelets activate, aggragate (clump
together) & stick to damaged surface to
form “platelet plug”
• Release ADP, thromboxane A2, serotonin,
clotting factors, platelet-derived growth
factors, Ca2+ ions
• Begins within ~15 secs.
– Coagulation Phase –
• Begins 30 secs. or more after injury
• Conversion of fibrinogen to insoluble protein
fibrin
– Clot retraction: platelets contract & pull torn
edges of vessel closer
– Fibrinolysis: clot dissolves
Blood Detectives
video & questionnaire
What can blood tell us about
ourselves?
How is blood used in diagnosing
diseases or disorders?
What kinds of conditions are
associated with the blood?
• As you watch the Blood Detectives video,
fill in your questionnaire about each
patient & their condition.
Organization of Cardiovascular
System
• Pulmonary Circuit –
blood vessels that carry
blood to and from alveoli of
lungs
• Systemic Circuit –
transports blood to and
from rest of body
Blood Flow
•Blood flows from heart through arteries and
arterioles to capillaries
•Blood flows from capillaries to heart through venules
and veins
QUESTION:
Why are arteries
represented in red
and veins represented
In blue?
ANSWER:
Arteries carry oxygenrich blood from heart, while veins carry oxygen-deficient blood
back to heart.
***NOTE: ALL BLOOD IS RED!!! Oxygenated blood is brighter red!
The Heart
• Beats approximately
100,000 times/day,
pumping 8,000 liters
of blood
• SA Node is the
pacemaker of the
heart to allow it to
pump
• Approximately the
size of clenched fist
• Made up of 4 muscular
chambers – Rt/Lt Atria
& Rt/Lt Ventricles
Path of Blood Through Body
1st Coloring of Deoxyenated Blood
• Right Atrium receives blood
from Superior and Inferior
Vena Cava
• SVC – opens into
posterior/superior portion of
right atrium, delivering blood
from head, neck, upper limbs,
and chest
• IVC – posterior/inferior
delivers blood from rest of
trunk, viscera, and lower limbs
Path of Blood Through Body
2nd Coloring of Deoxygenated Blood
• Blood travels to
Right Ventricle
from Right
Atrium through
tricuspid valve
(Right AV valve)
Path of Blood Through Body
3rd Coloring of Deoxygenated Blood
• Blood then passes into
pulmonary trunk through
pulmonary semilunar
valve
• Pulmonary trunk divides
into right and left
pulmonary arteries
• These arteries branch into
capillaries in lungs, where
oxygen enters blood and
carbon dioxide leaves
Path of Blood Through Body
1st Coloring of Oxygenated Blood
• Blood travels
from lungs
through right and
left pulmonary
veins into the left
atrium
• From the Left
Atrium it passes
through the mitral
valve (Left AV
valve or bicuspid
valve) into the
Left Ventricle
Path of Blood Through Body
2nd Coloring of Oxygenated Blood
• Left ventricle is much larger
than right ventricle because it
needs to build enough pressure
to push blood through systemic
circuit
• Blood leaves left ventricle
through aortic valve into
ascending aorta
• From ascending aorta it goes
into aortic arch, and serves
upper body by passing into the
brachiocephalic trunk, the
left common carotid artery,
the left subclavian artery,
and down the descending
aorta
Heart Walls
• Epicardium –
covers the outer surface
of the heart
• Myocardium –
muscle wall of the heart
(forms both atria and
ventricles) that contains
blood vessels and nerves
• Endocardium –
inner surface of heart,
including the heart valves
Internal/External Anatomy
of Heart
•Interatrial
septum – wall
between atria
•Interventricular
septum – thicker
wall between
ventricles
APEX
Blood Supply to Heart
• Myocardium (cardiac
muscle) needs its own
constant supply of
oxygen-rich blood
• The left and right
coronary arteries
originate at base of
ascending aorta
• Blood pressure here is
highest in all of systemic
circuit
LABEL YOUR WORKSHEET
Heart Failure
• ~5 million Americans have heart failure & prevalence
of heart failure approximately DOUBLES with each
decade of life
• Heart failure –
– Damage to heart causes weakening of the cardiovascular
system
– Caused by fluid congestion or inadequate blood flow to
tissues.
• Heart failure may result from one or many causes
– Affects circulation, lungs, neuroendocrine system & other
organs
– Psychological & social impacts
Heart Failure
Classifications
• Right Heart Failure Inability of R side to
adequately pump venous
blood into pulmonary
circulation
• Left Heart Failure –
Inability
of L side to pump into
systemic circulation
• Forward Heart Failure - Inability of heart to pump
blood at sufficient rate to meet O2 demands of body
at rest or during exercise
Heart Failure
Classifications Cont….
• Backward Heart Failure Ability of heart to pump
blood at sufficient rate ONLY
when heart filling pressures
are abnormally high.
• Congestive Heart Failure Fluid in lungs or body,
resulting from inadequate
pumping from heart and high
heart filling and venous
pressures