Management and Leadership in
Today’s Organization
Chapter 6
Chapter 6 Learning Goals
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What is the role of management?
What are the four types of planning?
What are the primary responsibilities of
managers in organizing activities?
How do leadership styles influence a
corporate culture?
How do organizations control activities?
Chapter 6 Learning Goals (cont’d.)
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What roles do managers take on in
different organizational settings?
What set of managerial skills is necessary
for managerial success?
What trends will affect management in the
future?
Learning Goal 1
• What is the role of management?
– Management is the
• Process of guiding development, maintenance, and allocation
of resources to attain organizational goals
– Managers are
• Responsible for developing and carrying out this management
process
– Primary functions of Managers
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Planning
Organizing
Leading
Controlling
Management:
The process of guiding the
development, maintenance, and
allocation of resources to attain
organizational goals
Four Activities of Management
1. Planning
2. Organizing
3. Leading
4. Controlling
Learning Goal 2
• What are the four types of planning?
– Strategic planning
• Creating long-range (one to five years), broad goals
• Determining necessary resources to accomplish goals
– Tactical planning
• Has a shorter time frame (less than one year)
• Specific objectives that support the broader strategic goals
– Operational planning
• Creates specific standards, methods, policies, and procedures used
in specific functional areas of organization
– Contingency plans
• Identify alternative courses of action for unusual or crisis
situations
Four Types of Planning
1. Strategic Planning
• long-range, broad goals
2. Tactical Planning
3. Operational
Planning
• to implement a strategic
plan; shorter term and more
specific
• creating very specific
policies and procedures
4. Contingency
Planning
• alternative actions for
unusual or crisis situations
Contingency Planning
Some types of contingency planning that were
used in preparation for the Year 200
computer bug:
– Cities stocked gasoline & diesel fuel for
emergency vehicles
– Hotel chains stocked food & water for guests if
needed
– Stores devised paper & pen backups for credit
card processing
– The Red Cross set up a national Disaster
Operations Center
Learning Goal 3
• What are the primary responsibilities of
managers in organizing activities?
– Organizing involves
• Coordinating and allocating a firm’s resources in order
to carry out its plans
• Developing a structure for the people, positions,
departments, and activities within the firm by:
– Dividing up tasks (division of labor)
– Grouping jobs and employees (departmentalization)
– Assigning authority and responsibilities (delegation)
Levels of Management
Top Management
Middle Management
Supervisory
Management
CEO
Vice President
Division Heads,
Regional Managers
Supervisors,
Team Leaders,
Foremen
Strategic Plans
Tactical Plans
Operational
Plans
Sources of Power for Leaders:
Type of Power:
Derived from:
1. Legitimate
position in organization
2. Reward
control over rewards
3. Coercive
4. Expert
5. Referent
control over punishments
extensive knowledge
charisma, respect,
admiration
Automatic Deference to Expert &
Legitimate Power can be Harmful
– 95% of nurses in a research study were willing to
follow doctors’ orders to administer a clearly unsafe
dosage of medicine to patients (Source: Hofling et al., 1966,
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, v. 143, pp. 171-180)
– 46% of nurses in another study admitted to a time that
they complied with a doctor’s order that they thought
was unsafe
(Source: Krackow & Blass, 1995, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality,
v. 10, pp. 585-594)
Learning Goal 4
• How do leadership styles influence a corporate
culture
– Corporate culture is the set of attitudes, values, and
standards of behavior that distinguishes one
organization from another
• Evolves over time
• Based on the accumulated history of the organization,
including the vision of the founders
• Dominant leadership style within the organization also
determines corporate culture
Leadership Styles
1. Autocratic
directive, controlling
2. Participative
democratic, consensual, consultive
3. Free-rein (Laissez-Faire)
members have freedom, leaders give ideas and
information
Learning Goal 5
• How do organizations control activities?
– Controlling is the process of assessing the
organization’s progress toward accomplishing its
goals by:
• Setting performance standards (goals)
• Measuring performance
• Comparing actual performance to established performance
standards
• Taking corrective action, if necessary
• Using information gained from the process to set future
performance standards
5-stage Cycle of Controlling
1. Set performance standards
2. Measure performance
3. Compare performance to standards
4. Take corrective action, if needed
5. Use information gathered to set future
performance standards
Learning Goal 6
• What roles do managers take on in different
organizational settings?
– Informational role
• Manager may act as an information gatherer, an information
distributor, or a spokesperson for the company
– Interpersonal role
• Manager may need to act as a figurehead, a company leader, or a
liaison
– Decisional role
• Manager may have to think like an entrepreneur, make decisions
about resource allocation, help resolve conflicts, or negotiate
compromises
Managerial Roles
Type of role:
1. Informational
Activities:
2. Interpersonal
3. Decisional
figurehead, leader, liaison
information gathering,
disseminating,
spokesperson
entrepreneur, resource
allocation, resolve
conflicts, negotiate
The Decision-Making Process
5. Follow up
to see if problem is solved
4. Put plan into action
3. Select one or more alternatives
2. Search for solutions
1. Define the problem
Learning Goal 7
• What set of managerial skills is necessary for
managerial success?
– Technical skills
• Specialized areas of knowledge and expertise
• Ability to apply knowledge
– Human Relations skills
• Understand human behavior
• Communicate effectively with others
• Motivate individuals to accomplish their objectives
– Conceptual skills
• Ability to view the organization as a whole
• Understand how the various parts are interdependent
• Assess how the organization relates to its external environment
Managerial Skills
1. Technical Skills
specialized knowledge and expertise
2. Human Relations Skills
interpersonal skills
3. Conceptual Skills
understanding the big picture
4. Global Management Skills
ability to operate in diverse environments
Learning Goal 8
• What trends will affect management in the future?
– Increasing employee empowerment
• Increased autonomy and discretion to make their own decisions
• Control of the resources needed to implement decisions
– Increasing use of information technology
• Managers can make quicker, better-informed decisions
• Keeps organization members connected
– Growing need for global management skills
• Managers must
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adapt to a new culture
learn a new language
manage a diverse workforce
operate in a foreign economic system
Trends in Management
 Increased employee empowerment
 Increased role of information
technology
 Increase in global management
Empowering Employees
Things needed to empower employees,
according to Don Fites, CEO of Caterpillar:
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Give them decision-making authority
Develop a culture & climate that support it
Organize the business to support it
Reward employees based on performance
Source: Neff & Citrin: Lessons from the Top, 1999, pp. 123-128.