 Psychologists focus on factors that are unique to the individual, not the culture, like
Anthropologists.
 They believe that experiences unique to the individual will affect how the individual acts and behaves.
 They look at the experience of the human mind.

Experimental psychology is the branch of psychology that sets up experiments to see how individuals act in certain situations. (def. sheet)
Why do psychologists do these experiments? What do they hope to find?
Can you think of some examples of psychological experiments?

 Psychologists do experiments to find the
NORMAL RANGE of human behaviour.
 They can therefore understand what is out of normal range and try to determine reasons for the behaviour and treatment of the behaviour.

 http://youtu.be/zerCK0lRjp8

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mWc1Y2dpmY - t=12
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=amsqeYOk--w

 Clinical psychology is a branch of the discipline that develops programs for treating individuals suffering from mental illness or behavioural disorders or who would like to improve their lives. (def. sheet)
 What are some examples of where clinical psychologists might work or people they might work with?

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JKUFWK6iSsw
Example of therapy session.
Read examples of ten therapy ideas, groups, write skit illustrating each one

1. The Miracle Question:
Suppose tonight, while you slept, a miracle occurred. When you awake tomorrow, what would be some of the things you would notice that would tell you life had suddenly gotten better
It catapults the client from a problem saturated context into a visionary context where he/she has a moment of freedom, to step out of the problem story and into a story where they are more problem free. But, more importantly, it helps the therapist to know exactly what the client wants from therapy...and this is what makes Solution Focused Therapy so efficient and brief.

As first popularized by Fritz Perls, one of the founders of gestalt therapy, an empty chair faced the client. The client imagined someone (or himself, herself, or parts of him or herself) in it, and spoke, gestured, or otherwise communicated to the "empty chair," which was now not so empty. The client then sat in the chair, continuing the conversation, this time reversing roles. Variations of the "empty chair" developed over the decades in order to fit the clinical needs of the situation - and as gestalt therapy evolved. The client might participate in this technique without the "prop" of an actual empty chair. Importantly, the technique today always includes attention to the relational dynamic between the client and the psychotherapist.

The therapist asks the patient to deliberately have the symptom at the therapist's office and/or outside the office. Family members may be asked to encourage, advise or reward the behavior. The idea is that, if a symptom is involuntary, having it voluntarily means the behavior can be controlled and is no longer a symptom. If the person can have it voluntarily, this means he/she can also not have it voluntarily. A variation is to ask the patient to pretend to have the symptom. When a person is pretending to have a symptom, they are not having the real symptom. Secondary gain or positive reinforcement can be arranged for the pretend behavior, so that it replaces the involuntary behavior. The involuntary behavior is no longer needed in order to obtain the secondary gain.

The therapist might say: "It really does sound like there are two very different ways of being or value systems that are operating in you. There is you the party person, the more extraverted self who generally needs some alcohol or drug to get him going. On the other side is a more introverted part of you trying to come out and be heard but he seems to have less authority than the other one. How would you feel about my talking to these two feelings or ways of being in the world to see if this might help
clarify some of the conflict that you are describing?"
The therapist starts always with the self that is the more primary, that leads his life in the world. For this the client actually moves over physically to a different position and the conversation or interview begins. When finished John would go back to the center for a discussion of the work so far. In this, or the next session, the therapist might have a conversation with the less developed, often totally disowned self.

The process is simple: 1) identify the moment you tend to act automatically, 2) don't, and 3) see what thoughts and feelings come up.
He gives an example in his book of a big, tall man who tends to wave his hands around frantically when he is trying to make a point. When he resists the urge for a moment and talks about the thoughts and feelings that arise, he describes feeling small and afraid he won't be heard.
Usually they bring up the subject of something they either can't do or can't not do: what happens to you if you don't drink? If you have an alcohol problem and you go back to your buddies and tell them, "I'm not gonna go into the tavern," you might think, "well, they'll think I'm not a man, I'm not tough." So maybe you drink partly to feel virile, like one of the guys. You may not have known that until you literally don't go and say, "no, I don't drink anymore." It helps you learn about yourself.

The "Head on collision" with resistance is considered the most powerful intervention in Davanloo's method of ISTDP. This intervention is used with highly resistant clients when the patient is face to face with his or her most self defeating defence mechanisms as they are operating in the therapeutic relationship at that moment.
The coolest part of it is when you watch the teaching tapes to illustrate this and other emotion-focused maneuvers, it usually brings empathy for the client who had previously been walled off and defeating therapy :
Now the viewer and therapist feel admiration for the client who has broken through a longstanding relationship defeating pattern. It also often brings grief in the viewer as he or she recognizes their own or family members' own patterns and the losses and pain the patterns have caused.

The sandplay method consists of the psychotherapy client's creation of a three-dimensional picture with miniature figures in a tray of sand in the protective presence of a trained practitioner.
The sand tray is 28 1/2 inches long by 19 1/2 inches wide and 3 inches deep. The sides and bottom of the inside of the sand tray are colored light blue. By moving the sand aside, the blue coloration can be used to represent areas of water in the sandy landscape. Real water can be added to the sand to make it adaptable to being shaped and sculpted. Miniature figures representing all aspects of life and fantasy are arranged on shelves near the sand tray. A wide variety of building materials out of which the client can fashion needed items is also available.

Patients return to the exact neuro-physiologic state as occurred originally at the time of the trauma. The treatment is an openended therapy in which the therapist remains accessible to the patient for as long as necessary. The aim of Primal Therapy is to restore the patients access to their repressed feelings and therefore free them from the consequences of repression. It is a process that the patients can go on doing by themselves once they have "access" to the buried feelings.
Each time they let themselves "feel" they reconnect themselves to the origin of the repression and have numerous insights. They also feel better that they knew was possible because they take the misery out of their systems.

Depending on the therapeutic and/or research target, Clinical VR simulations vary. On a basic level, they can consist of stereoscopic 3D stimuli that support complex user interaction with relevant visuospatial content (e.g., mental rotation, depth perception, maze learning, etc.).
While on a more complex level, clinicians have created virtual airplanes, skyscrapers, automobile driving worlds, Vietnam/Iraq/Afghanistan battlefields and the everyday functional worlds of the home, office, market and classroom. One of the more common approaches to delivering a VR environment to a patient is to outfit them with a headmounted display. Head-mounted displays consist of a set of "goggles" with separate display screens for each eye, and with the aid of a headtracking device, the user is immersed within a computer-generated view of a virtual world that changes in a natural way with head and body motion.

Several factors must be considered in the timing of a transference interpretation: a. If things are going well, you may wish to postpone the interpretation. We generally wait to interpret the transference when it has become a resistance-e.g., the patient cannot open up because he imagines the therapist will be critical.
b. Transference interpretation is a high-risk, high-gain intervention so the therapist must first pave the way for it by empathizing with and validating the patient's perspective so there is a strong therapeutic alliance before the interpretation.
c. The therapist must assess that the patient is in a reflective state of mind where a transference interpretation could be heard and reflected upon.
"When you express your fear that I will criticize you if you speak openly here, it sounds so much like your fear of speaking forthrightly to your husband that you brought up last week and your anticipation of criticism from your Dad that you brought up a few minutes ago. I'm wondering if you have retreated from your intimate relationships with men for fear that we will all put you down for having your own views on things."

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JKUFWK6iSsw
Example of therapy session.
Read examples of ten therapy ideas, groups, write skit illustrating each one

 http://youtu.be/kjR6xcrD5SM?list=PLAoTc6bpcWU7P6kV
UJCSdh2Fsw1KLxpn3

 http://youtu.be/kjR6xcrD5SM?list=PLAoTc6bpcWU7P6kV
UJCSdh2Fsw1KLxpn3
 (***this video is disturbing, possibly don’t show it)

"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select -- doctor, lawyer, artist, merchantchief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors."
--John Watson, Behaviorism, 1930

Behaviorism (def. sheet), also known as behavioral psychology, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. Behaviorists believe that our responses to environmental stimuli shape our behaviors.

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6LEcM0E0io

 Classical conditioning is used in behavioral training in which a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a response. (ie. food and drooling)
 A previously neutral stimulus is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus. (ie. bell and food)
 Eventually, the previously neutral stimulus (bell) comes to evoke the response (drooling) without the presence of the naturally occurring stimulus.

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 “Social Learning Theory and the Health Belief Model”
Assignment