PO 334 Political Economy of Japan Dr. Lairson First Lecture Ancient Japan and Feudal Japan A, Yayoi era: 300 BC - 300 AD: stable agricultural society; What is China like at this time? B. 200-700 waves of Chinese and Koreans come to Japan 600: first documented emperor 694: first Chinese-style capital is established Foundation myths - Kojiki and Nihon Shoki Primitive religion - Shinto (the Way of the Gods or kami ) rests on these texts C. Broad periods in Japanese history Japan has had but one dynasty; compare to China; What are the consequences? Emperor as symbol without substantial power 1. Nara era: 710-784 - consolidate bureaucratic government; create communication and transportation system; emergence of Buddhism as force in society. The main source of these changes came from outside Japan: the emergence of an interstate system based on Chinese hegemony and including Korea. A central capital was needed to concentrate decisions and forces in order to establish protection. The need to move beyond a mere association of clans was reflected in a more centralized and bureaucratic state. Shotoku and the creation of basic Chinese-style institutions: Ranks: highest office reserved for top ranks Nihon Shoki Seventeen Injunctions as a Chinese-style ideology of behavior students to China Later, information on the society (population, land surveys) and standards of measure (rice tax, Chinese calendar were introduced Administrative codes were adopted and a bureaucracy created to administer it. Strengths and weaknesses of the Japanese state: Emperor ruled by divine descent; not subject to the mandate of heaven But clan leaders retained significant autonomy; constantly needed to be bought off by the emperor Wooden buildings for the capital resulted in impermanence 2. Heian Period: 784-1185 Kyoto as capital (originally Heian) absorb more Chinese culture family factions and Buddhists compete for power dominance of the Fujiwara family through wealth, bureaucratic position, marriage to the emperor, role as regent, use of abdication by emperor world of a wealthy and leisured elite with little to do Buddhism and Japan Entry from China, via Korea and adoption was related to the political needs of the emperor Symbiosis of Shinto and Buddhism The emergence of private landed estates (shoen) The growing wealth of the great estates Ability to avoid tax by such powerful forces Emperor solves income problem by becoming an estate owner Central government os weakened by tax shortfall Emergence of a warrior class Samurai Warrior code of courage, loyalty to lords, semi-vassalage (bushido) Growth of wealth and rivalry between clans spurs need for samurai Compare the samurai to the knights of feudal Europe: Why were there more samurai? How were they equiped to fight? Why were they poorer? 3. Kamakura Period: 1185-1333 Begins with clan rivalry and warfare: victory of the Minamoto over the Taira Achievement of political power based on military strength Minamoto win because they realize the power of land grants to those who back them Military victory solidifies the samurai values of the warrior code and loyalty Beginnings of Shogunate: Political power previously rested on controlling the emperor Shift is to a focus on building and sustaining regional power Bakufu/Samurai political order: administer the land and vassal system establish a legal system growth of cities and markets; growing strength of local powers Greatest achievement of the Kamakura era was the defeat of the Mongols over the period from 1274-1294 required the creation and preservation of a large standing army afterwards fighting broke out over who was to receive land allotments an emperor succession struggle led to the defeat of the Kamakura in 1333 4. Muromachi/Warring States period: 1336-1590 Three years of intrigue and conflict lead to deposing the emperor and establishing the strongest military figure as shogan in 1336 civil war continues between emperor and heirs and Ashikaga shogans constant warfare increases the power and wealth of local warlords: shugo-daimyo warrior government separate from Emperor; frequent breakdown of central authority 5. Tokugawa Era: 1603 - 1868 6. Terms shogun, samurai, daimyo, Oda Nobunaga Toyotomi Hideyoshi Tokugawa Ieyasu fudai daimyo tozama (outside) daimyo alternate attendance (sankin kotai) Tokugawa Era I. Modern Japan 2: State Building by the Tokugawa A. Reunification Full fledged feudalism born in the civil war of late fifteen century. Further fragmentation of authority. Rise of regional warrior chieftains as daimyo (several hundreds) supported by vassals. More powerful daimyos cherished ambition to reunify the country (centralizing force began to work). Reunification was achived by three generals building upon each other's work. Nobunaga, Hideyoshi and Tokugawa from 1560 to 1600. Nobunaga, a son of a small daimyo, use of firearms as new style of fighting and strategy. Hideyoshi, son of a foot soldier. Unified Japan. Tokugawa Ieyasu, won a decisive battle in 1600. B. Consolidation State building completed by the late 17th C. More centralized than the two shogunate before. Rules, regulations, laws and institutions horizontally over other elite (imperial house, court nobility and sects of Buddhism) and vertically over society (bureaucracy, central and local). Study Questions How did Ieyasu and his successors secure the realm? What were the rules, regulations, practices and institutions they had designed for political control horizontally and vertically? Why did the Tokugawa rulers close Japan and persecute the Christians? II. Prelude to Unification: 1530-1600 A. 1543: arrival of Portuguese - firearms and missionaries B. Period of political breakdown; weak/nonexistent shoguns; opportunities for new warriors to unify the country if one can gain military dominance C. Oda Nobunaga - 1534-1582 Toyotomi Hideyoshi - 1537 - 1598 Tokugawa Ieyasu - 1542 - 1616 D. Nobunaga one of the first to realize the value of Western firearms; military victories give control of central and then southern Japan between 1560 1582; Attacks the power of Buddhism usurps power of shogun; assassinated 1582 E. Hideyoshi Originally a vassal of Nobunaga Steps quickly into Nobunaga's position with victories over rivals; Completes efforts of Nobunaga to unify Japan with military triumphs and alliances; Most important alliance was with Ieyesu Establishes controls over weaker local lords attacks missionaries out of fear of Portuguese and Spanish power; 1588 "Sword Hunt" takes all arms away from peasants and separate samurai from land; This increases the dependence of samurai on their lord dies in failed effort to carry victories to Korea F. Tokugawa death of Hideyoshi leads to a succession struggle battle of Seikigahara in 1600 produces Tokugawa victory; takes title of shogun; Drastic redistribution of land: Local lords (daimyo) are placed in ranks by their closeness to Tokugawa eventually control directly and indirectly about 2/3 of land establishes a national government III. Tokugawa era A. Was this just a feudal system? How is it distinct from feudalism of 1450 in the west? What makes the Japan of 1750 not modern? What features of 1750 Japan make it more like a modern state? isolation more central authority large local powers - daimyo samurai did not have land Shogunate was a large bureaucratic system. Tokugawa order was more complex politically than western feudalism. B. How did the Tokugawa system work? Tokugawa family and allies controlled 60-65%% of land Tokugawa directly controlled 25% of the land Bakufu took over from Tokugawa family after 1650 Roju - main ministers - and Bakufu were the real centers of power Bakuhan – system of governance Daimyo: fudai (allies of Tokugawa) and Tozama (outsiders) Daimyo have complete control within their domain outside domain daimyo are controlled by shogun, who can transfer daimyo and/or confiscate land daimyo are required to provide public works sankin-kotai – what is this?; how did it work? What was the political purpose and effect? Absence of a national political loyalty; loyalty was local, within domains Samurai: separated from land, receive a stipend permanent military force become a civil official of their daimyo lived in towns and governed villages in name of daimyo high status end of wars forces many samurai into a bureaucratic role legacy of bushido in an era or a bureaucratic role declining economic position as prices rise and stipends are fixed Castle towns were concentrations of daimyo, samurai, merchants and artisans Emperor Feudal bureaucratic state – most modern part of Japanese political order Creates bureaucratic rule; which preserves but almost never innovates Samurai were backward looking Vacuum of political leadership in any modern sense C. Economic change: economic growth comes from a rise in land under cultivation sankin-kotai helped create a national economy; wealth concentration in Edo; Edo grows from a small fishing village in 1590 to the largest city in the world in 1700; distribution system to and from Edo; more production for market; increase in urbanization - large cities; some shift away from feudalism Barriers to capitalism: small and fragmented domestic market; political fragmentation; labor tied to land; technological backwardness Tokugawa finance: collect in rice, pay in money; constant deficit spending; borrowing from merchants - refuse to pay back Samurai impoverishment; high taxes lead to periodic political instability in 1800-1850; but Tokugawa system remains powerful against any domestic opponents D. Ideas: Buddhism; Shinto; Confucianism; ethnocentrism; Bushido (way of the warrior) II. Generalizations about the nature of political power and political order A. Power and political stability depend always on military dominance B. Dominance is always one of the best organized minority that establishes control over the rest C. The great political task of this minority is to convince the ruled that their interests coincide with this minority D. How to do this? dispense benefits to supporters; ideology - religion; beliefs about society (bushido); manipulate bases of power of various groups; provide public goods - security, rule of law, prosperity Characteristics of late Tokugawa Japan Physical isolation; cultural isolation Reality and myth of homogeneity The ideological justification of rankings and privileges in society: Samurai and “job creators” Economic basis of collectivist ethic and role of the household Religion Buddhism Shinto Confucianism Samurai Economic Change in Tokugawa Japan Despite the absence of significant trade and interaction with the outside world, Tokugawa Japan achieved economic growth and became a relatively rich nation in the 1850s. Japan had become a high consumption society. Population growth 1600 12 million 1700 28 million Rice production 1600 20 mil. Koku 1800 31 million 1700 31 mil. Koku 1800 38 mil. koku 1800 about 10% urbanization Edo population of 1 million Peasant cultivation – small scale; low capital; low animal; labor intensive Proto industrialization Handicraft production – very labor intensive Little technological change Merchants, bankers and markets End tariff barriers of domains Build highways National markets for rice, cotton and salt Lending to daimyo on basis of future tax revenues Domain governments become entrepreneurs Samurai become an economic drag on society